Coenzyme A

Coenzyme A

Identifiers
CAS Number	85-61-0 N
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ECHA InfoCard	100.001.472
MeSH	Coenzyme+A
PubChem CID	317
SMILES CC(C)(COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OCC1C(C(C(O1)N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)O)OP(=O)(O)O)C(C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCS)O
Properties
Chemical formula	C21H36N7O16P3S
Molar mass	767.535
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. All sequenced genomes encode enzymes that use coenzyme A as a substrate and around 4% of cellular enzymes use it (or a thioester, such as acetyl-CoA) as a substrate. It is adapted from cysteamine, pantothenate, and adenosine triphosphate.

Biosynthesis

Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process from pantothenate:

1. Pantothenate (vitamin B₅) is phosphorylated to 4'-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme pantothenate kinase (PanK; CoaA; CoaX)
2. A cysteine is added to 4'-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase (PPC-DC; CoaB) to form 4'-phospho-N-pantothenoylcysteine (PPC)
3. PPC is decarboxylated to 4'-phosphopantetheine by phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase (CoaC)
4. 4'-phosphopantetheine is adenylylated to form dephospho-CoA by the enzyme phosphopantetheine adenylyl transferase (CoaD)
5. Finally, dephospho-CoA is phosphorylated using ATP to coenzyme A by the enzyme dephosphocoenzyme A kinase (CoaE).

Function

Since coenzyme A is chemically a thiol, it can react with carboxylic acids to form thioesters, thus functioning as an acyl group carrier. It assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. A molecule of coenzyme A carrying an acetyl group is also referred to as acetyl-CoA. When it is not attached to an acyl group it is usually referred to as 'CoASH' or 'HSCoA'.

Coenzyme A is also the source of the phosphopantetheine group that is added as a prosthetic group to proteins such as acyl carrier protein and formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase.

List of coenzyme A activated acyl groups

• Acetyl-CoA
• Propionyl-CoA
• Acetoacetyl-CoA
• Coumaroyl-CoA (used in flavonoid and stilbenoid biosynthesis)
• Acyl derived from dicarboxylic acids
  • Malonyl-CoA
  • Succinyl-CoA
  • Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (used in isoprenoid biosynthesis)
  • Pimelyl-CoA (used in biotin biosynthesis)

• Butyryl CoA

Additional images

• 
  Coenzyme A

Bibliography

• Karl Miller (1998). Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acids. Retrieved May 18, 2005.
• Charles Ophard (2003). Acetyl-CoA Crossroads. Retrieved May 18, 2005.
• Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry, 4th edition, David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox
• http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/621fattyacidrx.html