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Jyutping

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Jyutping
Traditional Chinese粵拼
Simplified Chinese粤拼

Jyutping (pronounced [jyːt̚˨ pʰɪŋ˧], sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a romanization system for Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) in 1993. Its formal name is The Linguistic Society of Hong Kong Cantonese Romanization Scheme. The LSHK promotes the use of this romanization system.

The name Jyutping (itself the Jyutping romanization of the Chinese name 粵拼) is a contraction consisting of the first Chinese characters of the terms Jyut jyu (粵語, meaning "Yue language") and ping jam (拼音 "phonetic alphabet").

Transliteration of Chinese
Mandarin
Modern Standard Mandarin
Late imperial Mandarin
Sichuanese
Wu
General Wu
Wenzhounese
Yue
Cantonese
Min
Hokkien
Teochew
Fuzhounese
Northern Min
Pu-Xian Min
Hainanese
Gan
Nanchang-Duchang dialect
Hakka
Meixian dialect
Sixian dialect
Xiang
Chang–Yi dialects
Polylectal
General Chinese
See also
Other transliterations
By place
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Initials

b
/p/
巴 		p
/pʰ/
怕 		m
/m/
媽 		f
/f/
花
d
/t/
打 		t
/tʰ/
他 		n
/n/
那 		l
/l/
啦
g
/k/
家 		k
/kʰ/
卡 		ng
/ŋ/
牙 		h
/h/
蝦
gw
/kʷ/
瓜 		kw
/kʷʰ/
誇 		w
/w/
蛙
z
/ts/
渣 		c
/tsʰ/
叉 		s
/s/
沙 		j
/j/
也

Finals

aa
/aː/
沙 		aai
/aːi/
徙 		aau
/aːu/
梢 		aam
/aːm/
三 		aan
/aːn/
山 		aang
/aːŋ/
坑 		aap
/aːp/
圾 		aat
/aːt/
剎 		aak
/aːk/
客
  ai
/ɐi/
西 		au
/ɐu/
收 		am
/ɐm/
心 		an
/ɐn/
新 		ang
/ɐŋ/
笙 		ap
/ɐp/
濕 		at
/ɐt/
失 		ak
/ɐk/
塞
e
/ɛː/
些 		ei
/ei/
四 		eu
/ɛːu/
掉[1] 		em
/ɛːm/
舐[2] 		  eng
/ɛːŋ/
鄭 		ep
/ɛːp/
夾[3] 		  ek
/ɛːk/
石
i
/iː/
詩 		  iu
/iːu/
消 		im
/iːm/
閃 		in
/iːn/
先 		ing
/ɪŋ/
星 		ip
/iːp/
攝 		it
/iːt/
洩 		ik
/ɪk/
識
o
/ɔː/
疏 		oi
/ɔːi/
開 		ou
/ou/
蘇 		  on
/ɔːn/
看 		ong
/ɔːŋ/
桑 		  ot
/ɔːt/
喝 		ok
/ɔːk/
索
u
/uː/
夫 		ui
/uːi/
灰 		    un
/uːn/
寬 		ung
/ʊŋ/
鬆 		  ut
/uːt/
闊 		uk
/ʊk/
叔
oe
/œː/
鋸 		        oeng
/œːŋ/
商 		    oek
/œːk/
削
  eoi
/ɵy/
需 		    eon
/ɵn/
詢 		    eot
/ɵt/
摔 		 
yu
/yː/
書 		      yun
/yːn/
孫 		    yut
/yːt/
雪 		 
      m
/m̩/
唔 		  ng
/ŋ̩/
吳 		     
  • The finals m and ng can only be used as standalone nasal syllables.
  • ^ ^ ^ Referring to the colloquial pronunciation of these words.

Tones

There are nine tones in six distinct tone contours in Cantonese. However, as three of the nine are entering tones (入聲), which only appear in syllables ending with p, t, and k, they do not have separate tone numbers in Jyutping (though they do in Yale; these are shown in parentheses in table below).

Tone name Jam1 Ping4
(陰平)		 Jam1 Soeng5
(陰上)		 Jam1 Heoi3
(陰去) 		Joeng4 Ping4
(陽平)		 Joeng4 Soeng5
(陽上)		 Joeng4 Heoi3
(陽去) 		Soeng6 Jam1 Jap6
(上陰入)		 Haa6 Jam1 Jap6
(下陰入)		 Joeng4 Jap6
(陽入)
Tone Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 (7) 3 (8) 6 (9)
The tone name in English high level or high falling mid rising mid level low falling low rising low level entering high level entering mid level entering low level
Contour [1] 55 / 53 35 / 25 33 21 / 11 13 / 23 22 5 3 2
Character Example 分 粉 訓 焚 奮 份 忽 發 佛
Example fan1 fan2 fan3 fan4 fan5 fan6 fat1 faat3 fat6

Comparison with Yale Romanization

Jyutping and the Yale romanization system of Cantonese represent Cantonese pronunciations with the same letters in:

  • The initials: b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, ng, h, s, gw, kw, w.
  • The vowel: aa (except when using alone), a, e, i, o, u,yu.
  • The nasal consonant: m, ng.
  • The coda: i, u, m, n, ng, p, t, k.

But there are the following differences:

  • The vowels eo and oe represent /ɵ/ and /œː/ respectively in Jyutping, while the eu represents both vowels in Yale.
  • The initial j represents /j/ in Jyutping while y is used instead in Yale.
  • The initial z represents /ts/ in Jyutping while j is used instead in Yale.
  • The initial c represents /tsʰ/ in Jyutping while ch is used instead in Yale.
  • In Jyutping, if no consonant precedes the vowel yu, then the initial j is appended before the vowel. In Yale, the corresponding initial y is never appended before yu under any circumstances.
  • Jyutping defines three finals not in Yale: eu /ɛːu/, em /ɛːm/, and ep /ɛːp/. These three finals are used in colloquial Cantonese words, such as deu6 (掉), lem2 (舐), and gep6 (夾).
  • To represent tones, only tone numbers are used in Jyutping while Yale originally uses tone marks together with the letter h (though tone numbers can be used in Yale as well).

Comparison with Cantonese Pinyin

Jyutping and the Cantonese Pinyin represent Cantonese pronunciations with the same letters in:

  • The initials: b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, ng, h, s, gw, kw, j, w.
  • The vowel: aa, a, e, i, o, u.
  • The nasal consonant: m, ng.
  • The coda: i (except of being the coda /y/ in Jyutping), u, m, n, ng, p, t, k.

But they have some differences:

  • The vowels oe represent /ɵ/ and /œː/ in Cantonese Pinyin while the eo and oe represent /ɵ/ and /œː/ respectively in Jyutping.
  • The vowel y represent /y/ in Cantonese Pinyin while both yu (use in nucleus) and i (use in coda) is used in Jyutping.
  • The initial dz represents /ts/ in Cantonese Pinyin while z is used instead in Jyutping.
  • The initial ts represents /tsʰ/ in Cantonese Pinyin while c is used instead in Jyutping.
  • To represent tone, numbers 1 to 9 are usually used in Cantonese Pinyin (as in Yale), though substituting 1, 3, and 6 for 7, 8, and 9 is acceptable. However, only numbers 1 to 6 are used in Jyutping.

Examples

Traditional Simplified Romanization
廣州話 广州话 gwong2 zau1 waa2
粵語 粤语 jyut6 jyu5
你好 你好 nei5 hou2

Pronunciation in an old Chinese poem:

春曉　　孟浩然 Ceon1 Hiu2　　Maang6 Hou6jin4
春眠不覺曉， Ceon1 min4 bat1 gok3 hiu2,
處處聞啼鳥。 cyu3 cyu3 man4 tai4 niu5.
夜來風雨聲， Je6 loi4 fung1 jyu5 sing1,
花落知多少？ faa1 lok6 zi1 do1 siu2?

Jyutping input method

The Jyutping method (Chinese: 粵拼輸入法) refers to a family of input methods based on the Jyutping romanization system.

The Jyutping method allows a user to input Chinese characters by entering the jyutping of a Chinese character (with or without tone, depending on the system) and then presenting the user with a list of possible characters with that pronunciation.

List of Cantonese phonetic methods

Footnotes

  1. ^ MATTHEWS, S.; YIP, V. Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar; London: Routledge, 1994

External links

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