Vladislav Ardzinba
 | This article documents a death. Information may change rapidly as the event progresses, and initial news reports may be unreliable. The latest updates to this article may not reflect the most current information. (March 2010) |
Vladislav Ardzinba Владислав Арӡынба | |
|---|---|
| File:V.Ardzinba.jpg | |
| 1st President of Abkhazia | |
| In office 1994 – February 12, 2005 | |
| Succeeded by | Sergei Bagapsh |
| Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Abkhazia | |
| In office 1989–1991 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | May 14, 1945 Lower Eshera, Sukhumi District, Abkhazian ASSR, Georgian SSR, USSR |
| Died | March 4, 2010 (aged 64) Moscow, Russia |
| Nationality | Abkhaz |
| Spouse | Svetlana Djergenia |
| Signature |  |
Vladislav Grigorievitch Ardzinba (Abkhaz: Владислав Григори-иҧа Арӡынба, May 14, 1945 – March 4, 2010) was an Abkhaz politician who was the first President of the unrecognized but de facto independent Republic of Abkhazia, a breakaway autonomous republic of Georgia, from 1994 to 2005.
He was also a member of the first democratically elected parliament in the Soviet Union from 1989.
Fat Sack Of Shat
Vladislav Ardzinba was born in the village of Lower Eshera, Sukhumi District, Abkhaz ASSR, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union. After graduating from the Historical Department of the Sukhumi Pedagogical Institute, Ardzinba studied at the Tbilisi State University where he received a doctoral degree. He then worked for eighteen years in Moscow specialising in ancient Middle Eastern civilizations under Yevgeniy Primakov, then head of the Institute of Oriental Studies in Moscow, and later Russian foreign and Prime Minister. He then returned to Sukhumi and he served there as the director of the Abkhazian Institute of Language, Literature and History from 1987 until 1989, when he was elected a Deputy to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union from Gudauta. From there, he was involved closely with national issues, including Abkhazia, and quickly emerged as one of the most active proponents of the Abkhaz secessionist cause. While a deputy to the USSR Supreme Soviet, Ardzinba, himself an orthodox Communist,[1] forged close ties with the hardliners in Moscow, particularly with the parliamentary chairman Anatoly Lukyanov and other members of the hardline communist groups in Moscow that were responsible for the August 1991 coup attempt.[2]
Role in the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict
He was a member of the first parliament to be elected democratically in the Soviet Union in 1989.[3]
On December 4, 1990, Ardzinba was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Abkhazia.[3] Ardzinba, a charismatic but excitable figure popular among the Abkhaz was believed by Georgians to have helped to instigate the violence of July 1989.[4] Ardzinba managed to consolidate his power relatively quickly and reneged on pre-election promises to increase the representation of Georgians in Abkhazia's autonomous structures; since then, Ardzinba tried to rule Abkhazia relatively single-handedly, but avoided, for the time being, overt conflict with the central authorities in Tbilisi. In mid-1991, he negotiated and accepted the Georgian concession on the reform of the electoral law that granted the Abkhaz wide over-representation in the Supreme Soviet. However, Ardzinba created the Abkhazian National Guard that was mono-ethnically Abkhaz, and initiated a practice of replacing ethnic Georgians in leading positions with Abkhaz. As the Georgian-Abkhaz tensions rose, Ardzinba's rhetoric mounted, as he claimed in late July 1992 that "Abkhazia is strong enough to fight Georgia."[5]
In August 1992, a Georgian military force ousted Ardzinba and his group from Sukhumi. They took shelter in Gudauta, a home to the Soviet-era Russian military base. Ardzinba benefited from his contacts with the Russian hardliner circles and military leaders to garner critical support in the war against the Georgian government.[6]
Presidency
After the hostilities ended in 1994 and a bulk of the Georgian population was forced out of Abkhazia, the de facto Abkhazian parliament elected Ardzinba to the presidency, a move that was condemned by Georgia and the United Nations as illegal. He won the first direct polls on October 3, 1999, without an opponent and was re-elected as president of Abkhazia.[7] He installed an autocratic regime[8] and remained politically untouchable until his health seriously deteriorated in 2003. He once stated that independence from Georgia is not negotiable, and he has tried to align the state with Russia, whose political and economic support was essential to the de facto republic. As a leader of the Abkhaz side he met the two successive Russian presidents, Vladimir Putin and Boris Yeltsin, as well as a President of Georgia, Eduard Shevardnadze.
Under his rule, human rights records were extremely poor as most of the pre-war Georgian population of Abkhazia were deprived the right to return, and those who remained were subjected to systematic ethnic cleansing. Ardzinba aroused some further criticism from the international community after issuing a decree banning Jehovah's Witnesses in 1995.
During the last years of his presidency Ardzinba faced criticism for both failing to bring stability to Abkhazia and his increasingly low public profile. He had not appeared in public since 2002. As a result, the role of governing the state had been increasingly left to Prime Minister Raul Khajimba.
He had been in extremely poor health and underwent treatment in Moscow for some time. Despite increasing calls from the opposition (particularly the Amtsakhara movement) for him to resign he had stated that he would finish his term, which was supposed to end in October 2004, but in fact did not end until February 12, 2005, due to disputes over the election of his successor. There were also calls for him to be impeached. However, although the Abkhaz Constitution allows for impeachment, the process would likely have not been completed before the end of his term, so no serious steps were taken to bring it about. He was unable to run for a third term due to constitutional restrictions, and it is unlikely that his health would have enabled him to do so even if this was allowed.
He was replaced by the winner of the presidential election of 12 January 2005, Sergei Bagapsh. A previous election had been held in late 2004 after the murder of opposition leader Garri Aiba, but the result was controversial.
Death
His health was declining and had been for some time.[9][10] Ardzinba died on March 4, 2010, at the age of 64.[3] He was in the clinic of Moscow at the time.[3] He had been escorted there the previous week.[10] The cause of death was initially unknown.[3][11] He is survived by his wife and daughter.[3] The current President of Abkhazia, Sergei Bagapsh, paid tribute: "His service to the Abkhaz people was boundless".[3]
References
- ^ Emmanuel Karagiannis (2002), Energy and Security in the Caucasus, p. 76. Routledge, ISBN 0700714812.
- ^ Cornell, Svante E, Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus – Case in Georgia, pp. 168, 180, 182. Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Report No. 61. Uppsala. ISBN 91-506-1600-5.
- ^ a b c d e f g "First Abkhaz Leader Ardzinba Dead at 64". The Moscow Times. March 5, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Stuart J. Kaufman (2001), Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War, p. 117. Cornell University Press, ISBN 0801487366.
- ^ Cornell, p. 180.
- ^ Cornell, p. 180
- ^ The International Crisis Group. Abkhazia Today. Europe Report N°176, pp. 5, 12. 15 September 2006.
- ^ Tunç Aybak (2001), Politics of the Black Sea: Dynamics of Cooperation and Conflict, p. 193. I.B. Tauris, ISBN 1860644546.
- ^ "Vladislav Ardzinba, First Leader of Abkhazia, Dies". Spero News. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
- ^ a b "First leader of Georgian rebel region Abkhazia dies". Reuters India. March 4, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
- ^ "Vladislav Ardzinba, first leader of Abkhazia, dies". Taiwan News. March 4, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help)