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Sayano-Shushenskaya power station accident

Coordinates: 52°49′31″N 91°22′15″E / 52.8253°N 91.3709°E / 52.8253; 91.3709
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52°49′31″N 91°22′15″E / 52.8253°N 91.3709°E / 52.8253; 91.3709

Sayano-Shushenskaya power station accident
Scene of the Sayano–Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station where the accident took place (pre-accident)
Date17 August 2009 (2009-08-17)
Time08:13 (00:13 GMT)
LocationKhakassia, Russia
Casualties
74 dead
1 currently missing

The 2009 Sayano–Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station accident occurred at 00:13 GMT on 17 August 2009, (08:13 AM local time) when an explosion brought down the ceiling of the Sayano–Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station's turbine hall, leading to the flooding of the turbine hall and engine room. As of 23 September 2009, 75 people have been found dead. The cause of the accident is still being investigated.

Background

Sayano–Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station is located on the Yenisei River, near Sayanogorsk in Khakassia, Russia. Before the accident, it was the largest hydroelectric power station in Russia and the sixth-largest hydroelectric power station in the world, by average power generation. The plant is operated by RusHydro.

On 2 July 2009, RusHydro announced the station's all-time highest electricity output per 24 hours.[1]

From January to March 2009, turbine № 2 was undergoing scheduled repairs and modernization. It was the first and only turbine in the station which was equipped with a new electro-hydraulic regulator of its spinning speed supplied by the Promavtomatika company.[2] During the repairs, the turbine blades were welded as after 30 years of operation, there were cracks and cavities in them, however the turbine wheel was not balanced after these repairs were completed.[3] After the repairs, turbine № 2 had increased vibration; however it did not exceed specifications but was unacceptable for long time use. The elevated vibration compared to other turbines was apparent for the turbine before the repair also. The vibration exceeded specification on the beginning of July[4] and continued to increase with accelerated speed.[5]. On the night of 16–17 August, the level of vibration increased substantially.[3] There were several attempts to stop the turbine. During 16 August up to 20:30, the load of turbine № 2 was 600 MW, then it was reduced to 100–200 MW. At 3:00 on 17 August 2009, the load was increased again to 600 MW; at 3:30, the load was decreased to 200 MW; and at 3:45, it was increased again to 600 MW.[3] During this time, the level of vibration was very high, and was also registered by seismic instruments in the plant. During attempts to shut it down, the rotor inside the turbine was pushed up, which in turn created pressure pushing up on the turbine cover. The cover was kept in place by 80 bolts of 8 centimetres (3.1 in) diameter.

In the morning of 17 August 2009, 50 people were around turbine № 2. As the plant director, Nikolai Nevolko, was celebrating his birthday, he was not at the plant and none of the workers present wanted or had no authority to make decisions about further actions regarding turbine № 2.[3]

On 3 October 2009 the official act about Sayano-Shushenskaya hydro accident was published[6]. According to this, on 17 August 01:20, there was a fire at the hydroelectric power station of Bratsk which broke communications and the automatic driving systems of power plants in the region which was recovered 15:03 on 17 August.

Turbine 2 was started on 16 august 23:14. At 23:44 it was running at full load of 600 MW. During the night its load varied between 10 and 610 MW. At the moment of the accident, which was 8:13 local time (00:13 GMT), its load was 475 MW and water consumption was 256 m³/s. Vibration of the bearing was 0.84 mm which exceeded the values of other turbines by more than 4 times. The work life defined by the manufacturer for the turbines was specified for 30 years. At the moment of accident the age of the turbine was 29 years and 10 months. The turbines of this type have a very narrow working band at high efficiency regime. If this band is exceeded the turbines begin to vibrate, caused by the pulsation of water flow and waters strokes. These vibrations and shocks on the turbines will degrade them over time. These problems were observed many times in the plant. On the day of accident the turbines worked at working level 212 meters. At this pressure the recommended power band for the turbines is 570-640 MW (band III) and the allowed band is 0-265 MW also (band I). Band 265-570 MW (band II) at this pressure is not recommended and output over 640 MW (band IV) is forbidden[7]. On the day of accident turbine 2 worked as the plants power output regulator and due to this, its output power changed constantly. The turbine often operated in band II regime which is accompanied with pulsation and strokes of water flow.

Accident

The accident occurred on 17 August 2009 at 08:13 local time (00:13 GMT).[8] There was a loud bang from turbine № 2. The turbine cover shot up and the 920-ton rotor also shot out of its seat.[3] After this water spouted from the cavity of the turbine into the machinery hall.[9] As a result, the machinery hall and rooms below its level were flooded.[9] At the same time, an alarm was received at the power station's main control panel, and the power output fell to zero, resulting in a local blackout. The steel gates to the water intake pipes of turbines, weighing 150 tons each, were closed manually by opening of valves of hydraulic jacks keeping them up[3] in between 8:35 [10] and 9:20 hours[11] (9.30 by official report[12]). The operation took 25 minutes, which is near the minimum time (highest speed) allowed for this operation.[13] The emergency diesel generator was started at 11:32.[9] At 11:50, the opening of 11 spillway gates of the dam was started and was finished at 13:07.[11] Nine out of the ten turbines were operating at the time, with a total output 4,400 MW.[9] Turbine № 6 was undergoing scheduled maintenance, but was ready for a restart.[14]

On 9 September 2009 at 17:40 local time (09:40 GMT), a fire started in the turbine hall during repair works. Around 200 people were evacuated. There were no fatalities or injuries. According to RusHydro the fire was extinguished "within a few minutes".[15]

Cause

The exact cause of the accident has not yet been announced; the official report will be published by the end of September 2009.[16] According to the preliminary information by the Federal Environmental, Technological and Atomic Supervisory Service (Rostekhnadzor), the cause was a combination of several technological factors. Terrorist attack and human factor theories have been ruled out. Also, the hydraulic pressure surge as a possible cause of the accident has been excluded by Rostekhnadzor.[14][17] Failure of turbine № 2 or of its control system are the remaining scenarios under investigation.[17]

On 9 September, RusHydro announced that the accident started with the spouting of water from the socket of turbine № 2. The cause of the spouting is being investigated.[11]

On 14 September, the newspaper Izvestija published an article regarding unofficial information about the events before and after the accident with turbine № 2.[3] According to the article, the cause of the accident was turbine vibration, which wore cracks in the bolts keeping the turbine in place. The increased vibration of turbine 2. was going some 10 years and was known well for the plant personnel.

An official explanation has been made available on 4 October 2009 on Rostekhnadzor website: [1].

Media speculation

In the media, defective turbines and a rise in pressure in the pipes were speculated to be possible causes.[18] According to Alexander Toloshinov, a former general director of the plant, the accident was most likely due to a "manufacturing defect" in a turbine.[19] According to Toloshinov, the construction of the turbine blades of this type of turbine is not very reliable and cracks are known to develop in them under some working conditions.[20] According to the former director of Irkutskenergo, Viktor Bobrovski, the accident could have been caused by an incorrect start-up process of the turbine which resulted in an hydraulic pressure surge, or the excess load of the turbine caused by the peak consumption of electricity. According to Bobrovski, it is common practice in the region to compensate for peak load by overloading hydroelectric power plants, and the energy system of the region is near collapse, as the main goal of its owners is to take out as much profit as possible cutting down on maintenance, investment, safety, and educational costs. Since the load for other turbines ceased after the collapse of the turbine № 2, they probably started to spin without load at increasing speed until they smashed.[21] He said that former director of Sayano–Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station Valentin Bryzgalov had alerted that it is dangerous to operate the plant at its maximum loads when the turbines are starting to vibrate in the axial direction. He said that the accident probably would not have had such catastrophic results if the safety systems had worked and the safety rules had been followed.[21] According to Rostekhnadzor, the automatic shutdown system of the water intake pipes' gates failed after failure of the turbine № 2.[21][22] Accusations of failure of the safety systems were dismissed by Rakurs, the company which designed the automated safety system for the plant.[23]

On 21 August 2009, a website supporting rebel groups in Chechnya claimed that they were responsible for the blast, part of a new "economic war" which they were declaring on Russia. These claims were dismissed by authorities as "idiotic".[24][25]

On 11 September 2009, RusHydro refuted allegations that the dam overwhelmed the machinery hall leading to the destruction of turbine № 2. According to RusHydro, displacements of the dam are seasonal and have been reduced in recent years. The maximum displacement (141.5 millimetres (5.57 in)*) was recorded in 2006, which was below the allowed maximum of 145.5 mm (5.73 in). According to RusHydro, the scope of displacement between the anchor legs and the machinery hall does not exceed 2.3 mm (0.091 in), which is less than the width between them (50 mm (2.0 in)*), and therefore the dam cannot overwhelm the machinery hall.[26]

Rescue operation

After the accident, the spillway was regulated to decrease the water level of reservoir by 3 to 5 centimetres (1.2 to 2.0 in) per day.[27] Flood water was pumped out from the engine room by 24 August 2009.[28] The search and rescue operation was completed on 28 August and at the same day, a state of emergency, imposed in Khakassia on 17 August, was lifted.[14]

Consequences

As of 9 September 2009, 74 people were found dead while 1 person is listed as missing but probably also dead.[29] On 19 August, the mourning day was announced in Khakassia.[30] RusHydro declared 25 August a day of mourning at the company.[27] A festival in the city of Abakan on 22 August was canceled.[citation needed]

Due to the accident, the town of Cheryomushki has banned the sale of strong alcoholic beverages.[31]

Damages

In addition to turbine № 2, turbines № 7 and 9 also suffered severe damage and were destroyed, while the turbine room roof and ceilings fell on and caused additional damage to turbines № 1 and 3, with slight damage to turbines № 4, 5, 8, and 10.[32] Turbine № 6, which was in scheduled repair at the time of the accident, received only minor damage and was the only one of the station's 10 turbines that did not receive electrical damage due to shorting of transformers.[33] Water immediately flooded the engine and turbine rooms and caused a transformer explosion.[34] Transformers № 1 and 2 were destroyed, while transformers № 3, 4, and 5 were left in satisfactory condition. Other damage was also severe as the machinery hall was destroyed, including the roof, ceilings, and floor.[citation needed] On 9 September, RusHydro announced the damage caused by the incident:[11]

  • Turbine 6: Flooded
  • Turbine 5: Flooding and electrical damage
  • Turbines 3 and 4: Electrical and mechanical damage to the middle level. Some damage to the concrete structures around them.
  • Turbines 1, 8, and 10: Electrical and mechanical damage to the high level. Some damage to the concrete structures around them.
  • Turbines 7 and 9: Completely destroyed, with extreme damage to the concrete structures around them.
  • Turbine 2: Destroyed completely, including the concrete structures around it.

Power supply

Power generation from the station ceased completely following the incident, with the resulting blackout in residential areas being alleviated by diverting power from other plants. Aluminium smelters in Sayanogorsk and Khakassia were completely cut off from the grid before power supplies were replaced using alternate power sources.[8][35] Power to blacked out areas was fully restored by 19 August 2009.[36] Although smelters continue to work at their normal rate, RUSAL warned that in the longer term it may lose up to 500,000 tons of aluminum output due to the power shortage, and called for accelerating the construction of the Boguchany hydroelectric power station to replace lost generating capacity.[18] It is expected that electricity prices will have to increase after the disaster.[37]

Environmental impact

The accident caused an oil spill, releasing at least 40 tonnes of transformer oil which spread over 80 km (50 mi) downstream of Yenisei.[19][38] The oil spill during the approximately 2-3 hour cutoff of river flow when all the gates of the dam were closed, killed 400 tons of cultivated trout in two riverside fisheries, with its impact on wildlife as yet unassessed. By 19:00 local time on 19 August 2009, the 15 km (9.3 mi)-long spill had reached Ust-Abakan, where it was cordoned off with floating barriers and chemical sorbents.[39] The oil spill was fully removed by 25 August 2009.[40]

Financial impact

Share prices

Trading in RusHydro shares at the Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange was suspended for two days.[8] After trading resumed on 19 August 2009, the shares dropped 11.4%.[37] On the London Stock Exchange, the share price dropped more than 15%.[8] It is expected that RusHydro's business losses will amount to 16.5 billion roubles (US$523 million) by 2013.[41] The power plant was insured for US$200 million by Russian insurance company ROSNO, part of Allianz group, and re-insured by Munich Re.[42]

Compensation

The Russian government will pay compensation of 1 million rubles (US$31,600) to the each victim's family, and 100,000 rubles (about US$3,100) to each survivor, while RusHydro will pay a further 1 million rubles in compensation.[43] RusHydro will buy housing for 13 families of killed workers with underage children. There will be also programs to support these children in kindergartens and schools and also to provide higher education. In addition, a special program for the reconstruction and development of Cheryomushki settlement, the main settlement where power plant's workers live, is planned.[44]

Personnel

Nikolai Nevolko (Николай Иванович Неволько), the director of the plant, was replaced by Valeeri Kjari (Валерий Артурович Кяри).[45] Several people were awarded for their heroic actions during the accident.[13] Juri Salnikov and Oleg Melnitchuck received Governmental diplomas[clarification needed].[13]

Repairs

The plant is expected to restart its operations within 1 to 1½ months, while replacement of damaged turbines will take up to four years.[35] Specialists and rescuers – over 2,000 people – are currently involved in the works to liquidate the consequences of the disaster at Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power Plant. [46] According to Russian Energy Minister Sergei Shmatko, the rebuilding of the engine room alone would cost 40 billion rubles (€880 million, US$1.3 billion).[18] Russia's Sberbank has agreed to lend 20 billion rubles (€440 million, US$630 million) for the repair works.[47] RusHydro also is negotiating a loan with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.[48]

According to RusHydro on 7 September, turbines № 4, 5, and 6 will probably be repaired. Turbines № 7 and 9 were too damaged and are being disassembled.[49] The machinery hall, heating system, electricity supply, and sewage tunnels were under repair.[49] Preparations for wintertime are ongoing until 23 September. As the spillway will work all the period, several methods of preventing the dam from icing are under consideration.[50] Mechanical, chemical, thermal, and other methods have been proposed.[50] The machinery hall is under construction and its warming system is also under repairs. Repair work is going on continuously, 24 hours a day.[51] Every 2 hours, the working control of workers on their workplaces is performed.[clarification needed][51] For movement time of the spillway well crane КБГС-1000 the spillway was reduced to 1105 m³/s.[clarification needed][52] On 28. September, the repair of turbines 5. and 6. and their control systems is ongoing.[53]

Attack on journalist

It was reported that on 9 September, Novy Fokus Mikhail Afanasyev, the editor of a regional news website, was attacked and beaten near his house in Abakan. Earlier, he was charged for "spreading false information and defaming rescuers in his reports" by the local prosecutor's office. Afanasyev believes that the attack is "probably connected to his articles about the accident".[54]

References

  1. ^ "В Филиале ОАО «РусГидро» - «Саяно-Шушенская ГЭС имени П.С. Непорожнего» зафиксирована максимальная выработка электроэнергии (Maximum power output was recorded in the branch of OJSC RusHydro - P. S. Neporozhny Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP)" (Press release) (in Russian). RusHydro. 2009-07-02. Archived from the original on 2009-09-16. Retrieved 2009-09-12. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Гидроагрегат №2 Саяно-Шушенской ГЭС снова в строю (Turbine № 2 of the Sayano-Shushenskaya power plant is again in order)" (Press release). RusHydro. 2009-03-23. Archived from the original on 2009-09-16. Retrieved 2009-09-13. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Второй гидроагрегат Саяно-Шушенской "трясло" уже 10 лет? (Turbine № 2 of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP "shake" already 10 years?)" (Press release) (in Russian). Izvestia. 2009-09-14. Archived from the original on 2009-09-26. Retrieved 2009-09-20. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ http://www.gosnadzor.ru/news/aktSSG___bak.doc
  5. ^ http://www.gosnadzor.ru/news/aktSSG___bak.doc
  6. ^ http://www.gosnadzor.ru/news/aktSSG___bak.doc
  7. ^ http://www.gosnadzor.ru/news/aktSSG___bak.doc
  8. ^ a b c d Ilya Naymushin (2009-08-17). "Russian dam disaster kills 10, scores missing". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-08-17.
  9. ^ a b c d "JSC RusHydro develops an action plan for eliminating the consequences of the accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP" (Press release). RusHydro. 2009-08-24. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
  10. ^ http://www.gosnadzor.ru/news/aktSSG___bak.doc
  11. ^ a b c d "The Board of Directors of JSC RusHydro takes note of information on the accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP" (Press release). RusHydro. 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  12. ^ http://www.gosnadzor.ru/news/aktSSG___bak.doc
  13. ^ a b c "Юрий Сальников и Олег Мельничук награждены почетными грамотами Правительства РФ за героизм в ходе спасательной операции на Саяно-Шушенской ГЭС". Archived from the original on 2009-09-26. Retrieved 2009-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ a b c "Last rescuers leave Sayano-Shushenskaya hydropower plant". ITAR-TASS. 2009-08-29. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  15. ^ "No casualties following fire in wrecked Siberian hydropower plant". RIA Novosti. 2009-09-10. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  16. ^ "Report on Siberian dam accident out in September - watchdog". RIA Novosti. 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  17. ^ a b "Причиной аварии на ГЭС мог быть сбой в работе агрегата или автоматической системы управления (Cause of the accident at the power plant could be a malfunction of the unit or the automatic control system)" (in Russian). ITAR-TASS. 2009-08-28. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
  18. ^ a b c Vasilyeva, Nataliya (2009-08-19). "13 dead, 61 feared dead in Siberia plant explosion". Associated Press. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  19. ^ a b "Insulating oil spreads along Siberian river after hydro disaster". RIA Novosti. 2009-08-18. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  20. ^ Гидротехническое строительство (Hydrotechnical Construction) (in Russian) (11). 2008. {{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. ^ a b c "Нам аукнулся дефицит квалификации (We haunted by the shortage of skills)" (in Russian). No. 32 (669). Expert Online. 2009-08-24. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
  22. ^ "Automatic shutdown system fails at Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP". ITAR-TASS. 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
  23. ^ Titova, Irina (2009-08-27). "Management at Rakurs Denies Security System at Dam Faulty". The St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
  24. ^ Melissa Akin (2009-08-21). "Russia markets ignore Chechen threat". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
  25. ^ "Russia plant disaster toll rises". BBC News. 2009-08-22. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
  26. ^ "Плотина Саяно-Шушенской ГЭС: общие сведения и техническое состояние (The dam of the Sayan-Shushenskaya HPP: general information and technical condition)" (Press release) (in Russian). RusHydro. 2009-09-11. Archived from the original on 2009-09-16. Retrieved 2009-09-12. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ a b "Ongoing restoration work status at JSC RusHydro's Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP as of August 26th, 2009 at 12:00" (Press release). RusHydro. 2009-08-26. Retrieved 2009-08-29. Cite error: The named reference "rh260809" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  28. ^ "Число погибших на Саяно-Шушенской ГЭС достигло 71 человека (The death toll in the Sayano–Shushenskaya HPP has reached 71 people)" (in Russian). BBC. 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
  29. ^ "Body of 74th victim of HPP accident found, SKP confirms". ITAR-TASS. 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  30. ^ "Khakassia to mourn for plant accident victims Aug 19". ITAR-TASS. 2009-08-18. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  31. ^ "Tragedy at Russia's Largest Hydro Power Plant Took Over 69 Lives". Pravda.ru. 2009-08-24. Archived from the original on 2009-09-26. Retrieved 2009-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "Fatalities at Sayano-Shushenskaya reach 69, RusHydro sees 3-yr rebuild". International Water Power and Dam Construction. Progressive Media Markets Ltd. 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  33. ^ "President of the Russian government will consider the commission on the accident". ITAR-TASS. 2009-08-20. Retrieved 2009-08-21.[dead link]
  34. ^ Pushkin, Yuri (2009-08-17). "10 dead, 68 missing in explosion at Russian plant". CNN. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  35. ^ a b Antonova, Maria; Krainova, Natalya (2009-08-18). "10 Dead, 72 Missing in Dam Disaster". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2009-08-18.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (2009-08-20). "Aluminum chief seeks energy after Russian accident". Associated Press. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  37. ^ a b Anishyuk, Alex (2009-08-20). "Dam Disaster May Push Up Electricity Prices". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  38. ^ "Russia tackles Siberia oil slick". BBC News. 2009-08-19. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  39. ^ "Авария – только верхушка айсберга (Accident – just a top of the iceberg)" (in Russian). Gazeta.ru. 2009-08-19. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  40. ^ "Oil spill caused by HPP accident fully removed". Interfax. SteelGuru. 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  41. ^ "RusHydro sees loss from idled dam at 16.5 bln rbls". Reuters. 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  42. ^ Lyrchikova, Anastasia (2009-08-25). "RusHydro expects $200 mln from insurers for dam". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  43. ^ "Body of 72nd worker of Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP found under debris". ITAR-TASS. 2009-08-30. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  44. ^ "Families of HPP victims receive flats bought by RusHydro". ITAR-TASS. 2009-08-29. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  45. ^ "Валерий Кяри назначен директором Саяно-Шушенской ГЭС (Valery Kyari appointed director of the Sayan-Shushenskaya HPP)" (Press release). RusHydro. 2009-08-30. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
  46. ^ "Tragedy at Russia's Largest Hydro Power Plant Took Over 69 Lives". Pravda.ru. 2009-08-24. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
  47. ^ Zhdannikov, Dmitry (2009-08-25). "Sberbank to lend RusHydro $626 million for dam repairs". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  48. ^ "RusHydro talks to EBRD for Sayano-Shushenskaya rebuild loan; death toll at 72". International Water Power and Dam Construction. Progressive Media Markets Ltd. 2009-09-02. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
  49. ^ a b "О ходе восстановительных работ на Саяно-Шушенской ГЭС на 18.00 7 сентября 2009 года (On the course of restoration works at the Sayan-Shushenskaya HPP 18.00 on Sept. 7, 2009)" (Press release) (in Russian). RusHydro. 2009-09-07. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  50. ^ a b "Кран водобойного колодца Саяно-Шушенской ГЭС перемещен на правый берег Енисея". Archived from the original on 2009-09-26. Retrieved 2009-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ a b "О ходе восстановительных работ на Саяно-Шушенской ГЭС на 9.00 23 сентября 2009 года". Archived from the original on 2009-09-26. Retrieved 2009-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ "О ходе восстановительных работ на Саяно-Шушенской ГЭС на 09.00 20 сентября 2009 года". Archived from the original on 2009-09-26. Retrieved 2009-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  53. ^ http://www.rushydro.ru/press/news/8083.html
  54. ^ Mike Eckel (2009-09-09). "Russian reporter critical of dam accident attacked". Associated Press. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
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