Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
| Franco-Spanish War | |||||||
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 La Bataille de Rocroi by François Joseph Heim. | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 France |
 Spain | ||||||
The Franco-Spanish War was a military conflict between France and Spain. It began with French intervention into the Thirty Years' War, in which Spain was already a participant, in 1635. Warfare between the two kingdoms continued until 1659, when the Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed.
Background
For years, France had been a major rival of the House of Habsburg, whose two branches ruled Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, respectively. For much of the 16th and 17th centuries, France faced Habsburg territory on three sides - the Spanish Netherlands to the north, the Franche-Comté on its eastern border, and Spain to the south. The Habsburgs thus stood in the way of French territorial expansion, and during a time of conflict, faced the possibility of invasion from multiple fronts. France thus sought to weaken the Habsburg control over these border possessions.
During the Thirty Years' War, in which various Protestant forces battled Imperial armies, France provided subsidies to the enemies of the empire. France generously supported a Swedish invasion of the Empire after 1630. After some early successes, the Swedish army was decisively defeated in 1634 by a combined Spanish-Imperial army in the Battle of Nördlingen, leading to a peace treaty favorable to the Emperor. Unhappy with this outcome, France's First Minister, Cardinal Richelieu, decided in 1635 to actively involve his kingdom in the fighting and declared war on Spain.
During the Thirty Years' War (1635–1648)
The open war with Spain started disastrously for the French. The French began their assault with victory at the Battle of Les Avins in 1635. The following year Spanish and Imperial forces from the Spanish Netherlands hit back with lightning campaigns throughout northern France and looked set to invade Paris just as the vast fiscal commitments of the Thirty Years War forced them to suspend their advances. This gave the French a chance to regroup and force Spanish forces back towards the northern border. The French also sent forces through Lorraine into the Alsace to cut the Spanish Road, the vital supply line connecting the Spanish Netherlands to Spain through the Mediterranean port of Genoa. In 1640 internal pressures caused by the burden of the Thirty Years War led to the simultaneous revolts of Portugal and Catalonia against the Spanish Habsburgs. Spain was now fighting two major wars of secession in addition to a great international conflict; the complete collapse of the Spanish Empire was thought imminent. The French invaded Catalonia, ostensibly to help the rebels. In 1643, the French defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Rocroi in northern France; the myth of the Spanish Tercio's invincibility was at an end.
During the last decade of the Thirty Years' War, the Spanish forces in the Southern Netherlands were sandwiched between French and Dutch forces. When the peace treaty was negotiated, France insisted upon Spain being excluded, but the demand was rejected. In the Peace of Westphalia, France gained territory in the Alsace, thus interrupting the Spanish Road; at the signing of the treaty, Spain recognized the independence of the Dutch republic but gave up very little else; indeed the Spanish had to be paid to leave positions they had seized on the Rhine.
In Italy, France fought with the more or less reluctant support of its client state Piedmont against the Spanish in the Duchy of Milan. Confusion was added from 1639–1642 by the Piedmontese Civil War. The siege of Turin in 1640 was a famous event in both this war and the Franco-Spanish conflict[1]. France unsuccessfully tried to take the Tuscan Presidios in 1646. Milan remained firmly under Spanish dominance.
Later War (1648–1659)
The year 1648 witnessed the eruption of a major revolt against royal authority in France, known as the Fronde. Civil war in France continued until 1653, when royal forces prevailed. At the Fronde's conclusion, the whole country, wearied of anarchy and disgusted with the princes, came to look to the king's party as the party of order and settled government, and thus the Fronde prepared the way for the absolutism of Louis XIV. The general war that had been initiated by the French nobles continued in Flanders, Catalonia and Italy, wherever a Spanish and a French garrison were face to face, and Condé, with the wreck of his army, openly and definitely entered the service of the king of Spain. This "Spanish Fronde" was almost purely a military affair and, except for a few outstanding incidents, dull to boot. Spain's condition was itself no better than France's as in addition to her own "fronde" and fighting in Italy she was still battling the revolt in Portugal and the French-backed Catalan Revolt. The Spanish focused their main efforts on recovering Catalonia and various Italian territories for strategic reasons; this helped the Portuguese to eventually secure independence.
In Italy, the war along the border between Piedmont and the Spanish-held Duchy of Milan continued. Twice, in 1647–1649 and 1655–1659, France managed to open a second front against Milan by gaining the alliance of Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena, but this never achieved the desired result of breaking the Spanish defence. In the south, the Neapolitan revolt collapsed and the French forces backing it were driven out in 1648.
In Spain the French were unable to hold Catalonia against reconquest by the Spanish forces; the French cause was undermined when the Catalans discovered that the French were even more overbearing than their former Spanish Habsburg masters and many switched their loyalty back to the chastened Habsburg regime in Madrid. Barcelona surrendered to Spanish forces in 1652, but Spain remained distracted by the Portuguese Restoration War, and although desultory fighting continued in the northern Catalan county of Roussillon, the situation stabilised with the Pyrenees as the effective border. So physically and morally drained were both France and Spain that their campaigns were at a loss for belief and direction.
By 1653 the exhaustion had reached the point that neither invaders nor defenders were able to gather supplies to enable them to take the field until July. At one moment, near Péronne, Condé had Turenne at a serious disadvantage, but he could not galvanize the Spanish general Count Fuensaldaña, who was more solicitous to preserve his master's soldiers than to establish Condé as mayor of the palace to the king of France, and the armies drew apart again without fighting. In 1654 the principal incident was the siege and relief of Arras. On the night of the August 24–August 25 the lines of circumvallation drawn round that place by the prince were brilliantly stormed by Turenne's army, and Condé won equal credit for his safe withdrawal of the besieging corps under cover of a series of bold cavalry charges led by himself, as usual, sword in hand.
In 1655 Turenne captured the fortresses of Landrecies, Condé and St Ghislain. In 1656 the prince of Condé revenged himself for the defeat of Arras by storming Turenne's circumvallation around Valenciennes (July 16), but Turenne drew off his forces in good order. The campaign of 1657 was uneventful, and is only to be remembered because a body of 6,000 civil war hardened British infantry, sent by Cromwell in pursuance of his treaty of alliance with Mazarin, took part in it. The presence of the English contingent and its very definite purpose of making Dunkirk a new Calais, to be held perpetually by England, gave the next campaign a character of certainty and decision which had been entirely wanting in the latter stages of the war.
Dunkirk was besieged promptly and in great force, and when Don Juan of Austria and Condé appeared with the relieving army from Veurne, Turenne advanced boldly to meet them. The Battle of the Dunes, fought on June 14, 1658, was the first real trial of strength since the battle of the Faubourg St Antoine. The battle resulted in an Anglo-French triumph over the forces of Spain and Condé. Dunkirk fell and was handed over to England, as promised. It would remain under English rule until its sale by Charles II to Louis XIV. A last desultory campaign followed in 1659 before the war ended.
Aftermath
The Peace of the Pyrenees was signed on November 5, 1659. France gained the territory of Roussillon and territories along its border with the Spanish Netherlands. In return, France agreed to end its support for the breakaway kingdom of Portugal in the Portuguese Restoration War. On January 27, 1660 the Prince de Condé asked and obtained at Aix-en-Provence the forgiveness of Louis XIV. The later careers of Turenne and Condé as great generals were as obedient subjects of their sovereign.
Publications
- Barante, Le Parlement de Paris et vie de M. Molé (Paris, 1859)
- Pardoe, Louis XIV and the Court of France (1847; London, 1888)
- Memoirs of Cardinal de Retz
- Gordon, The Fronde, (Oxford, 1905)
- Lettres du Cardinal Mazarin (Paris, 1878–1906)
References
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
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