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Japanese battleship Kongō

Coordinates: 26°09′N 121°23′E / 26.150°N 121.383°E / 26.150; 121.383
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For the earlier armored corvette, see Japanese corvette Kongō (1877). For the current JMSDF Kongō class destroyer, see JDS Kongō (DDG-173).
Kongō in her 1944 configuration
History
Japanese Navy EnsignEmpire of Japan
NameKongō
Ordered1911
Laid down17 January 1911
Launched18 May 1912
Commissioned16 August 1913
Stricken20 January 1945
FateSunk by submarine in the Formosa Strait, 21 November 1944
General characteristics
Class and typeKongō-class battlecruiser
Displacement36,600 long tons (37,187 t)[1]
Length222 m (728 ft 4 in)[1]
Beam31 m (101 ft 8 in)[1]
Draught9.7 m (31 ft 10 in)[1]
PropulsionSteam turbines, 4 shafts
Speed30 knots (35 mph; 56 km/h)[1]
Range10,000 nmi (19,000 km) at 14 kn (26 km/h)[1]
Complement1360
Armamentlist error: <br /> list (help)
1913:

• 8 356 mm (14 in) guns (4×2)[1]
• 16 152 mm (6.0 in) guns (8×2)[1]
• 8 76 mm (3 in) guns (8×1)[1]
• 4 6.5 mm (0.26 in) machine guns[2]
• 8 submerged 533 mm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes[2]

1944:

• 8 356 mm (14 in) guns (4×2)[1]
• 8 152 mm (6.0 in) guns (8×2)[1]
• 8 127 mm (5 in) guns (4×2)[1]

• 122 25 mm (0.98 in) Type 96 Anti-aircraft autocannons[3]
Armorlist error: <br /> list (help)
deck: 2.3–1.5 in (58–38 mm) (later strengthened +101mm on ammo storage, +76mm on engine room)
turrets: 9 in (230 mm)
barbettes: 10 in (250 mm)
belt: 8–11 in (200–280 mm)

Kongō (金剛, "vajra" or "indestructible") was a warship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War I and World War II. Designed by the British naval engineer George Thurston, she was the first battlecruiser of the Kongō class, the most heavily armed ships in any navy when built. Laid down in 1911 at Barrow-in-Furness in Britain by Vickers Shipbuilding Company, Kongō was formally commissioned in 1913. Kongō patrolled off the Chinese coast during World War I.

During her life, Kongō underwent two major reconstructions. Beginning in 1929, the Imperial Japanese Navy rebuilt her as a battleship, strengthening her armor and improving her speed and power capabilities. In 1935, her superstructure was completely rebuilt, her speed was increased, and she was equipped with launch catapults for floatplanes. Now fast enough to accompany Japan's growing carrier fleet, Kongō was reclassified as a fast battleship. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Kongō transported Imperial Japanese Army troops to mainland China before being redeployed to the Third Battleship Division in 1941. On the eve of World War II, she sailed as part of the Southern Force in preparation for the Battle of Singapore.

Kongō fought in almost every major naval action of the Pacific Theater during World War II. She covered landings of Japanese forces in Malaya (in present-day Malaysia) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1942 before engaging American forces at the Battle of Midway and during the Guadalcanal Campaign. Throughout 1943, Kongō primarily remained at Truk Lagoon (Micronesia), Kure Naval Base (near Hiroshima), Sasebo Naval Base (near Nagasaki), and Lingga (in present-day Malaysia), and deployed on several occasions in response to American carrier air strikes on Japanese island bases. Kongō participated in the Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf in 1944, engaging American vessels in the latter. Kongō was torpedoed and sunk by the American submarine USS Sealion II while transiting the Formosa Strait on 21 November 1944.

Design and construction

See also: Kongō class battlecruiser

Kongō was the first of the Imperial Japanese Navy's Kongō-class battlecruisers, a line of capital ships designed by the British naval engineer George Thurston.[4] The class was ordered in 1910 in the Japanese Emergency Naval Expansion Bill after the commissioning of HMS Invincible in 1908.[5] The four battlecruisers of the Kongō class were designed to match the naval capabilities of the other major powers at the time; they have been called the battlecruiser versions of the British (formerly Turkish) battleship HMS Erin.[6][1] Their heavy armament and armor protection (which took up 23.3% of their approximately 30,000-ton displacement) were greatly superior to those of any other Japanese capital ship afloat at the time.[6][1]

The keel of Kongō was laid down at Barrow-in-Furness by Vickers on 17 January 1911, with all parts used in the construction manufactured in Britain.[1] Per Japan's contract with Vickers, the first vessel of the class would be constructed in Britain, with the remainder built in Japan.[1] Launched on 18 May 1912, Kongō's fitting-out began in the summer of 1912.[6] She was completed on 16 April 1913.[1]

Armament

Kongō's main battery consisted of eight 14-inch (36 cm) heavy-calibre main guns in four twin turrets (two forward, two aft).[4] The turrets were noted by the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence to be "similar to the British 15-inch turrets",[7] with improvements made in flash-tightness. Each of her main guns could fire high-explosive or armor-piercing shells a maximum of 38,770 yards (19.14 nmi; 35.45 km) at a firing rate of two shells per minute.[8] In keeping with the Japanese doctrine of deploying more powerful vessels before their opponents, Kongō and her sister ships were the first vessels in the world equipped with 14-inch (36 cm) guns.[9] The ship carried ninety rounds of ammunition for each gun, and had an approximate barrel-life of 250–280 shots.[7] In 1941, separate dyes were introduced for the armour-piercing shells of the four Kongo-class battleships, with Kongō's armor-piercing shells using red dye.[7]

Her secondary battery was originally sixteen 6-inch (15 cm) 50-calibre medium guns in single casemates (all located amidships),[6] eight 3-inch (7.6 cm) guns and eight submerged 21-inch (53 cm) torpedo tubes.[4] The sixteen 6"/50 calibre guns were capable of firing 5–6 rounds per minute, with a barrel life of 500 rounds.[10] The 6"/50 calibre gun was capable of firing both anti-aircraft and anti-ship shells, though the positioning of the guns on Kongō made anti-aircraft firing impractical.[6] During her second reconstruction, the older 3-inch guns were removed and replace with eight 5-inch (13 cm) dual-purpose guns. The eight 5"/40 calibre guns could fire between 8 and 14 rounds per minute, with a barrel life of 800–1500 rounds.[11] The 5"/40 had the widest variety of shot types of Kongō's guns, being designed to fire anti-aircraft, anti-ship, and illumination shells.[11] Kongō was also armed with a large number of 1-inch (2.5 cm) anti-aircraft machine guns. In 1943, Kongō's secondary armament was reconfigured to fourteen 6-inch (15 cm) guns, eight 5-inch (13 cm) guns, and one hundred twenty-two Type 96 anti-aircraft autocannons.[12]

Service

1913-1929: Battlecruiser

Kongō in her battlecruiser confirugation, pre-1927.

On 16 August 1913, Kongō was completed and formally commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy. Twelve days later, she departed Portsmouth for Japan.[13] She docked at Singapore from 20-27 October, before arriving at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 5 November, where she was placed in First Reserve.[5] In January 1914, she docked at Kure Naval Base for armament checks. On 3 August 1914, the German Empire declared war on France and invaded Belgium, sparking World War I. Twelve days later, Japan issued a warning to Kaiser Wilhelm II ordering German troops to withdraw from their base at Tsingtao. When the Germans did not respond, Japan declared war on the German Empire on 23 August, occupying the former German possessions in the Caroline, Palau, Marshall and Mariana Islands.[5] Kongō was quickly deployed towards Midway Island to patrol the sea lines of communication. Kongō returned to Yokosuka on 12 September, and a month later was assigned to the First Battleship Division. In October, Kongō and her new sister-ship Hiei sortied off the Chinese coast in support of Japanese army units during the Siege of Tsingtao, before Kongō returned to Sasebo Naval Base for searchlight upgrades. On 3 October 1915,Kongō and Hiei participated in the target-sinking of Imperator Nikolai I, a Russian pre-dreadnought captured in 1905 during the Russo-Japanese War that had subsequently served as a Japanese battleship.[14] With the defeat of the German East Asia Squadron by the Royal Navy at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, the need for combat operations by the Japanese Navy lessened. Kongō spent the remainder of World War I was spent either at Sasebo or patrolling the Chinese coast.[5] In December 1918, following the end of all hostilities in World War I, Kongō was placed in Second Reserve. In April 1919, she was fitted with a new flooding system in her ammunition magazines.[5]

With the conclusion of World War I and the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty on 6 February 1922, the size of the Imperial Japanese Navy was significantly lessened, with a ratio of 5:5:3 required between the capital ships of the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan.[15] The treaty also banned Japan from building any new capital ships until 1931, with no capital ship permitted to exceed 35,000 long tons (36,000 t).[16] Provided that new additions did not exceed 3,000 tons, existing capital ships were allowed to be upgraded with improved anti-torpedo bulges and deck armor.[16] By the time the Washington Treaty had been fully implemented in Japan, only three classes of World War I-era capital ships remained active: the Ise-class battleships, the Kongō-class battlecruisers, and the Fuso-class battleships.[17]

In April 1923, Kongō acted as the transport of Emperor Hirohito during his official visit to the Japanese colony of Formosa (now Taiwan). In November 1924, she docked at Yokosuka, where modifications were made to her armament, increasing the elevation of her main guns and improving her fire-control mechanisms. In 1927, Kongō underwent major modifications to her superstructure, rebuilding it in the pagoda mast style to accommodate the growing number of aiming and control systems for the main guns.[18] In May 1928, her steering equipment was upgraded, before she was placed in reserve in preparation for major modifications and reconstruction.[5]

1929-1935: Reconstruction into Battleship

Kongō in 1931, following her first reconstruction.

Unable to construct new capital ships until 1931, Japan resorted to upgrading older battleships and battlecruisers. In September 1929, Kongō prepared to undergo extensive modernization and modification, in drydock at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal.[6] Over the next two years, Kongō 's horizontal armor near her ammunition magazines was strengthened, and the machinery spaces within the hull were increased.[5] Anti-torpedo bulges were added along the waterline, as permitted by the Washington Treaty.[6] She was refitted to accommodate three Type 90 Model 0 floatplanes, though no launch catapults were fitted.[12] To increase her speed and power capacities, all 36 Yarrow boilers were removed and replaced with 16 newer boilers, and Brown-Curtis direct-drive turbines were installed.[12] Kongō's forward funnel was removed, and her second funnel was enlarged and lengthened. The modifications to her hull increased her armor weight from 6,502 to 10,313 long tons, directly violating the terms of the Washington Treaty.[6] In March 1931, Kongō—now capable of speeds of 29 knots (54 km/h)—was reclassified as a battleship.[12]

On 22 April 1930, Japan signed the London Naval Treaty, placing further restrictions on her maritime forces. In addition to the scrapping of several older battleships, Japan would not be permitted to construct new capital ships until 1937.[19] After minor fitting-out work, Kongō's reconstruction begun in September 1929 was declared complete on 31 March 1931. In September 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria. On 1 December 1931, Kongō was assigned to the First Battleship Division, and designated the flagship of the Combined Fleet. Additional rangefinders and searchlights were fitted in January 1932, and Captain Nobutake Kondo assumed command of the vessel in December. In 1933, aircraft launch catapults were fitted between the two rear turrets.[5]

On 25 February 1933, based on the report by the Lytton Commission, the League of Nations agreed that Japan's invasion had violated Chinese sovereignty.[19] Refusing to accept the organization's judgement, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations the same day.[19] Immediately following, Japan also withdrew from the Washington and London Naval Treaties, thus removing all restrictions on the number and size of her capital ships.[20] In November 1934, Kongō was placed in Second Reserve in preparation for further modifications. On 10 January 1935, Kongō was toured by the German naval attaché to Japan, Captain Paul Wenneker, as part of a gunnery demonstration.[5]

1935-1941: Fast Battleship

On 1 June 1935, Kongō was dry docked at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal in preparation for upgrades that would enable her to escort Japan's growing fleet of aircraft carriers. Her stern was lengthened by 26 feet (7.9 m), and her bridge was completely reconstructed according to Japan's pagoda mast style of forward superstructure.[12] Her 16 older boilers were removed and replaced with 11 oil-fired Kampon Boilers and newer geared turbines.[6] Catapults and rails were added to support three Nakajima E8N or Kawanishi E7K reconnaissance and spotter seaplanes.[3]

Kongō's armor was also extensively upgraded. Her main belt was strengthened to a uniform thickness of 8 inches (up from varying thickness's of 6 to 8 inches), while diagonal bulkheads of depths ranging from 5 to 8 inches (127 to 203 mm) now reinforced the main armored belt.[21] The turret armor was strengthened to 10 inches (254 mm), while 4 inches (102 mm) were added to portions of the deck armor.[21] Kongō's ammunition magazine protection was also strengthened to 4.0 inches (10 cm).[6] The reconstruction was finished on 8 January 1937.[1] Capable of more than 30 knots (56 km/h) despite the significant increase in hull displacement, Kongō was now reclassified as a fast battleship.[12]

In February, she was assigned to the Sasebo Naval District, and in December placed under the command of Takeo Kurita in the Third Battleship Division. In April 1938, two float planes from Kongō bombed the Chinese town of Foochow during the Second Sino-Japanese War.[5] Throughout 1938 and 1939, Kongō operated off the Chinese coast in support of Japanese Army operations during the war. In November 1939, Captain Raizo Tanaka assumed command of Kongō. From November 1940 to April 1941, additional armour was added to Kongō's barbettes and ammunition tubes, while ventilation and fire fighting equipment was also improved. In August 1941, she was assigned to the Third Battleship Division under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa alongside her fully modified sisters Hiei, Kirishima and Haruna.[5]

1942: Early War Service

Kongō and Haruna departed the Hashirajima fleet anchorage on 29 November 1941, to participate in the opening stage of the Pacific War as part of the Southern (Malay) Force's Main Body, under the overall command of Vice-Admiral Nobutake Kondō.[22] On 4 December 1941, the Main Body arrived off the coast of Southern Siam and Northern Malaya, in preparation for the invasion of Siam and the Malayan Peninsula four days later.[23] When Britain's "Force Z" – consisting of the battleship Prince of Wales and the battlecruiser Repulse – was quickly defeated by Japan's land-based and carrier aircraft, Kongō's battlegroup withdrew from Malayan waters. The battlegroup subsequently sortied from Indochina for three days in mid-December to protect a reinforcement convoy travelling to Malaya and again on 18 December to cover the Army's landing at Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines. The Main Body departed Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina on 23 December bound for Taiwan, arriving two days later.[5] In January 1942, Kongō and the heavy cruisers Takao and Atago provided distant cover for air attacks on Ambon Island.[5]

On 21 February, Kongō was joined by Haruna, four fast carriers, five heavy cruisers and numerous support ships in preparation for "Operation J", Japan's invasion of the Dutch East Indies. On 25 February, the Third Battleship Division provided cover for air attacks on Java.[6] Kongō bombarded Christmas Island on 7 March 1942, then returned to Staring-baai for 15 days of maintenance and rest.[5] In April 1942, Kongō joined five fleet carriers in attacks on Colombo in Ceylon.[24] Following the destruction of HMS Dorsetshire on 5 April 1942, the fleet moved south west to locate the remainder of the British Eastern Fleet, under the command of Admiral James Somerville.[25] On 9 April, one of Haruna's reconnaissance seaplanes spotted HMS Hermes south of Trincomalee; Japanese air strikes sank the carrier the same day.[25] Kongō was attacked by nine British bombers the same day, but no hits were scored. Having crippled the offensive capability of Britain's Eastern Fleet, the Third Battleship Division returned to Japan, with Kongō reaching Sasebo on 22 April. from 23 April-2 May, Kongō was dry docked to receive a reconfiguration of her anti-aircraft suite.[5]

On 27 May 1942, Kongō sortied with Hiei and the heavy cruisers Atago, Chōkai, Myōkō, and Haguro as part of Admiral Nobutake Kondō's Invasion Force during the Battle of Midway.[5][22] Following the disastrous loss of four of the Combined Fleet's fast carriers on 4 June, Kondō's force withdrew to Japan.[26] On 14 July she was assigned as the flagship of the restructured Third Battleship Division. In August, she was dry docked at Kure to receive surface detection radar and additional range finders.[3] In September, Kongō deployed with Hiei, Haruna, Kirishima, three carriers and numerous other vessels in response to American strikes in the Solomon Islands and the invasion of Guadalcanal.[27] On 20 September, the fleet was ordered to return to Truk Naval Base in the Caroline Islands (now Micronesia).

In the aftermath of the Battle of Cape Esperance, the Japanese Army opted to reinforce their positions on Guadalcanal. To protect their transport convoy from enemy air attack, Admiral Yamamoto sent Haruna and Kongō, escorted by one light cruiser and nine destroyers, to bombard Henderson Field. Because of their high speed, the two battleships could bombard the field and withdraw before being subjected to air attack from aircraft carriers.[28] On the night of 13–14 October, the two battleships shelled Henderson Field from a distance of 16,000 yards (15,000 m), firing 973 14-inch high-explosive shells. In the most successful Japanese battleship action of the war,[22] the bombardment heavily damaged both runways, destroyed almost all available aviation fuel, incapacitated 48 of the airfield's 90 aircraft, and killed 41 men.[29] The Japanese troop convoy reached the island the next day.[28]

During the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands on 26 October 1942, Kongō was attacked by four TBF Avenger torpedo bombers but received no damage. In mid-November, the battleship and other warships provided distant cover for the ultimately unsuccessful efforts to bombard Henderson Field again and land reinforcements on Guadalcanal. On 15 November 1942, following the Japanese defeat and loss of Hiei and Kirishima during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, the Third Battleship Division returned to Truk, where it remained for the rest of 1942.[5]

1943: Movement Between Bases

an American intelligence drawing of Kongō from the starboard side, giving particular shaded emphasis to her main and secondary guns
A drawing from the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence depicting the Kongō class in 1944–1945

Kongō engaged no enemy targets in 1943. In late January, she participated in "Operation Ke", as part of a diversionary force and distant cover supporting Japanese destroyers that were evacuating personnel from Guadalcanal.[30] During 15–20 February 1943, the Third Battleship Division transferred from Truk to Kure Naval Base. On 27 February, she was drydocked to receive upgrades to her anti-aircraft suite, with the additions of two triple 25mm mounts and the removal of two of the 6-inch casemates, while additional concrete protection was added near the steering gear.[3] On 17 May 1943, in response to the American invasion of Attu Island, Kongō sortied alongside Musashi, the Third Battleship Division, two fleet carriers, two cruisers and nine destroyers. Three days later, the submarine USS Sawfish discovered the task group, but was unable to attack. On 22 May 1943, the task force arrived in Yokosuka, where it was joined by an additional three fleet carriers and two light cruisers; the force was disbanded when Attu fell before the necessary preparations were finished.[5]

On 17 October 1943, Kongō again left Truk as part of an even larger force—five battleships, three fleet carriers, eight heavy cruisers, three light cruisers and numerous destroyers—in response to American raids on Wake Island. When no contact was made the force returned to Truk on 26 October 1943. On 16 December 1943, Haruna arrived at Sasebo for refits and inland-sea training.[6]

1944: Combat and Loss

Kongō under attack during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, 20 June 1944.

In January 1944, Kongō was dry docked for a large reconfiguration of her anti-aircraft suite. Four 6-inch guns and a pair of twin 25-mm mounts were removed and replaced with four 5-inch guns and four triple 25-mm mounts.[3] The Third Battleship Division departed Kure on 8 March 1944. Arriving at Lingga on 14 March 1944, the division remained for training until 11 May 1944.[5] On 11 May 1944, Kongō and Admiral Ozawa's Mobile Fleet departed Lingga for Tawitawi, where they were joined by Vice-Admiral Takeo Kurita's "Force C". On 13 June, Ozawa's Mobile Fleet departed Tawitawi for the Mariana Islands.[31] During the Battle of the Philippine Sea, Kongō escorted Japanese fast carriers, and remained undamaged in counter attacks from U.S. carrier aircraft on 20 June.[32] Upon returning to Japan, her anti-aircraft armament was extensively upgraded, with the addition of thirteen triple and forty single 25-mm mounts, bringing her total up to over 100. In August, a further two 6-inch guns were removed and another eighteen single mounts installed.[3]

In October 1944, Haruna departed Lingga in preparation for "Operation Sho-1", Japan's counter attack during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval engagement in history.[33] On 24 October, Haruna was lightly damaged by fragments from near misses by American carrier aircraft in the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea. On 25 October, during the Battle off Samar, Kongō—as part of Admiral Kurita's Centre Force—engaged escort carriers and destroyers of the U.S. 7th Fleet's "Taffy 3". She succeeded in scoring "numerous hits" on the escort carrier Gambier Bay as well as the destroyers Hoel and Heerman. At 09:12, she sank the destroyer escort Roberts. After a fierce defensive action by the American ships, which sank three Japanese heavy cruisers, Admiral Kurita elected to withdraw, ending the battle.[34] While retreating, Kongō suffered damage from five near-misses from attacking aircraft. The fleet arrived at Brunei on 28 October.[5]

On 16 November, following a U.S. air-raid on Brunei, Kongō departed Brunei alongside Yamato, Nagato and the rest of the First Fleet for Kure, in preparation for a major reorganization of the fleet and battle repairs. On 20 November, they entered the Formosa Strait. Shortly after midnight on 21 November, the submarine USS Sealion II made radar contact with the fleet at 44,000 yards.[35] At 03:00, having manoeuvred into position, Sealion II fired three stern torpedoes at Nagato and Kongō. One minute later, two torpedoes were seen to hit Kongō on the port side, while the third sank the destroyer Urakaze with all hands.[5] The torpedoes flooded two of Kongō's boiler-rooms, but she was still capable of making 16 knots (18 mph). By 05:00, she had slowed to 11 kn (13 mph) and broken off from the rest of the fleet.[35] At 05:20, she lost all power. Four minutes later, the blip indicating Kongō on Sealion II's radar disappeared.[36] Kongō sank in 350 feet (110 m) of water with the loss of 1,200 of her crew, including the commander of the Third Battleship Division and her captain. She was the only Japanese battleship sunk by submarine in the Second World War, and the last battleship sunk by submarine in history.[32]

Notes

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Gardiner and Gray (1980), p. 234.
  2. ^ a b Stille, p. 17
  3. ^ a b c d e f Stille, p. 18. Cite error: The named reference "stille18" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c "Combined Fleet – Kongo class battlecruiser". Parshall, Jon; Bob Hackett, Sander Kingsepp, & Allyn Nevitt. 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Combined Fleet – tabular history of Kongō". Parshall, Jon; Bob Hackett, Sander Kingsepp, & Allyn Nevitt. 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jackson (2008), p. 27.
  7. ^ a b c DiGiulian, Tony (2009). "Japanese 14"/45 (35.6 cm) 41st Year Type". Navweaps.com. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  8. ^ "Combined Fleet – 14"/45 Naval Gun". Parshall, Jon; Bob Hackett, Sander Kingsepp, & Allyn Nevitt. 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  9. ^ Jackson (2000), p. 48.
  10. ^ DiGiulian, Tony (2010). "Japanese 6"/50". Navweaps.com. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  11. ^ a b DiGiulian, Tony (2008). "Japanese 5"/40". Navweaps.com. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Stille, p. 16. Cite error: The named reference "stille16" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  13. ^ Stille, p. 14
  14. ^ McLaughlin, pp. 44–45
  15. ^ Jackson (2000), p. 67.
  16. ^ a b Jackson (2000), p. 68.
  17. ^ Jackson (2000), p. 69.
  18. ^ Stille, p. 15
  19. ^ a b c Jackson (2000), p. 72.
  20. ^ Willmott (2002), p. 35.
  21. ^ a b McCurtie, p. 185.
  22. ^ a b c Stille, p. 19.
  23. ^ Willmott (2002), p. 56.
  24. ^ Boyle (1998), p. 368.
  25. ^ a b Boyle (1998), p. 370.
  26. ^ Schom, p. 296
  27. ^ Willmott (2002), p. 100
  28. ^ a b Schom, p. 382.
  29. ^ Swanston, p. 220.
  30. ^ Swanston, p. 223.
  31. ^ Willmott (2002), p. 141.
  32. ^ a b Stille, p. 20
  33. ^ Steinberg (1980), p. 49.
  34. ^ Boyle (1998), p. 508.
  35. ^ a b Wheeler, p. 183
  36. ^ Wheeler, p. 184

References

  • Frank, Richard (1990). Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-58875-4.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1984). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0870219073.
  • Jackson, Robert (2000). The World's Great Battleships. Dallas: Brown Books. ISBN 1-89788-460-5
  • Jackson, Robert (editor) (2008). 101 Great Warships. London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-905704-72-9
  • McCurtie, Francis (1989) [1945]. Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. London: Bracken Books. ISBN 1-85170-194-X
  • McLaughlin, Stephen (2003). Russian & Soviet Battleships. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-481-4.
  • Moore, John (1990) [1919]. Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I. London: Studio Editions. ISBN 1-85170-378-0
  • Morison, Samuel Eliot (1958). "The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, 12–15 November 1942". The Struggle for Guadalcanal, August 1942 – February 1943, vol. 5 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-58305-7.
  • Schom, Alan (2004). The Eagle and the Rising Sun; The Japanese-American War, 1941-1943. New York: Norton & Company. ISBN 2-00201-594-1
  • Steinberg, Rafael (1980) Return to the Philippines. New York: Time-Life Books Inc. ISBN 0-80942-516-5
  • Stille, Cdr Mark (2008). Imperial Japanese Navy Battleship 1941-1945. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-280-6
  • Swanston, Alexander & Swanston, Malcom (2007). The Historical Atlas of World War II. London: Cartographica Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7858-2200-3
  • Wheeler, Keith (1980). War Under the Pacific. New York: Time-Life Books. ISBN 0809433761.
  • Willmott, H.P. & Keegan, John [1999] (2002). The Second World War in the Far East. Smithsonian Books. ISBN 2004049199.

26°09′N 121°23′E / 26.150°N 121.383°E / 26.150; 121.383

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