Wu (state)
State of Wu 吳國 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Status | Kingdom | ||||||||||||
| Capital | Gusu (姑蘇) | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Chinese folk religion, ancestor worship | ||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
| King | |||||||||||||
• BC– BC | Wu Taibo | ||||||||||||
• BC– BC | King Fuchai of Wu | ||||||||||||
| Chancellor | |||||||||||||
• 221 BC–203 BC | Wu Zixu | ||||||||||||
| Currency | Ancient Chinese coinage | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
The State of Wu (simplified Chinese: 吴国; traditional Chinese: 吳國; pinyin: Wú Guó), also known as Gou Wu (勾吳) or Gong Wu (工吳 or 攻吾), was one of the vassal states during the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period. The State of Wu was located at the mouth of the Yangtze River east of the State of Chu. Considered a semi-barbarian state by ancient Chinese historians, its capital was at Gusu (姑蘇), also known as Wu (吳), in modern day Suzhou. The rulers of the State of Wu had the surname Ji (姬), the same as the Zhou royal family.
History
According to the Records of the Grand Historian, the rulers of Wu are descended from Taibo, the elder uncle of King Wen of Zhou. Realising that his younger brother, Jili, was wiser than him, and deserved to inherit the throne, Taibo fled to Wu and settled there. Three generations later, King Wu of Zhou defeated the last Shang Dynasty emperor, and enfeoffed the descendents of Taibo in Wu.
The State of Jin aided Wu's rise to power as a useful ally against the State of Chu. In 584 BC, Wu rebelled against the State of Chu; the action occurred after being persuaded by Wuchen, a minister of the State of Jin who defected from Chu.
Afterwards, Wu would be a constant threat to the state of Chu on its southeastern flank until its demise. Wu curried relationships with Chu's vassals in the Yangtze river region to weaken support for Chu. In 506 BC, Wu launched a surprise attack and occupied the capital of Chu. Afterwards, Wu was briefly the most powerful nation, and turned to other campaigns, defeating the State of Qi in 484 BC.
Ironically, Wu was later threatened by an upstart state to its south, the State of Yue; the State of Chu aided Yue's rise to power as a counter to Wu. Although Wu won a major victory against Yue in 494 BC, it failed to completely subjugate Yue, helped in part by Yue's bribing of an important Wu minister. While Wu was engaged in a military campaign in the north, Yue launched a surprise attack on Wu in 482 BC and conquered the capital. Eventually, the State of Yue conquered Wu in 473 BC.
The leaders of Yue and Wu, similar to Chu, proclaimed themselves kings in the 6th century BC, showing the drastic weakening of the Zhou court's authority during the Spring and Autumn Period.
Wu and Yue were masters of metallurgy, fabricating excellent swords, with incised messages, geometric patterns and inlaid gold or silver. Wu-Yue swords tend to use much more tin than copper compared to those of other states. Wu often sent swords as gifts to northern states, such as Qi and Cai states. Examples include the spearhead of King Fuchai, the sword of Prince Guang (the name of King Helu before he became King) or King Helu of Wu.
Possible connection with ancient Japan
The first Wu Kingdom was united by Taibo during the Spring and Autumn Period. Originally considered a barbarian state, the people of the Wu Kingdom became Sinicized during the Warring States Period. Ambassadoral visits to Japan by the later Northern Chinese dynasties Wei and Jin Dynasty (265-420) recorded that the Wō people of Japan claimed to be descendants of the Grand Count (Tàibó) of the Kingdom of Wu.[1] Historical records also show that the ancient Japanese had similar lifestyles and customs as pre-Sinicized inhabitants of the Wu Kingdom, including tattooing, ritual teeth-pulling, and baby-carrying on backs. The Japanese tradition of eating raw fish is common in the Wu area of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Tattooing examples are found on Haniwa statues with red paint on hands and faces. Additionally, linguists point out possible similarities and links between the Japanese language and Wu Chinese. In Onyomi readings of Japanese Kanji, Go-on is recognized and classified as the pronunciation derived from Wu region of China.
Wu in astronomy
Wu, together with Yue, is represented with the star Zeta Aquilae in asterism Left Wall, Heavenly Market enclosure (see Chinese constellation).[2]
See also
References
- ^ Encounters of the Eastern Barbarians, Wei Chronicles
- ^ Template:Zh icon AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 23 日