Jump to content

Intel GMA

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 128.231.88.5 (talk) at 14:19, 22 January 2009 (→GMA 950). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

GMA X3000 on Intel DG965WHMKR motherboard

The Intel Graphics Media Accelerator, or GMA, is Intel's current line of graphics processors (GPUs) built into various motherboard chipsets.

These integrated graphics products allow a computer to be built without a separate graphics card, which can reduce cost and power consumption. They are commonly found on low-priced notebook and desktop computers as well as business computers, which do not need high levels of graphics capability. 90% of all PCs sold have integrated graphics.[1] They rely on the computer's main memory for storage, which imposes a performance penalty as both the CPU and GPU have to access memory over the same bus.

History

The GMA line of GPUs replaces the earlier “Extreme Graphics”, Intel’s first series of integrated graphics chips, and Intel740 line, which were discrete units in the form of AGP cards.

The original architecture of GMA systems supported only a few functions in hardware, and relied on the host CPU to handle at least some of the graphics pipeline, further decreasing performance. However, with the introduction of Intel’s 4th generation of GMA architecture (GMA X3000) in 2006, many of the functions are now built into the hardware, providing an increase in performance. The 4th generation of GMA combines fixed function capabilities with a threaded array of programmable executions units, providing advantages to both graphics and video performance. Many of the advantages of the new GMA architecture come from the ability to flexibly switch as needed between executing graphics-related tasks or video-related tasks. While GMA performance has been widely criticized in the past as being too slow for computer games, the latest GMA generation should ease many of those concerns for the casual gamer.

Despite similarities, Intel's main series of GMA IGPs is not based on the PowerVR technology Intel licensed from Imagination Technologies. Intel used the low-power PowerVR MBX designs in chipsets supporting their XScale platform, and since the sale of XScale in 2006 has licensed the PowerVR SGX and used it in the GMA 500 IGP for use with their Atom platform.

Intel has begun working on a new series of discrete (non-integrated) graphics hardware products, under the codename Larrabee.

Hardware: graphics cores

GMA 900

The GMA 900 was the first graphics core produced under Intel's Graphics Media Accelerator product name, and was incorporated in the Intel 910G, 915G, and 915Gx chipsets.

The 3D architecture of the GMA 900 was a significant upgrade from the previous Extreme 3D graphics processors. It is a 4 pixel per clock cycle design supporting DirectX 9 pixel shader model 2.0. It operates at a clock rate ranging from 160 to 333 MHz, depending on the particular chipset. At 333 MHz, it has a peak pixel fill-rate of 1332 megapixels per second. However, the architecture still lacks support for hardware transform and lighting and the similar vertex shader technologies.

Like previous Intel integrated graphics parts, the GMA 900 has hardware support for MPEG-2 motion compensation, color-space conversion and DirectDraw overlay.

The processor uses different separate clock generators for display and render cores. The display unit includes a 400MHz RAMDAC, 2 25-200Mpixel/s serial DVO ports, and 2 display controllers. In mobile chipsets, up to 2 18-bit 25-112MHz LVDS transmitters are included.

GMA 950

The GMA 950 is Intel's second-generation Graphics Media Accelerator graphics core, which was also referred by Intel as 'Gen 3.5 Integrated Graphics Engine' in datasheets. It is used in the Intel 940GML, 945G, 945GU and 945GT system chipsets. The amount of video-decoding hardware has increased; VLD, iDCT, and dual video overlay windows are now handled in hardware[citation needed] . The maximum core clock is up to 400 MHz (on Intel 945G, 945GC, 945GZ, 945GSE), boosting pixel fill-rate to a theoretical 1600 megapixels/s.

The GMA 950 shares the same architectural weakness as the GMA 900: no hardware geometry processing. Neither basic (DX7) hardware transform and lighting,[2] nor more advanced vertex shaders (DX8 and later) are handled in the GMA hardware.

GMA 3000

The 946GZ, Q965 and Q963 chipsets use GMA 3000.[3][4] The GMA 3000 3D core is very different from the X3000, despite similar names. It is based more directly on the previous generation GMA 900 and GMA 950 graphics, and belonging to the same "i915" family with them. It has pixel and vertex shaders which only supports shader model 2.0 features, and the vertex shaders are still only software provided. In addition, hardware video acceleration such as hardware-based iDCT computation, ProcAmp (video stream independent color correction), VC-1 decoding are not implemented in hardware. Of the GMA 3000-equipped chipsets, only Q965 retains dual independent display support. The core speed is rated 400 MHz with 1.6 Gpixel/s fill rate in datasheets, but was listed as 667MHz core in white paper.[5]

Memory controller can now address maximum 256MB memory.

The integrated serial DVO ports has increased top speed to 270Mpixel/s.

GMA 3100

The G31, G33, Q33 and Q35 chipsets use the GMA 3100, which is DX9 capable. The 3D core is very similar to the older GMA 3000, including the lack of hardware accelerated vertex shaders. However, the RAMDAC is reduced to 350MHz, and the DVO ports were reduced to 225Mpixel/s.

GMA X3000

The GMA X3000 for desktop was "substantially redesigned" when compared to previous GMA iterations[6] and it is used in the Intel G965 north bridge controller.[7] The GMA X3000 was launched in July 2006.[8] X3000's underlying 3D rendering hardware is organized as a unified shader processor consisting of 8 scalar execution units. Each pipeline can process video, vertex, or texture operations. A central scheduler dynamically dispatches threads to pipeline resources, to maximize rendering throughput (and decrease the impact of individual pipeline stalls.) However, due to the scalar nature of the execution units, they can only process data on a single pixel component at a time.[9] The GMA X3000 supports DirectX 9.0 with vertex and pixel Shader Model 3.0 features.

The processor consists of different clock domains, meaning that the entire chip does not operate the same clock speed. This causes some difficulty when measuring peak throughput of its various functions. Further adding to the confusion, it is listed as 667MHz in Intel G965 white paper, but listed as 400MHz in Intel G965 datasheet. There are various rules that define the IGP's processing capabilities.[9]

Memory controller can now address maximum 384MB memory according to white paper, but only 256MB in datasheet.

GMA X3100

The GMA X3100 is the mobile version of the GMA X3000 used in the Intel GL960 and GM965 chipsets. The X3100 supports hardware transform and lighting, up to 128 programmable shader units, and up to 384 MB memory. Its display cores can run up to 333 MHz on GM965 and 320 MHz on GL960. Its render cores can run up to 500 MHz on GM965 and 400 MHz on GL960. The X3100 display unit includes a 300 MHz RAMDAC, two 25-112 MHz LVDS transmitters, 2 DVO encoders, and a TV encoder. In addition, along with the latest drivers, the product supports DirectX 10.0[10], Shader Model 4.0 and OpenGL 2.0.

GMA X3500

GMA X3500 is an upgrade of the GMA X3000 and used in the desktop G35. The shaders support shader model 4.0 features. Architecturally, the GMA X3500 is very similar to the GMA X3000,[11] with both GMAs running at 667MHz. The major difference between them is that the GMA X3500 supports Shader Model 4.0 and DirectX 10, whereas the earlier X3000 supports Shader Model 3.0 and DirectX 9.[11] The X3500 also adds hardware-assistance for playback of VC-1 video.

GMA X4500

The GMA X4500 and the GMA X4500HD for desktop[12] were launched in June 2008.[13] The GMA X4500 is used in the G43 chipset[14] and the GMA X4500HD is used in the G45 chipset.[12] The GMA X4500 will also be used in the G41 chipset,[15] which is to be released in the fourth quarter of 2008.[16]

The GMA 4500MHD for laptop, launched on July 16, 2008. Featurewise, the 4500MHD is identical to its desktop cousin, the X4500HD.[citation needed]It's once rumored that a cost-reduced version, the GMA 4500, is expected to be launched in late 2008 or early 2009[17] and is set to be used in the upcoming Q43 and Q45 chipsets.[15] But now it turns out that the Q43 and Q45 Chipsets also use the GMA X4500[18]

The difference between the GMA X4500 and the GMA X4500HD is that the GMA X4500HD is capable of "full 1080p high-definition video playback, including Blu-ray disc movies",[12] the GMA X4500 however does not have that capability.[13] The G43 and the G45 chipsets are manufactured with 65nm technology.[19]

Like the X3500, X4500 supports DirectX 10 and Shader Model 4.0 features. Intel designed the GMA X4500 to be 200% faster than the GMA 3100 (G33 chipset) in 3DMark06 performance[20] and 70% faster than the GMA X3500 (G35 chipset).[21]

GMA 500

The Intel System Controller Hub US15W for the Atom processor Z5xx series features a GMA 500 graphic system. Rather than being developed in-house, this core is a PowerVR SGX core licensed from Imagination Technologies.[22]

Intel describes this as "a flexible, programmable architecture that supports shader-based technology, 2D, 3D and advanced 3D graphics, high-definition video decode, and image processing. Features include screen tiling, internal true color processing, zero overhead anti-aliasing, programmable shader 3D accelerator, and 32-bit floating-point operations."[23]

Table of GMA graphics cores and chipsets

Graphics core GMA 500 GMA 900 GMA 950 GMA 3000 GMA 3100 GMA X3000 GMA X3100 GMA X3500 GMA 4500MHD[24] GMA 4500 GMA X4500 GMA X4500HD
Chipset UL11L, US15L, US15W 910GL, 910GML, 915G, 915GL, 915GM, 915GME, 915GV 945GU 945GM 945G,
945GC,
945GZ		 946GZ Q963 Q965 G31, Q33,
Q35		 G33 G965 GL960 GM965 G35 GL40 GS45 GM45 GM47 Q45, Q43 G43, G41 G45
Clock speed (MHz) 100 (UL11L) 200 (US15L,W) 160/166[25] 190/200[25] 333[25] 133[26] 250[27] 400[2] 667[3]/400[28] 667[4] 667[4] 400[29] 667[4] 400[30] 500[30] 667[31] 380[32] 320 - 533[32] 640 800
Vertex shader model 4.1 2.0 3.0 4.0
Pixel shader model 4.1 2.0 3.0 4.0
Pixel Pipelines 2 4 ? 4 NA
Unified shader processors 4 NA 8 10
Hardware vertex shaders Yes No Yes
Peak memory bandwidth (GB/s) 3.2 (UL15L) 4.2 (US15L,W) 8.5 10.7 12.8 17.1 12.8[33] 10.7 12.8 10.7 12.8 (DDR2), 17 (DDR3)[32][34]
Max video memory (MB) 256 128[35] 192[36]/ 224[10]/ 250 256 384 >512[37]
OpenGL support 2.0 1.4 2.1 1.4 2.1
Direct3D support 10.1 9.0 9.0c 10.0[10]
MPEG-2 Hardware Acceleration VLD + iDCT + MC MC [10] VLD + iDCT + MC [38] iDCT + MC[38] VLD + iDCT + MC [10] iDCT + MC[38] VLD + iDCT + MC iDCT + MC[38] VLD + iDCT + MC[38]
VC-1 Hardware Acceleration VLD + iMDCT + MC + LDF No MC (for WMV9 only) MC + LDF No VLD + iMDCT + MC + LDF iMDCT + MC + LDF VLD + iMDCT + MC + LDF[38]
AVC Hardware Acceleration VLD + iMDCT + MC + LDF No VLD + iMDCT + MC + LDF iMDCT + MC + LDF VLD + iMDCT + MC + LDF[38]

This table is derived from these sources:[24] [3] [4] [9] [31] [10] [36] [35] [27] [28] [2] [29] [39] [26] [33] [31] [30] [40] [25] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [37] [32] [34] [38]

Notes:

Software support

Mac OS X

Mac OS X 10.4 supports the GMA 950, since it was used in previous revisions of the MacBook (but not MacBook Pros) and even some 17-inch iMacs.[47] It has been used in all Intel-based Mac minis.[48] Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard contains drivers for the GMA X3100, which were used in a recent revision of the MacBook range.[49]

Late-release versions of Mac OS X 10.4 also support the GMA 900 due to its use in the Apple Developer Transition Kit, which was used in the PowerPC-to-Intel transition. However, special modifications to the kext file must be made to enable Core Image and Quartz Extreme. OS X 10.5 does not support the 900 or x3000 by default, but support can be gained by modifying the kext files.

FreeBSD

FreeBSD 7.1 supports the following Intel graphic chipsets: G945/GME945/Q965/GM965/GME965/G33/Q33/Q35/G35/G45/Q45.

Linux

Intel has had a long history of producing or commissioning open source drivers for its graphics chips, with all chipsets dating back to the i810 having open 2D and 3D drivers for Linux. Intel is the only major graphics hardware vendor to do so. (For an analysis by company see Graphics hardware and FOSS.)

In August 2006, Intel added support to the open-source X.Org/XFree86 drivers for the latest 965 series that include the GMA (X)3000 core.[50] These drivers were developed for Intel by Tungsten Graphics.[51]

In May 2007, version 2.0 of the driver (xorg-video-intel) was released, which added support for the 965GM chipset. In addition, the 2.0 driver added native video mode programming support for all chipsets from i830 forward. This version added support for automatic video mode detection and selection, monitor hot plug, dynamic extended and merged desktops and per-monitor screen rotation. These features are built in to the X.Org 7.3 X server release and will eventually be supported across most of the open source X.Org video drivers.[52] Version 2.1, released in July 2007, added support for the G33, Q33 and Q35 chipsets.[53] G35 is also supported by the Linux driver.[54]

As is common for X.Org drivers on Linux, the license is a combination of GPL (for the Linux kernel parts) and MIT (for all other parts).[55]

The drivers were mainly developed by Intel and Tungsten Graphics (under contract) since the chipsets documentations were not publicly available for a long time. In January 2008, Intel released the complete developer documentation for their latest chipsets (965 and G35), allowing for further external developers’ involvement. [56]

intel_hal.so

The driver source contains references to a currently-unavailable binary named "intel_hal.so". It is entirely optional, and the advantages are not clear; ostensibly they are increased performance and/or additional features. References in the open source code indicate that it contains or contained (at least) Macrovision support and some minor, optional 3D optimization routines. Calls to the Macrovision code inside the binary were later removed from the 2D driver.[57][58]

Microsoft Windows

GMA 900

This IGP is capable of running Windows Vista’s Aero interface and certified as DirectX 9 compliant. However no WDDM driver has been made publicly available for this chipset. This is claimed to be due to the lack of a "hardware scheduler" in the GMA chipsets.[59]

Many owners of GMA900 hardware believed they would be able to run Aero on their systems, as early release candidates of Vista permitted XPDM drivers to run Aero. However, Intel contends that Microsoft's final specs for Aero/WDDM certification did not permit releasing a WDDM driver for GMA900 (due to issues with the hardware scheduler, as mentioned above), so when the final version of Vista was released, no WDDM driver was released.[60] The last minute pulling of OpenGL capabilities from the GMA drivers for Windows Vista leaves the large number of GMA based workstations unable to perform basic 3D hardware acceleration with OpenGL and unable to run many Vista Premium applications such as Windows DVD Maker.

GMA 950

This IGP is capable of displaying the Aero interface for Windows Vista. Drivers have shipped with Windows Vista since beta versions were made available in mid-2006. It's used on subnotebook like Acer Aspire One including Atom processor and is able to display a resolution up to 2048x1536 at 75 Hz and up to 224MB of video memory.[61]

GMA X3000

T&L and Vertex Shaders 3.0 are supported by Intel's newest 15.6 drivers for Windows Vista as of September 2, 2007. XP support for VS3 and T&L was introduced on August 10, 2007. Intel announced in March 2007 that beta drivers would be available in June 2007.[62][63] On June 1, 2007 "pre-beta" (or Early Beta) drivers were released for Windows XP (but not for Vista).[64] Beta drivers for Vista and XP were released on June 19[65]. Since hardware T&L and vertex shading has been enabled in drivers individual applications can be forced to fall back to software rendering[66], which raises performance and compatibility in certain cases. Selection is based on testing by Intel and preselected in the driver .inf file.

Intel has released production version drivers for 32-bit and 64-bit Windows Vista that enable the Aero graphics. Intel introduced Direct X 10 for the X3100 and X3500 GPUs in the Vista 15.9 drivers, though any release of DX10 drivers for the X3000 is uncertain.

OpenGL 2.0 support is available since Vista 15.11 drivers[67] and XP 14.36 drivers[68]. Note that Windows and Linux drivers currently have no GLSL support.

Modern gaming

The Intel GMA products are designed to allow Intel to offer a full system platform that includes graphics hardware. However, due to the GMA's nature as a highly cost-sensitive product, performance and functionality is limited relative to more expensive discrete graphics components. Some games and 3D applications will not recognize support for some hardware functionality because of the simplification of parts of these graphics accelerators. The GMA X3x00's unified shader design allows for more complete hardware functionality, but the line still has issues with some games and has significantly limited performance.[69]

Intel has put up a page with 'Known Issues & Solutions' for each version.[70] For Intel Graphics Media Accelerator Software Development concerns, there is the Integrated Graphics Software Development Forum.[71]

As with recent driver updates, more games have become playable on this hardware.[citation needed]

Microsoft Windows performance reviews

GMA X3000

A review conducted in April 2007 by The Tech Report determined that the GMA X3000 had performance comparable to the Nvidia GeForce 6150.[72] During that review the GMA X3000 was unable to run the PC games Battlefield 2 and Oblivion.[73] However, the ExtremeTech review found that games which aren't as graphically demanding, such as Sims 2 and Civilization 4, "look good" when the GMA X3000 is used to run them.[74]

Reviews performed by The Tech Report, by ExtremeTech and by Anandtech all concluded that the AMD's Radeon X1250 integrated graphics solutions based on the AMD 690G chipset was a better choice than the GMA X3000 based on the G965 chipset, especially when considering 3D gaming performance and price.[72][75][76] Updated drivers have since been released which might have significantly altered those conclusions.

GMA X3500

In a review performed by Register Hardware in December 2007,[11] author Leo Waldock argued that because the GMA X3500 is not capable of running any PC game that requires DirectX 10, the addition of DirectX 10 support to the GMA X3500 was "irrelevant".[77] During that same review, the GMA X3500 was used to run the PC games Crysis and FEAR Extraction Point, where it was able to render only 4 and 14 frames per second respectively for each game.[78] In the end the review concluded that overall the X3500 made "minimal advances" over the GMA X3000.[77]

GMA X4500

In a review published in May 2008, the GMA X4500 showed a superior game performance to the lowest end 1-year-older GeForce 8400M G dedicated graphics card, while losing to the still low-end GeForce 8400M GS with a slower CPU.[79]

See also

References

  1. ^ Key, Gary (2007-03-16). "Intel G965: microATX Performance Update". AnandTech. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
  2. ^ a b c Case, Loyd. Intel GMA950 Integrated Graphics Core, Extremetech, May 31, 2005.
  3. ^ a b c "Product brief: The Intel 946GZ Express Chipset" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-06-28.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Intel's Next Generation Integrated Graphics Architecture – Intel Graphics Media Accelerator X3000 and 3000" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-06-08.
  5. ^ "Intel's Next Generation Integrated Graphics Architecture - Intel Graphics Media Accelerator X3000 and 3000 White Paper". Retrieved 2007-10-19.
  6. ^ Intel G965 with GMA X3000 Integrated Graphics - Intel GMA X3000 Graphics Subsystem - CPUs, Boards & Components by ExtremeTech
  7. ^ Asus P5E-VM HDMI motherboard | Register Hardware
  8. ^ DailyTech - 2006 Intel Desktop Motherboard Roadmap
  9. ^ a b c Gasior, Geoff. Intel's G965 Express chipset, Tech Report, April 5, 2007.
  10. ^ a b c d e f "Intel Graphics - Built for mainstream Desktop and Mobile PC Users" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-06-08.
  11. ^ a b c Asus P5E-VM HDMI motherboard | Register Hardware
  12. ^ a b c Intel G45 Express Chipset - Overview
  13. ^ a b Intel touts G45 chipset's full Blu-ray support | Register Hardware
  14. ^ Intel G43 Express Chipset - Overview
  15. ^ a b Quick Reference Guide to Intel Integrated Graphics
  16. ^ Fudzilla - Intel G41 aims for Q4 2008
  17. ^ Intel talks up 'Eaglelake' DX10 chipset GPU tech | Register Hardware
  18. ^ http://www.intel.com/products/desktop/chipsets/q43/q43-overview.htm
  19. ^ AnandTech: Intel Launches Low-Power 65nm 4 Series Chipsets for the Desktop
  20. ^ "G45 IGP runs 3Dmark06 3X faster". Retrieved 2007-12-10.
  21. ^ VR-Zone : Technology Beats - Intel GMA X4500HD, X4500 & 4500 Info
  22. ^ "Imagination Technologies confirms new Intel Centrino Atom processor technology utilises POWERVR graphics and video technologies". Retrieved 2008-04-03.
  23. ^ "US15W Product Brief" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-04-03.
  24. ^ a b VR-Zone : Technology Beats - Intel GM47 Mobile Chipset Delivers 2X Graphics Performance
  25. ^ a b c d Intel 910GML datasheet
  26. ^ a b Mobile Intel 945 Express Chipset Family Datasheet, Intel, accessed July3, 2007.
  27. ^ a b Romanchenko, Vladimir. Intel Centrino Duo: new-generation mobility, Digital Daily, January 24, 2006.
  28. ^ a b Intel 946 Express Chipset Family Datasheet, Intel, accessed June 28, 2007.
  29. ^ a b Intel 3 Series Chipsets Datasheet, Intel, accessed June 29, 2007.
  30. ^ a b c Mobile Intel 965 Express Chipset Family Datasheet, Intel, accessed August16, 2007.
  31. ^ a b c Intel G35 Product Brief Cite error: The named reference "intel317363" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  32. ^ a b c d Mobile Intel 4 Series Express Chipset Family Datasheet, accessed October13, 2008.
  33. ^ a b Intel G35 Express Chipset Datasheet, Intel, accessed August16, 2007.
  34. ^ a b Intel 4 Series Chipset Family Datasheet, accessed October13, 2008.
  35. ^ a b Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 900, Intel, accessed June 28, 2007.
  36. ^ a b Intel GMA 950 Graphics Product Brief, Intel, accessed June 28, 2007.
  37. ^ a b Intel GMA Developers X4500 Guide, accessed October13, 2008.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h Quick Reference Guide to Intel Integrated Graphics, accessed October13, 2008.
  39. ^ Mobile Intel 915PM/GM/GME/GMS and 910GML/GMLE Express Chipset Datasheet, Intel, accessed June29, 2007.
  40. ^ Intel 82G965 Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) OpenGL Support
  41. ^ [1]
  42. ^ [2]
  43. ^ Getting the Most Out of Intel Graphics.ppt, GDC February 2008, accessed October13, 2008.
  44. ^ Release notes of Windows XP driver v14.36.3, accessed October13, 2008.
  45. ^ Release notes of Windows Vista driver v15.11.2, accessed October13, 2008.
  46. ^ Xorg ML OpenGL 2.1 enters intel driver.
  47. ^ iMac (Intel) - Mac Guides
  48. ^ Mac mini (Intel) - Mac Guides
  49. ^ Apple Updates MacBooks to Santa Rosa, GMA X3100; 2.6GHz MacBook Pro - Mac Rumors
  50. ^ Intel Linux graphics web site
  51. ^ Tungsten Graphics web site
  52. ^ Free software drivers for the Intel 965GM Express Chipset
  53. ^ Eric Anholt. "X.Org mailing list: xf86-video-intel 2.1.0". Retrieved 2007-07-09.
  54. ^ "Driver Documentation". Retrieved 2008-02-01.
  55. ^ Open Source Graphics Drivers from Intel — Licence
  56. ^ "Index of /docs/intel". Retrieved 2008-02-01.
  57. ^ LKML thread about intel_hal.so
  58. ^ X.Org ML thread about intel_hal.so
  59. ^ Intel excuse for no GMA900 WDDM driver: no "HW Scheduler" no driver, Beyond3D, October 26, 2006.
  60. ^ Intel’s response to 915G WDDM requests
  61. ^ GMA950specs on Intel
  62. ^ Intel G965 drivers Announce
  63. ^ G965 drivers Forum Discussion
  64. ^ Pre-Beta XP Drivers
  65. ^ Mobile Intel 965 Express Chipset Family Intel Graphics Media Accelerator Beta Driver for Windows* XP (zip)
  66. ^ Vertex Processing Selection Capability
  67. ^ Release Notes Vista driver 15.11.3.1576
  68. ^ Release Notes XP driver 14.36.3.4990
  69. ^ Waldock, Leo. Asus P5E-VM HDMI motherboard, Register Hardware, December 5, 2007.
  70. ^ Intel Graphics home page
  71. ^ Intel Software Network Forums
  72. ^ a b Intel's G965 Express chipset - The Tech Report - Page 17
  73. ^ Intel's G965 Express chipset - The Tech Report - Page 9
  74. ^ Intel G965 with GMA X3000 Integrated Graphics - Media Encoding and Game Benchmarks - CPUs, Boards & Components by ExtremeTech
  75. ^ Intel G965 with GMA X3000 Integrated Graphics - Final Thoughts: What to Buy - CPUs, Boards & Components by ExtremeTech
  76. ^ AnandTech: AMD 690G: Performance Review
  77. ^ a b Asus P5E-VM HDMI motherboard | Register Hardware
  78. ^ Asus P5E-VM HDMI motherboard | Register Hardware
  79. ^ Notebook Test News auf notebookjournal.de - Praxis - Exclusive: Intel Centrino 2 Performance Test
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intel_GMA&oldid=265703902"