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Living River Siam (Thai: โครงการแม่น้ำเพื่อชีวิต; formerly South East Asia Rivers Network, or SEARIN) is a Thai non-governmental organization which analyzes the impact of Thailand's various dam projects and coordinates indigenous research to give Thai villagers the power to document the influence of local rivers and dams. Founded in 1999, it gained prominence during national controversy over the Pak Mun Dam, instructing villagers in how to document the effects of the dammed river on their lives. As the Thai government proposed other dam sites, Living River Siam took its research to the villages near those sites as well. Today, the organization works with other non-governmental organizations in Southeast Asia to counter government-sponsored research that encourages dam construction.

Pak Mun Dam protests

A group of Thai villagers holding signs.
Villagers protest the Pak Mun Dam in 2002.

Living River Siam was launched on March 14, 1999, the International Rivers Day of Action, by a group of NGO workers and Thai academics.[1] Its first action, on March 23, was to support an occupation of the Pak Mun Dam site by 5,000 villagers.[2] The Pak Mun Dam, which was funded partially by the World Bank,[3] was built in 1994 but slowly became the focus of national controversy. It received widespread complaints from Thai villagers and had been the focus of the Assembly of the Poor's 99-day, 20,000-person protest in Bangkok in 1997.[4] The dam generates 0.5 percent of Thailand's electric capacity; 40 percent of Thailand's total electric capacity goes unused on an everyday basis.[5]

On June 16, 2001, the Thai government agreed to open the sluice gates of the Pak Mun Dam for four months to allow studies to be conducted on its social impact; this was later extended to thirteen months.[6] Coinciding with this agreement, the government announced that official studies would be conducted by Ubon Ratchathani University and a private team contracted by the National Economic and Social Development Board. The university received a budget of 10 million baht (roughly $280,000 USD), and the government contractors, alleged to be the same group that recommended damming another river, received 94 million baht (roughly $2,700,000 USD), raising suspicions.[7] Villagers felt the outside academics would not be able to make an objective or accurate study of the river because they were unfamiliar with local fish migration and habitats.[8]

Thai Baan research

In response, Living River Siam developed Ngan Wijai Thai Baan (งานวิจัยไทบ้าน), or "research by Thai villagers". This sort of research is meant to circumvent the traditional approach to anthropological study by allowing villagers to investigate and document, with their own language and on their own terms, every aspect of their life on the river. The function of the overseeing organization is only to compile the villagers' data and publish it for others to read. Living River Siam refers to this in English as "Thai Baan research".[9]

The Mun River research documented the spawning grounds, migration patterns, habitats, and preferred baits of 137 species of fish. Originally, there were 265 species in the river; 220 of these disappeared when the river was dammed, and only 92 reappeared when the sluice gates were opened, meaning that the diversity of the Mun ecosystem had already been severely reduced by the dam.[6] 104 of these species migrate between the Mekong and Mun rivers, meaning the dam endangered the Mekong's ecosystem as well. Thai villagers took photos of all of the fish and counted the number of fish caught before and after the opening of the gates.[9] Over 200 villagers volunteered for the study, and divided themselves up into groups to survey the sub-ecosystems of rapids, channels, eddies, small waterfalls, drinking wells, don islands, bok hin pools, khum pools, wang pools, huu holes, lhum hin stone pockets, kon shallows, kan underwater rapids, and luang fishing grounds.[9]

The use of small and large fish in the local economy was analyzed. Researchers found that while the less common large fish are sold for profit, the diet of Pak Mun villagers consisted mostly of small fish which can be caught in both the wet and dry seasons. Small fish are eaten, sold for money, and traded with the the hill peoples for rice.[6]

The villages documented changes in their towns as a result of the opening of the sluice gates. Fishermen who had been forced to leave for the city returned to their homes, the increase in fish caused a boom in the rural economy, in fishing and tourism. Villagers were able to hold religious ceremonies in important riverside spaces.[9]

Government reaction and other responses

File:Pak Mun Dam.jpg
The Pak Mun Dam with closed sluice gates. Handmade rowboats sit in the water.

The results of the Thai Baan research were supported by several academics, including Niti Pawakapan of Chulalongkorn University.[10] The Ubon Ratchathani University study also recommended keeping the sluice gates open for at least five years. However, the Thai government rejected all of the studies for unclear reasons and instead conducted a three-day opinion poll of a random sample of Thais, after which it decided that the gates would stay closed for eight out of twelve months of the year.[4][6] In 2007, Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont decided to close the gates permanently, citing an alleged secret agreement between thousands of villagers and the Internal Security Operations Command.[11]

The response from non-governmental organizations has been more favorable. The Mekong Wetlands Biodiversity Programme (MWBP), an international alliance managed by the United Nations Development Programme and World Conservation Union, has published a study on the methodology of Thai Baan research and coordinated their own study in Sri Songkham district in 2004, concluding that it was more useful than top-down styles of village research.[12] The study overseen by the MWBP was cited in an academic journal[13] and submitted to an international conference.[14] Living River Siam's spokesperson Pianporn Deetes was also invited to a United Nations Environment Programme conference on dams.[6]

In 2002 the Thai government’s department of irrigation met the demands of Living River Siam and the Assembly of the Poor with a promise to halt all future dam projects, which was met with cautious optimism.[15] To circumvent the issue of domestic damming, in 2007 the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) announced plans to build a series of dams on Burma's Salween River along its border with Thailand. Living River Siam opposed this plan, citing the threat of environmental destruction in Burma's Shan, Karenni, and Karen states as well as Mae Hong Son province.[16]

Additional research

Since 2004, Living River Siam has employed its research methods in other threatened locations across rural Thailand.

Amphoe Chiang Khong

Two mountainous streams flowing across rocks into a pool.
An example of the Mekong's rapids.

The Mekong River remained free of dams until 1993 because of its complex system of rapids which wreck boats, and the unusual monsoon season which reverses the course of some of its branches.[3] In 2004, the Thai government made an agreement with China to open the river to commercial navigation by destroying rapids, which Thai Baan research had identified as important fish spawning grounds. On the Chinese side dams were constructed. Living River Siam gathered additional Thai Baan surveys from 146 villagers in Amphoe Chiang Khong, which determined that the blasting of rapids had made the river water unsuitable for drinking and bathing, washed away many local riverside gardens, and decimated the populations of local plants and fish.[17] In response to the 2004 studies, the Thai government suspended blasting on one of the rapids, the Khon Pi Luang.[18]

Kaeng Sua Ten

In 2006, in response to renewed plans for dam construction in Kaeng Sua Ten,[19] Living River Siam released a report on the people of Sa-iap, Amphoe Song, Phrae Province (part of Mae Yom National Park) based on their own experiences and history. It was called Chaobaan research, but the methodology was equivalent to Thai Baan research. The report examined the ecosystem of the residents of Sa-iap, the vegetables and fungi they subsisted on, medicinal herbs they used, local fauna, wood resources, and their culture.[20]

The report divided Sa-iap history into four periods. Before 1937, the village was self-sustaining and used both farming and gathering for the overwhelming majority of its needs. In 1937 the Thai government allowed private companies to log the forest, destroying part of the villages' infrastructure. In 1957 the villagers entered the employ of the logging companies, causing internal and external conflict as well as increased reliance on unsustainable practices. Finally, in 1991 the villagers formed a conservation group, the Forest Lover Group, which Chaobaan researchers agreed cut down on conflict. The mood of the villages has returned to one of mutual assistance and traditional customs.[20]

Rasi Salai Dam

The Rasi Salai Dam was completed in 1994, around the same time as the Pak Mun Dam, and received similar local complaints. The dam's central reservoir was occupied for two years by villagers, until a July 2000 decision opened the sluice gates.[21] From 2003 to 2004, Living River Siam coordinated Thai Baan research in three districts: Amphoe Rasi Salai, Amphoe Rattanaburi, and Amphoe Phon Sai. The report examined village culture, ecology, biodiversity, agriculture, and food and water management. The impact of the closing and opening of the sluice gates was also examined. It was concluded that the dam reduced fish populations, but more importantly flooded natural salt pits and spread them into rice and vegetable fields, destroying trees and crops.[22] The government has not made a commitment to keep the Rasi Salai Dam out of commission,[5] but as of 2008 the gates have not yet been closed.[23]

Seminars, coordination, and publications

A book cover portraying men and a boat, with text in Thai.
The cover of Thai Baan Research at Chiang Khong.

Beginning in 2006, Living River Siam began training other grassroots organizations in Thai Baan research, beginning with the Vietnam Rivers Network and expanding to a Chinese group in 2007.[24] In 2008 they worked with the Burma Rivers Network to conduct research on the Salween River.[25] They also assisted a United Nations-funded NGO, the Mekong Wetlands Biodiversity Programme (MWBP), with running Thai Baan research in 2004.[12] Living River Siam, along with the MWBP, organizes cross-basin coordination between Thai Baan research groups.[26]

Living River Siam has compiled the research and oral accounts of Thai villagers into many publications, which they make available on their website. Its published books document local knowledge about fish, the results of village research, a how-to manual for Thai Baan research, and citizens' guides to defending Thai rivers and communities. They also have produced posters of fish species and dams, pamphlets on fishing gear, and short documentaries about the river.[27]

References

  1. ^ "Living River Siam: About Us". Living River Siam. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  2. ^ River Revival Bulletin, vol. 9, International Rivers, 1999, retrieved 17 July 2009 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ a b "The sweet serpent of South-East Asia". The Economist. December 30, 2003. pp. 28–30.
  4. ^ a b Missingham, Bruce D. (2003). The Assembly of the Poor in Thailand, From Local Struggles to National Protest Movement. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books. ISBN 978-9749575284.
  5. ^ a b Gill, Teena Amrit (December 18, 2003). "THAILAND: Villagers Want Their Rivers - and Lives – Back". Inter Press Service.
  6. ^ a b c d e Pianporn Deetes. "Dam Decommissioning and Restoration of the River Ecosystem and Local Livelhoods: A Case Study of Pak Mun Dam Mekong River Basin, Thailand". United Nations Environment Programme : Addressing Existing Dams, Nairobi, Kenya, June 14-15, 2004. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations, 2004.
  7. ^ Vasana Chinvarakorn (June 17, 2001). "Villagers hail return of fish as gates re-opened". Bangkok Post.
  8. ^ Macan-Markar, Marwaan (October 18, 2002). "ENVIRONMENT-THAILAND: Villagers' knowledge challenges academics". Inter Press Service.
  9. ^ a b c d Assembly of the Poor and Southeast Asia Rivers Nework. "The Return of Fish, River Ecology and Local Livelihoods of the Mun River: A Thai Baan (Villagers') Research" Chiang Mai, Thailand: Southeast Asia Rivers Nework, 2004.
  10. ^ Niti Pawakapan (Chulalongkorn University). "วิจัยไทบ้าน" ("Wijai Thai Baan"). Weekly Matichon. August 9, 2002. WebCite
  11. ^ Subhatra Bhumiprabhas. "Old war, new battle for Pak Mun villagers". The Nation (Thailand). July 16, 2007.
  12. ^ a b Lauren Baker. "Thai Baan Research in the Lower Songkhram River Basin." Mekong Wetlands Biodiversity Programme, 2004.
  13. ^ Kohei Kamata et al. "Management of Wetland Ecosystems and Water Resources in the Lower Songkram River Basin, Northeast-Thailand ". Saitama University Engineering Department Bulletin 40 (2007). pp.1-5.
  14. ^ Richard Friend. "Local Wisdom for River Basin Management: Thai Baan Research in the Songkhram River". Mekong Wetlands Biodiversity Programme, 2004.
  15. ^ Chan, Stanislaus Jude (June 20, 2002). "THAILAND: Activists skeptical of gov't pledge on mega-projects". Inter Press Service.
  16. ^ Pianporn Deetes. "The invisible costs of the Salween dam project". The Nation (Thailand). February 28, 2007.
  17. ^ Sanitsuda Ekachai (June 27, 2005). "Doing it for themselves". Bangkok Post.
  18. ^ "MEKONG: China parley reveals gulf between leaders and activists". Inter Press Service. July 5, 2005.
  19. ^ Kultida Samabudhi. "B200m to change opponents' minds : Soldiers 'surveying' villagers' opinions". Bangkok Post. May 11, 2004. WebCite
  20. ^ a b "Thai Baan Research in Keang Sue Ten". Retrieved July 14, 2009.
  21. ^ "Protesters moving out of dam site." The Nation (Thailand). July 9, 2000. WebCite
  22. ^ "Executive Summary of Rasi Salai Thai Baan Research". Retrieved July 14, 2009.
  23. ^ Apinya Wipatayotin. "Caution urged on water project plans". The Bangkok Post. Mar 16, 2008.
  24. ^ "Thai Baan Research". Living River Siam. Archived from the original on July 14, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
  25. ^ "The Salween River Basin". Living River Siam. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  26. ^ "World Wetlands Day Report 2006" (PDF). Mekong Wetlands Biodiversity Programme. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  27. ^ "Publications". Living River Siam. July 14, 2009.
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