Mexican Empire
The Mexican Empire was the name of Mexico on two non-consecutive occasions in the 19th century when it was ruled by an Emperor.
First Mexican Empire
The First Mexican Empire was short lived, lasting only eight months, from 21 July 1822 to 19 March 1823 and having only one emperor, Agustín de Iturbide.
When Emperor Napoleon of France put his brother, Joseph, on the Spanish throne in 1808, ties between Spain and her American colonies weakened, and the movement for Mexican independence grew stronger.
The Mexican War of Independence began in 1810 and continued until 1821, when rebel troops entered Mexico City and the Treaty of Córdoba was signed, whereby Spain recognized Mexico's independence.
In that year, General Agustín de Iturbide, a Mexican-born criollo who originally fought for the pro-Spanish royalists but switched his allegiance to the insurgents in the final phases of the war, was elected head of the provisional junta government and of the regency that held the imperial power that Spain once had. On the night of 18 May 1822, a mass demonstration led by the Regiment of Celaya, which Iturbide had commanded during the war, marched through the streets and demanded that their commander-in-chief accept the throne. On 19 May 1822, the Sovereign Congress named him emperor, and on 21 May 1822, issued a decree officially confirming this appointment, which was officially a temporary measure until a European monarch could be found to rule Mexico.
Iturbide's official title was "By Divine Providence and the National Congress, First Constitutional Emperor of Mexico" (Spanish: Por la Divina Providencia y por el Congreso de la Nación, Primer Emperador Constitucional de México). His coronation took place on 21 July 1822, in Mexico City.
The territorial area of the Mexican Empire of 1821 was about 5,000,000 square kilometers, including everything from the Oregon–California border at 42nd latitude N, to the boundary with Panama (at that time, part of Colombia). Most of the countries of Central America were part of Mexico - they became a separate federal republic after the empire collapsed.
As factions in the Congress began to sharply criticise both Iturbide and his policies, the emperor decided on 31 October to dissolve it. This enraged the commander of the garrison at Veracruz, Antonio López de Santa Anna, who himself would be President for several terms, during the Secession of Texas and the disastrous U.S.-Mexican War. Santa Anna and his troops rose up against Iturbide and declared a republic on the 1 December.
Fearing for his life as the rebellion grew stronger, the emperor ordered the dissolved Congress to reassemble on the 4 March 1823. He presented his abdication to them at a night-time session on 19 March 1823. He fled to Italy shortly after.
In April 1824 the Congress, having already declared his administration void, declared Iturbide a traitor. When he returned to Mexico in July 1824 he was arrested on arrival in Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas, and executed.
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire survived longer than the First Empire; however, it still only had one reigning emperor, Emperador Maximiliano I, who was installed by Napoleon III of France with the support of the Austrian and Spanish Crowns, in order to create a European-style, conservative Catholic, monarchical system in Mexico. It lasted three years, from 1864 to 1867.
The rule of Emperor Maximiliano de Habsburgo was blemished by constant conflict. On his arrival in 1864 with his wife, Empress Carlota of Mexico, he found himself in the middle of a political struggle between the Liberals, headed by Benito Juárez, and the Conservatives that backed Maximiliano. The two factions had set up parallel governments; the Conservatives in Mexico City, controlling central Mexico, and the Liberals in Veracruz. The Conservatives received funding from Europe, especially from Isabella II of Spain and Napoleon III of France; the Liberals found backing from United States Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, whose country fought its own Civil War 1861–1865. Maximilian became a pawn in this conflict.
Because Emperor Maximilian was viewed as a French puppet, he was unpopular and many citizens did not regard him as the legitimate leader of Mexico. He was executed by a firing squad in 1867, under the orders of President Benito Juárez, in an attempt to dissuade any further foreign attempts to control Mexico.
Pretender to the Imperial Throne of Mexico
Template:Former monarchic orders of succession Since the deposition of Maximiliano de Habsburgo there has been a pretender line of accession to the throne, through Maximilian's adopted sons, who were grandsons of Agustín de Iturbide.
The current Pretender to the throne of Mexico is Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide, born in 1944. He inherited his claim following the death of his grandmother Maria Josepha Sophia de Iturbide, who was the daughter of Salvador de Iturbide y de Marzán, Emperor Maximilian's adoptee. Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide resides in Australia. Should this entire line fail, along with all the descendants of Agustín de Iturbide, the next likely successor might be the emperor's sister, Doña Josefa.
Line of succession to the Imperial Throne of Mexico
Head of the Imperial house of Mexico: Don Maximilian von Götzen-Itúrbide (b. 1944)
- Don Ferdinand Leopold Maximilian Gustav Salvatore von Götzen-Itúrbide (b. 1992)
- Doña Emanuela Charlotte Maria Helena von Götzen-Itúrbide (b. 1998)
- Doña Emanuela von Götzen-Itúrbide (b. 1945)
- Nicholas MacAulay (b. 1970)
- Edward MacAulay (b. 1973)
- Augustin MacAulay (b. 1977)
- Patrick MacAulay (b. 1979)
- Philip MacAulay (b. 1981)
- Camilla MacAulay (b. 1972)
- Gizella MacAulay (b. 1985)