Jump to content

Bering Strait crossing

Coordinates: 65°47′N 169°01′W / 65.783°N 169.017°W / 65.783; -169.017
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 81.140.57.113 (talk) at 16:07, 2 August 2010. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For the land bridge, see Beringia.
Map showing the proximity of Chukchi Peninsula in Russia to Seward Peninsula in America
Satellite image of Bering Strait. Cape Dezhnev, Russia is on the left, the two Diomede Islands are in the middle, and Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska is on the right.

A Bering Strait crossing is a hypothetical bridge or tunnel spanning the relatively narrow and shallow Bering Strait between the Chukotka Peninsula in Russia and the Seward Peninsula in Alaska. In principle, the bridge or tunnel would provide an overland connection linking Asia with North America, although there is little infrastructure in the nearby parts of Alaska and Russia.

Since the two Diomede Islands are between the peninsulas, the Bering Strait could be spanned by three bridges. Two long bridges, each almost 40-km long, would connect the mainland on each side to one island, and a third much shorter one between the two islands, giving a total distance of about 80 km (50 miles). The two long bridges would each be longer than the 35-km Hangzhou Bay Bridge, currently the longest sea-crossing bridge in the world. The construction of such a bridge or tunnel would face unprecedented engineering, political, and financial challenges.

There have been several proposals made by various persons, TV-channels, magazines, etc. The names used for such bridges have included The Intercontinental Peace Bridge and Eurasia-America Transport Link.[1]. Tunnel names have included TKM-World Link and AmerAsian Peace Tunnel. In April 2007, Russian government officials told the press that the Russian government will back a $65 billion plan by a consortium of companies to build a Bering Strait tunnel.[2]

History

Possible route of Intercontinental Peace Bridge across the Bering Strait.

The concept of an overland connection crossing the Bering Strait goes back before the 20th century. William Gilpin, first governor of the Colorado Territory, envisioned a vast "Cosmopolitan Railway" in 1890 linking the entire world via a series of railways. Two years later, Joseph Strauss, who went on to design over 400 bridges, including the Golden Gate Bridge, put forward the first proposal for a Bering Strait railroad bridge in his senior thesis.[3] The project was presented to the government of the Russian Empire, but it was rejected.[4]

Tsar Nicholas II approved a planned tunnel in 1905.[5] Its cost was estimated at $65 million [6] and $300 million including all the railroads[5]. These hopes were dashed with the outbreak of World War I and the Russian Revolution.[7]

Interest was renewed during World War II with the completion of the Alaska Highway linking the remote territory of Alaska with Canada and the Continental United States.[citation needed] The Foreign Policy Association envisioned the highway continuing to link with Nome near the Bering Strait, linked by motorway to the rail-head at Irkutsk, using an alternative sea and air ferry service across the Bering Strait.[8]

In 1958 engineer T. Y. Lin suggested the construction of a bridge across the Bering strait "to foster commerce and understanding between the people of the United States and the Soviet Union".[9] Ten years later he organized the Inter-Continental Peace Bridge Inc, a non-profit institution organized to further this proposal.[9] At that time he made a feasibility study of a Bering Strait bridge and estimated the cost to be $1 billion for the 50 mile span.[10] In 1994 he updated the cost to more than $4 billion. Like Gilpin, Lin envisioned the project as a symbol of international cooperation and unity, and dubbed the project the Intercontinental Peace Bridge.[11]

In September 2005 when launching the Universal Peace Federation, Dr. Sun Myung Moon brought new light to the idea of building what he calls the "Bering Strait Peace King bridge and tunnel", calling all the world's governments to make a joint effort to realize world peace. On February 10, 2009, Sun Myung Moon's "Foundation for Peace and Unification" announced a competition for the design of a bridge across the Strait via the Diomede Islands.[12] The winner (announced June 11, 2009)[13], was a project entitled "Diomede Archipelago". It proposes a series of artificial islands that form two archipelagos extending the two continents, and three tunnels connecting the two Diomede islands and the archipelagos.

Technical challenges

The depth of the waters themselves offer little challenge, as the strait runs no deeper than 180 ft (55 m).[11] The tides and currents in the area are not severe.[9] However, the route would lie just south of the Arctic Circle, subject to long, dark winters and extreme weather (average winter lows −20 °C (−4 °F) with possible lows approaching −50 °C (−58 °F)), and so building activity is restricted to five months out of the year.[11] The weather also poses challenges to exposed steel.[11] In Lin's design, concrete covers all structures, both to simplify maintenance and to offer additional stiffening.[11] Also, while there are no icebergs in the Bering strait, ice floes up to 6 ft (2 m) thick are in constant motion during certain seasons, which would produce forces up to 5000 tons or more on a pier.[9]

Economic costs and benefits

In 1994, Lin estimated the cost of a bridge to be "a few billion" dollars.[11] The roads and railways on each side were estimated to cost $50 billion.[11] Lin contrasted this cost to petroleum resources "worth trillions".[11] Discovery Channel's Extreme Engineering estimates the cost of a highway, electrified double track high-speed rail and pipelines, at $105 billion, five times the cost of the 50 km (31-mile) Channel Tunnel.[14]

This excludes the cost of new roads and railways to reach the bridge. Aside from the obvious technical challenges of building two 40-km bridges or a more than 80-km tunnel across the strait, another major challenge is that, as of 2010, there is nothing on either side of the Bering Strait to connect the bridge to. The Russian side, in particular, is severely lacking in infrastructure, without any paved highways or railroads for over 3200 km (2000 miles) in any direction from the strait. [15] On the American side, one would need to construct at least 800 km (500 miles) of highways or railways in order to connect to the American transport network.

On the American side, a project to connect Nome (just 100 miles from the strait) to the rest of the continent by a paved highway is currently in the planning stage. The project has been estimated to cost $2.3 to $2.7 billion, or approximately $5 million per mile. [16]

The TKM-World Link

The TKM-World Link is a planned link between Siberia and Alaska providing oil, natural gas, electricity, and railroad passengers to the United States and Canada from Russia. The plan includes provisions to build a 103 km (64 mile) road and electrified high-speed rail tunnel under the Bering Strait which, if completed, would become the longest tunnel in the world.[17] As of 2007, the 53.85 km Seikan Tunnel is the longest tunnel of this type. The tunnel would be part of a railway joining Yakutsk, the capital of the Russian Yakutia republic, and Komsomolsk-on-Amur, in the Russian far east, with the western coast of Alaska.

Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin approved a plan to build a railroad to the Bering Strait area, as a part of the development plan to run until 2030. The 100-plus km tunnel would run under the Bering Strait between Chukotka, in the Russian far east, and Alaska. The funding, however, is speculated to be lacking. A cost estimate was US$66 billion.[18] The plan involves creating a 6,000 km (3,700 mi) route through Siberia to facilitate economic ties to the US. A pipeline would be created to transport natural gas and oil from Siberia.[19]

As of 2010, the railway Amur Yakutsk Mainline connecting Yakutsk (2800 km or 1800 mi from the strait) with the main rail network is under active construction; the estimated completion date is 2013.

The Discovery Channel aired a documentary on how such a tunnel could be constructed in its series Mega Engineering. The program was written and directed by documentary filmmaker Scott Tiffany.

See also

References

  1. ^ A Transcontinental Eurasia-America Transport Link via the Bering Strait, at the 1st International Conference "Megaprojects of the Russian East"
  2. ^ "Russia wants a rail link to North America," Der Spiegel, April 20, 2007[1]
  3. ^ Kevin Starr. Endangered Dreams: The Great Depression in California, 330. Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0195100808
  4. ^ An excerpt from memoirs of the Russian Empire Minister of Land Forces Aleksandr Rediger Template:Ru icon
  5. ^ a b "Czar Authorizes American Syndicate to Begin Work". New York Times. August 2, 1906. Retrieved 2009-07-07. The Czar of Russia has issued an order authorizing the American syndicate, represented by Baron Loicq de Lobel, to begin work on the TransSiberian-Alaska ... {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ Burr, William H. (January 1907). "Around the World by Rail". Locomotive engineers journal. 41. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers: 108–111.
  7. ^ Halpin, Tony (April 20, 2007). "Russia plans $65bn tunnel to America". London: The Times. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  8. ^ "AIRWAY TO RUSSIA VIA ALASKA URGED; Foreign Policy Association Also Favors Northern Sea Route and Bering Link". New York Times. July 20, 1942,. p. 3. Retrieved 2009-10-25. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  9. ^ a b c d Troitsky, M. S. (1994). "1.10.4 Bering Strait Bridge Project". Planning and design of bridges (illustrated ed.). John Wiley and Sons. pp. 39–41. ISBN 0471028533, 9780471028536. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  10. ^ "Engineer feels Bering Strait Bridge Possible". The Bulletin. April 23, 1969. p. 12. Retrieved 2009-10-11.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Pope, Gregory (April 1994). "Last Great Engineering Challenge: Alaska-Siberia Bridge". Popular Mechanics. 171 (4). Hearst Magazines: 56–58. ISSN 0032-4558.
  12. ^ "International competition - Interconnection & communication in the Bering Strait". International Union of Architects–UIA. 10 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
  13. ^ "Interconnection & communication in the Bering Strait". International Union of Architects- UIA. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
  14. ^ Discovery Channel's Extreme Engineering
  15. ^ "Trip from Russia to USA may take one hour soon". Retrieved 2010/02/23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  16. ^ COCKERHAM, SEAN (January 27, 2010). "Nome road could cost $2.7 billion". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  17. ^ Russia Plans World's Longest Tunnel, a Link to Alaska | The News is NowPublic.com
  18. ^ Smith, Nicola; Hutchins, Chris (2008-03-30). "Bridgebuilding Vladimir Putin wants tunnel to US". The Times. London. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
  19. ^ "Russia Plans World's Longest Tunnel, a connection to Alaska". Bloomberg. 2007-04-18. Retrieved 2007-04-18.

Further reading

External links

65°47′N 169°01′W / 65.783°N 169.017°W / 65.783; -169.017

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bering_Strait_crossing&oldid=376776729"