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Sengunthar

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Sengunthar
Castes of India
File:Sengunthar.jpg
Language
Tamil
Religion
Hinduism and Saivism
Distribution
Tamil Nadu, Puducherry
Classification
Tamil people

Sengunthar or Kaikolar is a community from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Kaikkola Mudaliars were also found in some parts of Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Northern Province, Sri Lanka.

Etymology

1. The word Kaikkolar comes from the words "kai" (hand) and "kol" (shuttle used in looming or spear). They consider the different parts of the loom to represent various gods and sages.

2.Kaikkolar also meant men with stronger arms(Men with Dagger)[1]

3.Senguntham means a red dagger. Sengunthar means a warrior with Red Dagger

This dual name of Sengunthar and Kaikolar has been in use for over 1200 years based on literary evidence. Sengunthars use the title of Mudaliar after their name.[2].They are one of the castes using Mudaliar title for many centuries others being sub-castes of Velalar

Mythical claim regarding origin

Legend[3] says Lord Siva was enraged against the giants who harassed the people of the earth and sent forth six sparks of fire from his eyes. His wife, Parvati, was frightened, and retired to her chamber and in so doing, dropped nine beads from her anklets. Siva converted the beads into as many females, to each of whom was born a hero with full-grown moustaches and a dagger. These nine heroes, with Subramanya at their head, marched in command of a large force, and destroyed the demons. Kaikolar or Sengunthar claim to be the descendants of these warriors. After killing the demon, the warriors were told by Siva that they adopt a profession, which would not involve the destruction or injury of any living creature and weaving being such a profession, they were trained in it. Chithira valli[4], daughter of Virabahu, one of the above commanders was married to Musukunthan and gave birth to Angi Vanman. His descendants were claimed as Sengunthars. The above legend was also depicted by Adhi Saiva saint Kachiappa Sivachariyar of Kanchipuram in 14th century AD[5] [6] [7]in his masterpiece Kanthapuranam[8].

Literary Evidence about Sengunthar

Adhi Diwakaram

The earliest literary evidence about Sengunthar occurs in Diwakaram, a Tamil lexicon written by Sendan Diwakarar. This dictionary dated 8th-9th century AD[9] says செங்குந்தப் படையார் சேனைத் தலைவர் தந்து வாயர் காருகர் கைக்கோளர்[10]. It meant the profession of Kaikolars-Senkuntharpadai (army of Sengunthars), Senaithalaivar(commander-in-chief), Thanthuvayar(weaver), Kaarugaiyar(weaver). This clearly proves Kaikolar pursued weaving along with soldiering profession

Eetti ezhupathu

The major book about Sengunthar was a poetry by Ottakkoothar,a poet of the same caste, known as Eetti ezhupathu[11] in 12th century AD during the reign of Rajaraja Chola II. This work describes the mythical origin of Sengunthar, expeditions of Sengunthar chieftains and also praises 1008 Kaikolar who gave their heads for the same work to be written by the court poet of Chola[12]

Senguntha Prabanda Thirattu

Senguntha Prabanda Thiratu[13] is a collection of various literary works written about Kaikkolars. It was published by editor Sabapathi Mudaliar in 1926[14]

It contains the following:

Senkunthar pillai tamizh by Gnanaprakasa swamigal, Tirisirapuram Kovintha Pillai & Lakkumanaswami

Senkunthar pillai tamizh is a collection of songs from palm-leaf manuscripts about Sengunthars. It was published by Ñanappirakacacuvamikal, Tiricirapuram Kovinta Pillai, Ilatcumanacuvami in 18th century in Kanchipuram

Eetti ezhubathu

Refer above

Ezhupezhubathu

Ezhupezhubathu[15] is a sequel to Eetti ezhubathu written by the same poet Ottakkoothar. It describes how the 1008 heads got attached to the body of them. It's a controversial one with respect to a rationalist point of view

Kalipporubathu

Kalipporubathu is a collection of 10 stanzas compiled by Kulothunga Chola III. These stanzas were written after Ezhupezhubathu in express of joy when the 1008 heads got attached to their respective ones. These stanzas were written by those who witnessed it in the court of Raja Raja II including himself which was later compiled by his successor

Thirukkai vazhakkam

Thirukkai vazhakkam describes the good deeds of Sengunthars and their saivite religion principles. It was written by Puhalendi

Sengunthar silaakkiyar malai

Sengunthar Silaakkiyar malai was written by Kanchi Virabadhra Desigar which describes the eminent personalities born in Sengunthar communities, but it pathetically included some of Nayanmars of Velalars community.

Other works included in Senguntha Prabanda Thirattu are Sengunthar kulamaatchi, Kaliththurai malai, Senguntha Velavar thirukkai vazhakku anthathi, Senguntha vinayaga puranam, Sengunthar Verpathigam, Sengunthar Marabu Vilakkam and Senaithalaivar Marabu Vilakka suravali

Kaikolar Warriors

Senapati and Chieftains

Kaikkolar were Chieftains and Senapathi(commander-in-chiefs)[16] of Later Cholas. These commander in chiefs[17] were known as Samanta Senapathigal or Senaithalaivar[18][19]. [20]They were further divided into Ilaya Samattu and Periya Samattu. The Chieftain names were mentioned in works such as Vallaan kaviyam, Vira Narayana Vijayam[21] and Eeti ezhubathu

Therinja kaikolar padai

Sengunthars who were initially weavers were militarised during the Chola empire and formed a major part of the Chola army from 8th century to 13th century. There were no Sengunthar army before or after the Chola empire. They were called Therinja kaikolar padai (Terinja means known in Tamil and Padai means Battalion).

Some of the well known Kaikola Battalions were:

  • Singalantaka-terinda-Kaikkolar (a regiment named after Singalantaka i.e. Parntaka I)
  • Virasola-terinja-Kaikkolar
  • Kodandarama-terinja-Kaikkolar
  • Danatonga-terinja-Kaikkolar
  • Parantaka-terinia-Kaikkolar
  • Muttavalperra-Kaikkolar - (meaning the "recipient of the pearl ornamented sword" in Tamil)
  • Samarakesarit-terinja-Kaikkolar
  • Vikramasingat-terinja-Kaikkolar
  • Adityapanma-terinda-Kaikkolar
  • Karikala-Chola-terinja-Kaikkolar
  • Arumolideva-terinja Kaikkolar
  • Parttivasekarat-terinja-Kaikkolar
  • Gangadaditta-terinja-Kaikkola
  • Madurantaka-terinja-Kaikkolar
  • Pirantaka-terinja-Kaikkolar

[22] Smarakesarit-terinja-Kaikkolar and Vikramasingat-terinja-Kaikkolar derived their names from possible titles of Parantaka[23] [24] [25] [26] Udaiyar-Gandaradittatterinja-Kaikkolar[8] must have been the name of a regiment called after king Gandaraditya, the father of Uttama-Chola. [27] [28] Singalantaka-terinda-Kaikkolar (a regiment named after Singalantaka i.e. Parntaka I) [29] [30] Danatonga-terinja-Kaikkola (regiment or group). The early writing of the record and the surname Danatunga of Paranataka I suggests its assignment to his reign. [31] [32] [33] Muttavalperra seems to indicate some special honour or rank conferred on the regiment by the king. [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]

http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_19/inscription_of_parakesarivarman_no_85.html [41][42]

Sengunthar soldiers seemed to have practiced the tradition of Navakandam. This act involved cutting any of the nine parts of the human body such as arms, legs and even the neck. This is usually done after taking an oath to death in service of a chieftain. Nava Kandam sculpture is found widely all over Kongu Nadu and at Tharamangalam Kailasanathar kovil

Saavankallu

A Saavan Kallu at Thenkarai Moolanatha sami Kovil in Madurai, depicting the act of a warrior holding his hair with his left hand and slicing his neck with his right – 14th century – is said to be annually worshipped by Kaikolar

Military Exploits

In Journal of the Bombay Historical Society,[43] the authors state that in the army of Medieval and Later Cholas, many commanders and captains were drawn from the ranks of Sengunthar. Further records of exploits of Sengunthar in Ceylon, Bengal, Burma and Indonesia are recorded in temple inscriptions.[44][45]

According to Carla M. Sinopoli in the book The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India,[46] evidence for Kaikkola armies appear from the Chola period.[45] They describe that Sengunthars were both weavers and merchants and maintained armies to guard their regional trading ventures. Throughout the chola period, trading and military activities of Sengunthar are predominant. Sengunthar were members of the Ayyavole 500 regional trading corporation.[45] Sengunthar armies are mentioned in several 12th century inscriptions and individual Sengunthar are frequently referred to as members of the Chola emperor's royal bodyguard.[47][45] Sengunthar origin stories also emphasize their military heritage. A twelft-century epic poiem by the legendary Tamil poet Ottakkoothar lauds the bravery and prowess of Sengunthar soldiers and traces their roots to the armies of the gods and original chola kingdoms of the early historic period.[47][44][45]

Later Society

After 13th century Sengunthars had become associated with weaving completely.[44] [47][45] According to Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context, by Deepak Kumar, the Sengunthar weavers very often figure in the capacity of kudi, i.e. tenant-cultivators and also holders of kaniyachi, that is hereditary possession over the land.[48][47]. During the period of Sadasiva raya, the sthanathar of the Brahmapuriswara temple made an agreement that they would cultivate certain lands of the Kaikkolar regiment.[48][44]. Here is a reference that Sengunthars are involved in agriculture and how they used Mudaliar title Cylon [49]

Sengunthars Temple Trustees

According to India Before Europe by Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher, Cynthia Talbot, Sengunthas attained positions of responsibility at the two major Vaishnavite temples of Srirangam and Tirupati. In Tirupati, they were in charge of distributing the consecrated food offerings to the worshippers. [50]

In the book The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India, 1500-1650, author Sanjay Subrahmanyam states that many Senguntha families were rich enough to contribute both land and gold to temples. [47][44][51]

According to Ruth Barnes in Textiles in Indian Ocean Societies, in AD 1418 in Tiruvannamalai, Sengunthars were given the right to blow the conch, ride palanquins and elephants and wave the temple fly whisk.[45][52]. They also built some temples[53]

Sengunthars as Export and Transportation Specialists

As part of their association with the merchant group Ayyavole 500, Sengunthars were responsible for transporting goods manufactured from one area to another in ancient India. Like other merchant groups this led to their settling down in various areas all the way north from the Vindhya mountains i.e. Godavari district to the south in Sri Lanka. Similarly they settled in all the major ports such as Cochin, Mangalore and Malabar areas. This is shown by the fact that Sengunthars were noted for their handling of export goods in Malabar, according to A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization By Niharranjan Ray and Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (Pg. 458).

Culture and Customs

The Culture and Customs of the Sengunthars is similar to most tamilians. However there are differences in customs between the various divisions of Sengunthar. The significant difference being that some divisions are more kootam conservative than other Sengunthar groups when it comes to marriage partners.

Sengunthar caste consists of diverse group of people even though they are classified under the same group by the government of India. There is a diverse culture and customs among Sengunthar. Sengunthar follow the local custom and culture of the region where they live. While many Sengunthar groups follow the kootam culture, some groups do not follow kootam culture for marriage. This is a legacy of the federal system of the Sengunthar Nadus and Desams.

Community Legends and festivals

The Sura Samhara festival is a ritual tradition practised a long time ago by the Sengunthars.[54]. According to the mythology of weaver community, the Sengunthars weavers were born out of nine gems that were scattered from Parvati's anklet. At the Sura Samhara festival, they dress up as the lieutenants of Lord Karthikeya and enact the killing of the demon Narakasura[54]. Viravagu Utsavam is a festival associated with 14 naattu Sengunthar in the holy town of Tiruchendur and other abodes of Lord Muruga

Religion

Sengunthars are predominantly Shaivites. They possess a Clan God as most of the castes in Tamil Nadu. Mostly, it is some form of Amman i.e Parvati. Since Sengunthas are considered to be descended from the armies of Lord Muruga, Murugan is their chief god. Sengunthas are historically associated with Shiva Temples in Andhra Pradesh temples like Srisailam, Srikalahasti and Kotappa Konda.

Divisions

Nadus

Historically there were 4 thisai nadus, 16 peria nadus and 72 nadus in the Sengunthar. The thisai nadus were (i) Sivapuram (Walajabad), east of Kanchipuram, where Kamachchi Amman is said to have placed Nandi as a guard ; (2) Thondipuram, where Thondi Vinayakar was stationed; (3) Virinjipuram to the west, guarded by Subramanya ; (4) Sholingipuram to the south, watched over by Bairava. Each of the seventy-two nadus is sub-divided into kilai gramams (branch villages), perur (big) and sitrur (little) gramams. In Tamil literary works relating to the Sengunthar caste, Kanchipuram is said to be the mahanadu, and those belonging thereto are spoken of as the nineteen hundred, who are entitled to respect from other Kaikolars. All these Nadus have now disappeared by time.

Koottams

Now Nadu structure is being replaced by Koottam structure though some sections of Kaikolar do not have it. Koottam defines birth from a single male ancestor. Koottam is transferred patrilineally i.e., via the father of a person. Hence people belonging to the same koottam are considered as brothers and sisters. So marriage between a male and female belonging to the same koottam is prohibited. However distantly they may be related.

Each kootam had a leader. The head leader in Kanchipuram was the head for all these leaders. This was used to manage disputes within the community. Nowadays, the kootams have merged into one another and there is no well defined leader for each kootam. It is used only for setting up marriage alliances.

Table of various Kootams
Kootam Name Region God Goddess Temple Location
Karichipalayathar Olappalayam, Erode District Palani Murugan Temple Angala Parameshwari Amman Temple
Kaanchan
ChinnanChetty Erode District
KulandaiChetty Kavindapadi, Erode District Palani Murugan Temple Kanchipuram Kamatchi Amman
Veerabahu
Kanoorar
Kariyoorar
Ukayanoorar
Sevoorar
Pulikutti
Annathana cholan Naduvacheri, Avinashi, Coimbatore Dt Sivalapuri Amman
Karumanda vathiayar
24 nadu pattakarar
Pasiyoorar
Karuvalooran Naduvacheri, Avinashi, Coimbatore Dt Sivalapuri Amman
Gunnathroorar
Sooriya Mudhali Kootam Erode Dt Pon Parappi Amman
Thadi Komban Kootam Erode Dt Nalla Pulli Amman
Vazhthu Mudhali Erode Dt
Samaya Mudhali Erode Dt
Kailasa / Namasivaya Koottam Oddanchatram Dindigul Dt Sangili Karuppanna Swamy, Muthunaickenpatti, Oddanchatram Taluk / Ariyur Chellandi Amman,K.Paramthi,Karur Dt

Modern Clans

Certain regions of Sengunthars are still very much separated both by distance, culture and marriage relations. Some of the district wise sub-division in Tamil Nadu are

  • Kanchipuram
  • Thiruvallur
  • Thiruvannamalai
  • Villupuram
  • Dindigul
  • Vellore
  • Cuddalore
  • Gudiyattam
  • Erode
  • Salem (more than 25 subgroups) - Largest Region.
  • Coimbatore
  • Tiruppur
  • Madurai and southern districts (multiple subgroups)
  • Tanjore
  • Tiruchi(multiple subgroups)
  • Thirunelveli, Tuticorin
  • Pondicherry

They are found in the following regions of other states

  • Kerala (Cochin, Trivandrum)
  • Andhrapradesh (Chittoor, Nellore, Prakasam, Hyderabad, etc)
  • Karnataka (Kolar, Bangalore, Mangalore, etc)
  • Sri Lanka (Nallur/Yaazhpaanam(Jaffna)) Mass emigration from Kanchipuram during Yaalpaana Kingdom era.
  • Sengunthar community lives around the Palace of Nallur Kingdom. In 1934, Senguntha Hindu College was established in Nallur by the forsighted elders. By the effort of Late Pandit S Rasiah, sengunthar had established the sole right to offer the flag-cloth to the historically famous Nallur Kandasamy temple mahotsavam. Senguntha community in past was famous for having a large number of ayurvedic physicians.
  • Batticaloa, Arayampathi, Kalmunai (Eastern Province of Sri Lanka)

- Even within these geographical regions many exogamous (no inter-marriage) subgroups exist. These are a legacy of the old classification of Sengunthars.

Associations

There are many associations for Sengunthars. Some of them are:

  • Socio Economic Service Society (SES) in Nungambakkam,Chennai.
  • Sengunthar Mahajana Sangam.
  • Sengunthar podhu pandu, Subramaniya Swamy koil Street, Ambalapulibazar, Rajapalayam.

Sengunthar Personalities

Distinguished Sengunthars-List of Sengunthars
  • Ottakoothar(12th Century): Court poet of Chola kings
  • Paventhar Bharathidasan(1891-1964):Tamil Poet
  • Thillaiaadi Valliammai(1898-1914): Freedom fighter from South Africa of Indian Origin
  • Tirupur Kumaran(1904-1932): Freedom fighter from Chennimalai
  • Kirupanandha Variyar(1906-1993): ardent devotee of Lord Muruga and publisher of Thiruppugazh Amirtham, which made Arunagirinathar swamigal's 'Thiruppugazh' known to the entire world.
  • CN Annadurai(1909-1969):Fondly known as Anna, Former CM Of Tamil Nadu and Founder of DMK
  • Shri Vethathiri Maharishi(1911-2006): He is the founder of the The World Community Service Center, an organisation striving for World peace from 1911 and propagator of the famous blessing phrase of "Vaazgha Vaiyagam Vaazgha Valamudan" (வாழ்க வையகம் வாழ்க வளமுடன்).
  • Pulavar K. Govindan(1917-1991): Poet and former speaker of Tamil Nadu legislative assembly

References

  1. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA491&dq=kaikkolar+stronger+arms&lr=&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
  2. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=ku8_iRded8gC&pg=PA145&dq=ana+nayakka+mudali&ei=TD3HR-OLCo3WzASztczMAQ&sig=hT3wxTBC8lesKBbuPEUoSJc7ITI
  3. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=CglmG0VjScYC&q=kaikolar+legend&dq=kaikolar+legend&cd=3
  4. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=koJ6AAAAIAAJ&q=chitravalli+kaikkola&dq=chitravalli+kaikkola&cd=1
  5. ^ http://kataragama.org/news/amarasingham.htm
  6. ^ http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2005/01/21/stories/2005012100400600.htm
  7. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Kx4uqyts2t4C&pg=PA224&dq=koneriappar&cd=1#v=onepage&q=koneriappar&f=false
  8. ^ http://www.kaumaram.com/k_puranam/
  9. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=RAVuAAAAMAAJ&q=divakaram&dq=divakaram&lr=&cd=12
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  11. ^ http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0313.html
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Tyagaaraja was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ http://www.archive.org/details/SenguntharPrabanthaThiratu
  14. ^ Sengunta Prasanda Tiratu http://books.google.com/books?id=hj0eAAAAIAAJ&dq=sengunta&ei=-3QrR9KgCo-g7gKt8_WWBQ
  15. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Kx4uqyts2t4C&pg=PA188&dq=cenkuntar&lr=&cd=7#v=onepage&q=cenkuntar&f=false
  16. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?lr=&cd=4&id=xA9uAAAAMAAJ&dq=kaikolar&q=senapatigal#search_anchor
  17. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=QtzsAAAAMAAJ&q=kaikkola+senapati&dq=kaikkola+senapati&lr=&cd=1
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  25. ^ South Indian Inscriptions Volume_13 - Cholas Inscriptions @ whatisindia.com
  26. ^ South Indian Inscriptions - Volume 17 Inscriptions collected during the year 1903-04 @ whatisindia.com
  27. ^ South Indian Inscriptions Volume_13 - Inscriptions of Rajakesarivarman @ whatisindia.com
  28. ^ South Indian Inscriptions - Inscriptions collected during the year 1908-09 @ whatisindia.com
  29. ^ South Indian Inscriptions Volume 2 - Rajarajesvara Temple Inscriptions at Tanjavur @ whatisindia.com
  30. ^ South Indian Inscriptions Volume_3 - Nagesvarasvamin & Umambesvara & Adimulesvara Temples Inscriptions @ whatisindia.com
  31. ^ South Indian Inscriptions-Volume-XIX-Inscriptions of Parakesarivarman @ whatisindia.com
  32. ^ South Indian Inscriptions Volume_13 - Inscriptions of Rajakesarivarman @ whatisindia.com
  33. ^ South Indian Inscriptions-Volume-XIX-Inscriptions of Parakesarivarman @ whatisindia.com
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  35. ^ South Indian Inscriptions - Inscriptions of Rajaraja I @ whatisindia.com
  36. ^ South Indian Inscriptions - Tiruvarur (Thiruvarur) Temple Inscriptions @ whatisindia.com
  37. ^ South Indian Inscriptions - Inscriptions collected during the year 1906-07 @ whatisindia.com
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  44. ^ a b c d e Textiles and Weavers in Medieval South India by Vijaya Ramaswamy - Business & Economics - 2006
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  47. ^ a b c d e The Everyday Politics of Labour: Working Lives in India's Informal Economy By Geert de Neve
  48. ^ a b Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context, 1700-1947 By Deepak Kumar
  49. ^ Tamil lexicon
  50. ^ India Before Europe by Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher, Cynthia Talbot
  51. ^ The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India, 1500-1650 by Sanjay Subrahmanyam
  52. ^ Textiles in Indian Ocean Societies By Ruth Barnes
  53. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=l2nXAAAAMAAJ&q=cenkuntar&dq=cenkuntar&cd=1
  54. ^ a b Weaver Folk Traditions as a Source of History, Vijaya Ramaswamy, Indian Economic & Social History Review, Vol. 19, No. 1, 47-62 (1982), http://ier.sagepub.com/cgi/content/citation/19/1/47?ck=nck
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