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List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall

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List of Commando raids on the Atlantic wall is a chronological list of all the commando type raids, conducted by the armed forces of Britain, the Commonwealth and a small number of men from the occupied territories serving with No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando during the Second World War. The raids took place between the Arctic Circle in Norway to the French border with Spain, along what was known as the Atlantic wall.

The raiding force was mostly provided by the British Commandos but the two largest raids Operation Gauntlet and Operation Jubilee drew heavily on Canadian troops. The size of the raiding force depended on the objective. The smallest raid was two men from No. 6 Commando in Operation J V. The largest raid was the 10,000 men in Operation Jubilee. Most of the raids were scheduled to only last overnight, however, some like Operation Gauntlet, were conducted over a number of days.

The 57 raids were all between 1940–1944 and were mostly against targets in France, which had 36 raids. There were 12 raids in Norway, seven raids in the Channel Islands and one each in Belgium and the Netherlands. The raids met with a mixture of fortunes. Operation Chariot the raid against dock installations at Saint-Nazaire, has since been called the greatest raid ever. Others like Operation Aquatint and Operation Musketoon, resulted in the capture or death of all involved.

The raids ended in mid 1944, on the orders of Major-General Robert Laycock the chief of Combined Operations Headquarters. He suggested that they were no longer as effective and only resulted in the Germans strengthening their beach defences, which could be detrimental to Allied plans.[1]

Formation

The commandos were formed after the British Expeditionary Force had been evacuated from Dunkirk in 1940, Prime Minister Winston Churchill called for a force to be assembled and equipped to inflict casualties on the Germans and bolster British morale. Churchill told the joint Chiefs of Staff to propose measures for an offensive against German-occupied Europe, and stated: "they must be prepared with specially trained troops of the hunter class who can develop a reign of terror down the enemy coast."[2]

One staff officer, Lieutenant Colonel Dudley Clarke, had already submitted such a proposal to General Sir John Dill, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff. Dill, aware of Churchill's intentions, approved Clarke's proposal.[2] Three weeks later the first Commando raid took place. The raiders failed to gather any intelligence or damage any German equipment; their only success was in killing two German sentries.[3]

In 1940, the call went out for volunteers from among the serving Army soldiers within certain formations still in Britain, and men of the disbanding Divisional Independent Companies originally raised from Territorial Army Divisions who had seen service in Norway.[nb 1] In November 1940 the new army units were organised into a Special Service Brigade under Brigadier J. C. Haydon, with four Special Service Battalions.[5] By the autumn of 1940 more than 2,000 men had volunteered for commando training.[6]

There were 19 British Army commandos formed in the United Kingdom and the Middle East.[7] The No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando was formed from volunteers from the occupied territories and enemy aliens.[8] In February 1942 the Royal Marines were asked to organise Commando units of their own and 6,000 men volunteered forming nine commandos.[9][7] In 1943 the Royal Naval Commandos and the Royal Air Force Commandos were formed from volunteers from the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force.[10][11]

Also in 1943 the commandos started to move away from smaller raiding operations. They were being formed into brigades of assault infantry to spearhead the future Allied landing operations. Of the remaining 20 Commandos, 17 were used in the formation of the four Special Service brigades. The three remaining units, No. 12, No. 14 and No. 62 Commandos, were left to carry out smaller scale raids.[12] A shortage of volunteers and the need to provide replacements for casualties, eventually forced the disbandment of these three Commando units by the end of 1943.[13][14] The task for small scale raiding was left to No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando. No. 10 was the largest commando and was formed from volunteers belonging to the occupied territories, it could now provide, both parachute and canoe trained sub units.[15]

The Commandos came under the operational control of the Combined Operations Headquarters. The man initially selected as the commander was Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger Keyes, a veteran of the Gallipoli Campaign and the Zeebrugge Raid in the World War I.[16] Keyes resigned in October 1941 and was replaced by Admiral Louis Mountbatten.[6] The final Commander of Combined Operations was Major General Robert Laycock, who took over from Mountbatten in October 1943.[17]

List

No. Date Codename Unit Numbers
taking
part 		Location Objective Result
1 24/25 June 1940 Operation Collar 11 Independent Company 200 men Boulogne
Le Touquet
France 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[18] 		Propaganda victory two Germans killed for no loss[19]
2 14/15 July 1940 Operation Ambassador No. 3 Commando
11 Independent Company 		100 men Guernsey
Channel Islands 		Capture prisoners[18] Raid was a failure due to a series of mishaps, poor fortune and the haste with which it was planned and implemented, the raid resulted in no immediate military gains[20]
3 4 March 1941 Operation Claymore No. 3 Commando
No. 4 Commando 		800 men Lofoten Islands
Norway 		Destroy industry[18] About 800,000 gallons of fish oil, kerosene and paraffin were set on fire, the factories were destroyed and they captured 228 prisoners of war[21]
4 27/28 July 1941 Operation Chess No. 12 Commando 16 men Ambleteuse
France 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[18] 		The commandos remained ashore for one hour, no prisoners were taken and there were no casualties[22]
5 24 August–
2 September 1941 		Operation Gauntlet 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade
Detachment Royal Engineers 		1,500 men Spitsbergen
Norway 		Destroy industry[18] Coal mines and equipment destroyed[23].
6 30/31 August 1941 Operation Acid Drop No. 3 Commando 25 men Neufchâtel-Hardelot
Merlimont
France 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[18] 		The commandos spent 30 minutes ashore but did not encounter any Germans[24]
7 27/28 September 1941 Operation Chopper No. 1 Commando 25 men St Aubin
France 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[18] 		Two men killed who had to be left behind[25]
8 27/28 September 1941 Operation Deep Cut No. 1 Commando 25 men St Vaast
France 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners [18] 		Commandos encountered a German Bicycle patrol which they engaged, the Germans returned fire and wounded two men[26]
9 12/13 November 1941 Operation Astrakan 101 Folbot Troop, No. 6 Commando 4 men Houlgate
France 		Beach reconnaissance[18] Commandos did not encounter any Germans, but did gather information on the suitability of the beach for use by Landing craft[27]
10 22/23 November 1941 Operation Sunstar No. 9 Commando 100 men Houlgate
France 		Gun battery[18] Partial success, the operation encountered difficulties and did not succeed in destroying the battery or taking any prisoners but they did obtain documents and other information.[28][29]
11 26–28 December 1941 Operation Anklet No. 12 Commando 300 men Florø
Norway 		Capture prisoners
destroy radio stations[18] 		Two radio stations were destroyed and a number of ships sunk or captured and prisoners taken Anklet is often mistaken as a diversionary raid for Archery but it was the other way around.[30]
12 27 December 1941 Operation Archery No. 2 Commando
No. 3 Commando
No. 4 Commando
No. 6 Commando 		800 men Vågsøy
Norway 		German shipping
harbour installations
and personnel[18] 		Four fish oil factories and stores were destroyed and German prisoners taken for the loss of 17 killed and 53 wounded[30]
13 17/18 January 1942 Operation Curlew V Corps school of raiding[nb 2] 100 men staff
and students
of the school 		St Laurent
France 		Reconnaissance of beach defences [18] Failed and the landing party had to be rescued by the navy[31]
14 27/28 February 1942 Operation Biting 1st Parachute Battalion 100 men Bruneval
France 		Capture Radar equipment[18] Successful raid and resulted in the expansion of the British airborne forces, and creating the Parachute Regiment[32]
15 27/28 March 1942 Operation Chariot No. 2 Commando detachments from
No's. 1, 3, 4, 5 and 9 Commandos 		200 men Saint-Nazaire
France 		Harbour installations[18] Chariot has since been called the greatest raid of all time.[33]
16 5 April 1942 Operation Myrmidon No. 1 Commando
No. 6 Commando 		100 men Ardour Estuary
France 		Harbour installations[18] The transport ships encountered a sandbar they were unable to pass. That together with bad weather caused the raid to be called off[34][35]
17 11/12 April 1942 Operation JV 101 Folbot Troop, No. 6 Commando 2 men Boulogne-sur-Mer
France 		Shipping[18] The two men planted a limpet mine on a tanker and escaped unseen[36]
18 21/22 April 1942 Operation Abercrombie No. 4 Commando
Carleton and York Regiment 		150 men Neufchâtel-Hardelot
France 		Capture prisoners
destroy searchlight battery[18] 		One commando was wounded but their objectives were not achieved[37]
19 3/4 June 1942 Operation Bristle No, 6 Commando unknown St Cecile
France 		German Radar site[18] Raid was a success but the transports were intercepted on the way home and casualties taken[38]
20 14/15 August 1942 Operation Barricade No. 62 Commando[nb 3] 11 men Pointe de Saire
France 		Radar and anti-aircraft site[18] Three Germans killed and six wounded without loss to the commandos, but their objective not achieved[39]
21 19 August 1942 Operation Jubilee 2nd Canadian Infantry Division
No. 3 Commando
No. 4 Commando 		10,500 men Dieppe
France 		Reconnaissance
in force[18][nb 4] 		The raid was a failure, the casualties included 3,367 Canadians, and 275 British commandos. The Royal Navy lost one destroyer and 33 landing craft, suffering 550 dead and wounded. The RAF lost 106 aircraft to the Luftwaffe's 48. The German army had 591 casualties.[40]
22 2/3 September 1942 Operation Dryad No. 62 Commando 12 men Le Casquets
Channel islands 		Reconnaissance
and capture prisoners[18] 		Seven prisoners and several codebooks were found and taken back for analysis[39]
23 7/8 September 1942 Operation Branford No. 62 Commando 12 men Burhou
Channel islands 		Reconnaissance[41] The raid was to locate a suitable gun position to support an attack upon Alderney, and was uneventful[42]
24 12/13 September 1942 Operation Aquatint No. 62 Commando 12 men St Honerine
France 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[18] 		All who landed were either killed or captured.[43]
25 20/21 September 1942 Operation Musketoon No. 12 Commando 12 men Glomfjord
Norway 		Industrial site[18] Raid was a success, but most of the commandos were captured trying to cross into Sweden. They became the first victims of the Commando Order[44][45]
26 3/4 October 1942 Operation Basalt No. 62 Commando
No. 12 Commando 		12 men Sark
Channel islands 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[18] 		Four Germans were killed and one taken prisoner.[46]
27 11/12 November 1942 Operation Fahrenheit No. 62 Commando
No. 12 Commando 		10 men Plouézec
France 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[18] 		Raid on a signals station, after killing at least two Germans the commandos withdrew[47]
28 15/16 November 1942 Operation Batman No. 12 Commando
No. 62 Commando 		10 men Cherbourg
France 		Objective not known[48] The raid had to be cancelled, as they were unable to land in the high seas and rocky shoreline[49]
29 19/20 November 1942 Operation Freshman Royal Engineers attached
1st Airborne Division 		32 men Telemark
Norway 		Industrial site[18] All involved were killed either when their gliders crashed on the way to their landing zone or survived the crash but were executed by the Germans[50][51]
30 22–29 November 1942 unknown No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando 4/5 men
No. 5 (Norwegian) Troop 		Bergen
Norway 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[18] 		There were three attempts at this operation, first one turned back after being spotted by German aircraft, the second did gather some intelligence from Norwegian fishermen before turning back and the third was abandoned due to bad weather.[52]
31 11/12 December 1942 Operation Frankton Royal Marines
boom patrol detachment 		12 men Bordeaux
France 		Shipping[18] Successfully breached the harbour, but only two of the 12 involved survived, in 1955 the events of Frankton were made into the film The Cockleshell Heroes[53]
32 23/24 January 1943 Operation Cartoon No. 10 Commando
No. 12 Commando 		63 men Stord
Norway 		Industrial site[18] Successfully destroyed a Pyrite mine[52]
33 24 February–
1 March 1943 		Operation Crackers No. 10 Commando
No. 12 Commando
No. 30 Commando 		16 men Sognefjord
Norway 		Capture prisoners[18] Bad weather stopped the raid but they set up an observation post which did gather much information[52]
34 27/28 January 1943 Operation Huckaback No. 62 Commando 10 men Herm
Channel islands 		Capture prisoners[18] After scaling the cliff on the third attempt the raid did not find any signs of the German occupation or the islands population[54]
35 14/15 February 1943 Operation Brandy No. 10 Commando
No. 12 Commando 		7 men Florø
Norway 		Shipping[18] Attacked two German ships and laid mines in the harbour. A Motor Torpedo Boat ran aground and had to be abandoned[52]
36 19 March 1943 Operation Roundabout No. 10 Commando
No. 12 Commando 		10 men Stad
Norway 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[18] 		Aborted after running into a German patrol[52]
37 29 April 1943 Operation Checkmate No. 14 (Arctic) Commando 7 men Haugesund
Norway 		Shipping[18] Successfully planted mines, but all involved were captured and executed[55]
38 3/4 July 1943 Operation Forfar Easy No. 12 Commando 10 men Onival
France 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[18] 		They managed to scale the cliffs but were unable to breach the barded wire on top[56]
39 5/6 July 1943 Operation Forfar Dog No. 12 Commando 10 men Biville
France 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[18] 		The Motor Torpedo Boat came under fire as the commandos were put ashore[56]
40 3–5 August 1943 Operation Forfar Beer No. 12 Commando 10 men Életot
France 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[18] 		The transport ships were discovered on route by German patrol ship[57]
41 3/4 August 1943 Operation Forfar Love No.2 Special Boat Section 4 men Dunkirk
France 		Reconnaissance of pier[18] The two canoes were forced to withdraw when picked up by searchlight[58]
42 1–4 September 1943 Operation Forfar Item No. 10 Commando
No. 12 Commando 		8 men St Valery
France 		Reconnaissance of
searchlight battery
and capture prisoners[18] 		Partial success the team was successfully parachuted in but their ship was swamped when leaving with the loss of all equipment[59]
43 3/4 September 1943 Operation Pound No. 12 Commando Unknown Ushant
France 		Reconnaissance and capture prisoners[60] Two Germans were believed to have been killed but they were unable to identify their unit[60]
44 24/25 December 1943 Operation Hardtack 11 No. 10 Commando 7 men Gravelines
France 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[18] 		The Motor Torpedo Boat transporting them diverted to attack a convoy and their dory sank with the death of one man the other six reached the shore and joined the French Resistance.[52]
45 25/26 December 1943 Operation Hardtack 13 No. 10 Commando
Special Boat Squadron 		10 men Bénouville
France 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[52] 		Successful reconnaissance but did not capture any prisoners[52]
46 25/26 December 1943 Operation Hardtack 28 No. 10 Commando 10 men Jersey
Channel islands 		Capture prisoners[18] After climbing the cliffs they entered a minefield which resulted in the death of two men and one wounded. The exploding mines alerted the German garrison and the commandos had to leave.[52]
47 26/27 December 1943 Operation Hardtack 4 No. 10 Commando 10 men Biville
France 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[18] 		They were forced to withdraw by a German patrol[52]
48 26/27 December 1943 Operation Hardtack 5 No. 10 Commando 10 men Onival
France 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[18] 		One man was injured by an anti-personnel mine on landing, they spend four 1/2 hours ashore but did not see any Germans just unoccupied strongpoints[61]
49 26/27 December 1943 Operation Hardtack 7 No. 10 Commando
No. 12 Commando 		5 men Sark
Channel Islands 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[18] 		They had to return to England being unable to scale the cliffs[52]
50 26/27 December 1943 Operation Hardtack 21 No. 10 Commando 10 men Quinéville
France 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[18] 		The raid gathered information on the defensive obstacles on what would become Utah Beach.[52]
51 27/28 December 1943 Operation Hardtack 23 No. 10 Commando 10 men Ostend
Belgium 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[52] 		The raid was called off after their Motor Torpedo Boat ran aground.[52]
52 24/25 December 1943 Operation Hardtack 36 No. 10 Commando 10 men Wassenaar
Netherlands 		Reconnaissance and
capture prisoners[52] 		All involved were killed after landing.[52]
53 15/16 May 1944 Operation Tarbrush 5 No. 10 Commando 2 men Dunkirk
France 		Beach reconnaissance[62] Successful examination of beach obstacles[63][64]
54 15/16 May 1944 Operation Tarbrush 8 No. 10 Commando 2 men Quend
France 		Beach reconnaissance[62] Successful examination of beach obstacles and a teller mine brought back[52]
55 16/17 May 1944 Operation Tarbrush 3 No. 10 Commando 2 men Bray-Dunes
France 		Beach reconnaissance[62] Sea rough and they were unable to land[52]
56 17/18 May 1944 Operation Tarbrush 10 No. 10 Commando 2 men Onival
France 		Beach reconnaissance[62] A navigation error meant they were landed in the wrong place and captured[52]
57 24/25 August 1944 Operation Rumford No. 10 Commando 10 men Île d'Yeu
France 		Capture German held island[65] Successful landing but the Germans had already evacuated the island[52]

Gallery

Notes

Footnotes
  1. ^ The 10 independent companies were raised from volunteers in second line Territorial Army divisions in April 1940. They were intended for guerrilla style operations in Norway following the German invasion. Each of the 10 companies initially consisted of 21 officers and 268 other ranks.[4]
  2. ^ Also known for security reasons as Department V Corps School, Warsash[31]
  3. ^ No. 62 Commando was also known as the Small Scale Raiding Force[13]
  4. ^ Operation Jubilee was the largest raid conducted with 10,500 men taking part[18]
Citations
  1. ^ Messenger (1985), p.251
  2. ^ a b Haskew (2007), p.47
  3. ^ Haskew (2007), pp.47–48
  4. ^ Moreman (2006), p.13
  5. ^ Joslen (1990), p.454
  6. ^ a b Haskew (2007), p.48
  7. ^ a b Chappell (1996), pp.45–48
  8. ^ Bijl (2006), p.6
  9. ^ Haskew (2007), pp.48–49
  10. ^ "Memories of D-Day: Juno Beach". D Day museum. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
  11. ^ "Royal Air Force Servicing Commandos 1942 to 1946". The RAF Servicing Commando and Tactical Supply Wing Association. Retrieved 7 May 2010. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |publisher= at position 27 (help)
  12. ^ Moreman (2006), pp.84–85
  13. ^ a b Chappell (1996), p.48
  14. ^ Chappell (1996), p.14
  15. ^ Bijl (20065), p.24
  16. ^ Chappell (1996), p.6
  17. ^ Chappell (1996), p.30
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au Messenger (2004), p.15
  19. ^ Haining (2004), pp.118–119
  20. ^ Durnford-Slater (2002), p.32
  21. ^ "No. 38331". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 June 1948.
  22. ^ Ladd (1983), p.41
  23. ^ "Biography: Philip Vian". Royal Navy Museum. 2004. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  24. ^ Messenger (1985), p.58
  25. ^ O'Sullivan (2004), pp.96–97
  26. ^ "Operation Deepcut". Commando Veterans Association. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
  27. ^ Ladd (1978), p.31
  28. ^ "No. 9 Commando". Commando Veterans Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  29. ^ Miocene (2006), p.182
  30. ^ a b "No. 38342". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 July 1948.
  31. ^ a b Messenger (1985), p.120
  32. ^ Harclerode (2005), p.218
  33. ^ "Jeremy Clarkson: Greatest Raid of All Time". BBC. Retrieved 2 July 2010. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  34. ^ Chappell (1996), p.23
  35. ^ Saunders (1959), p.102
  36. ^ Young (1969), p.122
  37. ^ Dunning (2003), pp.58&ndash:63
  38. ^ Campbell (1993), p.128
  39. ^ a b Binney (2006), p.152
  40. ^ Thompson, Julian. "The Dieppe Raid". BBC. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  41. ^ Forty (2005), p.192
  42. ^ Macksey (1990), p.138
  43. ^ "Obituary;Freddie Bourne". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 3 June 2010. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  44. ^ "History of No. 2 Commando". Commando Veterans Association. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  45. ^ Messenger (1991), p.165
  46. ^ Saunders (2005), p.XXV
  47. ^ Macksey (1990), p.142
  48. ^ "12 Commando". Commando Veterans Association. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
  49. ^ Macksey (1990), p.143
  50. ^ Otway (1990), p.72
  51. ^ Mears (2004), pp.85–87
  52. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Bijl (2006), p.23
  53. ^ Mackenzie (2004), p.144
  54. ^ Macksey (1990), p.170
  55. ^ "Operation Checkmate - Haugesund, Norway". Commando Veterans Association. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
  56. ^ a b Messenger (1985), p.248
  57. ^ Messenger (1985), p.243
  58. ^ Ladd (1978), p.270
  59. ^ Bijl (2006), p.24
  60. ^ a b Ladd (1978), p.260
  61. ^ Messenger (1985), P.254
  62. ^ a b c d Anderson (2000), p.23
  63. ^ "Colonel George Lane". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 July 20106. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  64. ^ "George Lane, wartime commando". The Times. Retrieved 19 July 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  65. ^ Allen (2003), p.150

References

  • Allen, Robert W (2003). Churchill's guests: Britain and the Belgian exiles during World War II. Praeger. ISBN 031332218X.
  • Anderson, Duncan (2000). The Fall of the Reich: D-Day to the Fall of Berlin:The Campaigns of World War II. Zenith Imprint. ISBN 0760309221.
  • van der Bijl, Nick (2006). No. 10 Inter-Allied Commando 1942-45. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1841769991.
  • Binney, Marcus (2006). Secret War Heroes. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 9780340829103.
  • Campbell, John P (1993). Dieppe revisited. Routledge. ISBN 071463496. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)
  • Chappell, Mike (1996). Army Commandos 1940–45. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1855325799.
  • Dunning, James (2003). The Fighting Fourth - No. 4 Commando at War 1940-45. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0750930950.
  • Durnford-Slater, John (2002) [1953]. Commando: Memoirs of a Fighting Commando in World War Two. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1853674796.
  • Forty, George (2005). Channel Islands at war: a German perspective. Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 071103071. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)
  • Haining, Peter (2004). Where the eagle landed: the mystery of the German invasion of Britain, 1940. Robson. ISBN 1861057504.
  • Harclerode, Peter (2005). Wings Of War – Airborne Warfare 1918-1945. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0304367303.
  • Haskew, Michael E (2007). Encyclopaedia of Elite Forces in the Second World War. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 9781844155774.
  • Joslen, H. F. (1990). Orders of Battle, Second World War, 1939–1945. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1843424746.
  • Ladd, James (1978). Commandos and rangers of World War II. Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 0356084329.
  • Ladd, James (1983). SBS, the invisible raiders: the history of the Special Boat Squadron from World War Two to the present. {{cite book}}: Text "0458968900" ignored (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  • Mackenzie, S.P. (2001). British War Films. Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 1852852585.
  • Macksey, Kenneth (1990). Commando: hit-and-run combat in World War II. Scarborough House. ISBN 0812829735.
  • Mears, Ray (2004). The Real Heroes of Telemark. BBC. ISBN 0-340-83016-6. {{cite book}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  • Messenger, Charles (1985). The Commandos: 1940-1946. Kimber. ISBN 0718305531.
  • Messenger, Charles (1991). The Last Prussian: A Biography of Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, 1875–1953. Brassey's. ISBN 9780080367071.
  • Messenger, Charles (2004). The D Day Atlas. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 500251231. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)
  • Miocene, Marcel (2006). Houlgate, regards sur le passé. Éd. du Petit chemin. ISBN 2754600213.
  • Moreman, Timothy Robert (2006). British Commandos 1940-46. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 184176986X.
  • O'Sullivan, John (2004). When Wales went to war 1939-45. Sutton. ISBN 0750938374.
  • Otway, Lieutenant-Colonel T.B.H (1990). The Second World War 1939–1945 Army - Airborne Forces. Imperial War Museum. ISBN 0901627577.
  • Saunders, Hilary St. George (1959) [1949]. The Green Beret: The Commandos at War. London: Four Square Books. OCLC 1260659.
  • Saunders, Paul (2005). The British Channel Islands under German occupation, 1940-1945. Paul Sanders. ISBN 0953885836.
  • Young, Peter (1969). Commando. Pan Books. ISBN 0330239163.
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