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Eastern lowland gorilla

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Grauer's gorilla ( also Eastern lowland gorilla)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Primates
Family:
Hominidae
Genus:
Gorilla
Species:
G. beringei
Subspecies:
G. b. graueri
Trinomial name
Gorilla beringei graueri
(Matschie, 1914)

The Eastern lowland gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) also known as the Grauer's gorilla is a subspecies of eastern gorilla endemic to the mountainous forests of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Important populations of this gorilla live within the Kahuzi-Biega and Maiko National Parks and their adjacent forests, the Tayna Gorilla Reserve, the Usala forest and on the Itombwe Massif.

This subspecies is considerably larger and more robust in appearance[citation needed] than the western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), having a longer body, longer teeth, a stronger jaw and a broader torso. They have jet black coats like the mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei), although the hair is shorter on the head and body. The male's coat, like that of other gorillas, turns silver at the back as the animal matures. There are many more western lowland gorillas than the eastern variety; compared to a possible total of over 100,000 western lowland gorillas, there are only about 4,000 eastern lowland gorillas in the wild, and only 1 female in captivity at the Antwerp Zoo in Belgium.[2]

Physical description

Eastern lowland gorillas are the largest subspecies of gorilla and the largest living primates. Males weigh 163 kg (359 lb) on average while females usually weigh half as much.[3] Males have a standing height of 1.76 metres (5 ft 9 in) on average and females stand at 1.60 metres (5 ft 3 in) or less.

Gorillas living on zoos are usually heavier than those in the wild, since they get less exercise and can weigh as much as 270 kilograms (600 lb).[4] One of the largest captive gorillas was a male named Phil that lived between 1941 and 1958 at the St. Louis Zoo, estimated to weigh 250 kilograms (550 lb).[5]

Phil's recorded measurements were: height 1.7 m (5.6 ft), bust 182 cm (72 in), neck 91.5 cm (36.0 in), and wrist 38 cm (15 in).[6]

Habitat and ecology

Eastern lowland gorillas are predominantly herbivorous, eating mostly leaves. They are known to eat only a few leaves from a single plant, allowing the plant to regrow. They will also eat fruit, seeds, bamboo shoots, and insects. Gorillas also engage in coprophagia; they eat their own feces, as well as the feces of other gorillas.[citation needed] Similar behavior has also been observed among chimpanzees. Such behavior may serve to improve absorption of vitamins or of nutritive elements made available from the re-ingestion of seeds.[citation needed]

Conservation and threats

The primary causes of habitat loss directly cause the decline in eastern lowland populations. These primary causes are: the killing of gorillas for bushmeat, instances of killing gorillas as revenge for confiscation of illegal chrcoal or law enforcement, or the destruction of gorilla habitat as a result of logging, charcoal, agricultural expansion or mining[7]. Widespread artisanal mining activities (often controlled by rebel militias) are the major source of hunting pressure for gorillas and other wildlife. The eastern lowland gorilla is also suffering a range reduction in some areas due to an expanding human population.

Threats to the Eastern Lowland Gorilla's survival include: logging, mining, civil unrest and hunting, [8] Civil unrest in the Democratic Republic of Congo has resulted in a decline in Eastern Lowland Gorillas as well as mountain gorillas in this region. The region inhabited by Eastern Lowland Gorilla has decreased from 8,100 square miles to 4,600 square miles in the past 50 years [9]. This primate species now occupies only 13% of its historical area. Violence in the region has made research difficult, however, scientists have estimated that the population has decreased by more than 50% since the mid-1990's, [10]. In the mid-1990's, the population was recorded to nearly 17,000 gorillas.

Civil War

The civil war taking place in the Democratic of the Congo means military groups remain within the forest for long periods of time. Thus, poaching has increased as militia and refugees become hungry. Military leaders have also disarmed the park security guards in national parks meaning they have virtually no control over the activities that occur within the park, and those that enter it when faced with armed soldiers. The militia groups present in the region restrict protection of the eastern lowland gorilla. It has been estimated that more than half of the 240 gorillas know in one study have been killed as a result of poaching, [11]. Researchers have also stated that it is more difficult to patrol areas outside of the park and expect to find even higher levels of poaching,[12].

Conservation groups negotiated with rebels who control the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo to re-arm the park guards [13] After the war began, government funding of the park was stopped. Conservation groups WWF, International Gorilla Conservation Program and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zasammenarbeit (German development agency) have funded the guards for the past several years [14]

Many multinational corporations are indirectly, and some directly, funding the civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo by buying illegal resources from the area or by trading resources for military weaponry, [15]. Reports from 2007 state that 14,694 tons of cassiterite ($45 million USD), 1,193 tons of wolframite (worth $4.27 million USD) and 393 tons of coltan ($5.42 million USD) were exported in 2007 [16]. Coltan in particular is one of the main export resources bought by multinational corporations illegally and is growing in demand due to its use for cellphones. Traxy’s alone bought $226 tonnes of coltan in 2007 which is 57% of the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s entire coltan. The United Nations Environmental Programme reported that resources from multinational corporations and pension funds in industrialized countries are “directed through subsidiary companies to help finance corription and arms sales, processes that may involve ‘conflict’ natural resources”[17] Private companies have been found to trade weapons for resources or provide access to weapons through subsidiary companies [18].

Bushmeat

Bushmeat is useful for displaced peoples residing in the region affected by this civil war, militias groups and loggers and miners, (Wilkie and Carpenter, 1999; Fa et al., 2000; Brashares et al., 2004; Ryan and Bell, 2005; Poulsen et al., 2009). . Surveys have shown that great apes, chimpanzees and bonobos comprise 0.5-2% of the meat found in bushmeats markets [19]. Some researchers have found that up to 5 million metric tons of bushmeat are traded annually [20]. This has a detrimental affect on the eastern lowland gorilla populations because of their slow rate of reproduction and their already struggling population, [21]. Although gorilla bushmeat only constitutes a small porpotion of the bushmeat sold, it continues to encourage a decline in the gorilla populations being subjected to hunting [22]. Endangered Species International stated that 300 gorillas are killed each year to supply the bushmeat markets in the Congo [23].

Banana plantations have been affected by gorillas. Gorillas rarely eat the banana fruits, but they do eat the nutritious pith [24]. Farmers who have come in contact with gorillas in their plantations have killed the gorilla and obtained a double benefit, protecting their crop and using the meat of the gorilla to sell at the market [25]

Park conservation

Most parks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are insecure areas restricting the access of park rangers. Although Park rangers are trained to stop illegal hunting, the small number of park rangers do not have access to further training or equipment to handle the militia groups [26]. In the Virunga National Park, for example, 190 park rangers have been killed in just the past 15 years from civil war. Laws in place enforce trans-boundary collaboration and have been proven successful in reducing the decline of the eastern lowland gorilla [27] Illegal extraction of resources from the Virunga National Park has been reduced by policing transportation across borders [28]. This has reduced the financial input available to the militias in the region [29]. Although park rangers have been successful in restricting the amount of illegal resources being transported out of the region, militias groups have retaliated by purposely killing a group of gorillas to threaten the park rangers [30]. On July 22nd 2007, 10 gorillas were killed in retaliation to the park rangers for interfering with the exportation of illegal resources such as wood [31].

The militia have remained in control in the region as a result of the neighbouring countries. These militia groups trade minerals and timber illegally in exchange for arms from neighbouring countries, corrupt officials and subsidiaries of many multinational companies [32]. Gorillas are also threatened directly by militia groups because of the prevalence of booby traps placed randomly throughout the forest [33]. Although the Eastern Lowland gorilla population is affected directly from violence caused by militia groups, their population is endangered mainly from the extraction of natural resources disrupting their habitat.

Refugees

Approximately two million people, directly and indirectly related to Rwandan genocide in 1994, fled to Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, mainly in Virunga National Park, [34]. It has been estimated that there were 720,000 refugees living in five camps in the DRC bordering the park (Katale, Kahindo, Kibumba, Mugunga and Lac Vert), 24. Deforestation occurred as 80,000 refugees travelled into the park daily to find wood. Deforestation occurred at a rate of 0.1 km2 per day, [35]. Once the Congo war began in 1996, 500,000 refugees remained, putting pressure on the natural resources, including the eastern lowland gorilla.

Logging

Illegal logging may occur from companies with no rights to the land or by legal landholders. Over-harvesting is an illegal practice often conducted by legal concession holder and encourages deforestation and illegal resources exportation. The areas logged are prime gorilla habitat and is considered an international concern. Companies involved in illegal exploitation therefore encourage environmental destruction in the area and fuel the illegal export industry controlled by militia groups.

Conservation Groups

Conservation groups negotiated with rebels who control the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo to re-arm the park guards [36]. After the war began, government funding of the park was stopped. Conservation groups WWF, International Gorilla Conservation Program and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zasammenarbeit (German development agency) have funded the guards for the past several years, [37].


Male eastern lowland gorilla

Behaviour

Eastern lowland gorillas tend to be sociable and very peaceful, living in groups of 5 to 30. A group usually consists of one silverback and few subdominant males. Silverbacks are the strong, dominant troop leaders (see alpha male). They are in charge of leading the group to food and protecting the group from danger. Males will slowly begin to leave their original group when they reach maturity, usually traveling with a group of other males for a few years before being able to attract females to form a new group.

Reproduction

A female will give birth to twins or a single infant after a gestation period of about 8½ months. They breastfeed for about 12 months. The baby can crawl at around 9 weeks old and can walk at about 35 weeks old. Infant gorillas normally stay with their mother for 3 to 4 years and mature at around 11 to 12 years old.

References

  1. ^ Template:IUCN2008
  2. ^ Prince-Hughes, Dawn (1987). Songs of the Gorilla Nation. Harmony. p. 66. ISBN 1-4000-5058-8. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ Tuttle, Russell H. (1986). Apes of the World: Their Social Behavior, Communication, Mentality and Ecology. William Andrew. ISBN 0815511043.
  4. ^ Miller, Patricia (1997). Gorillas. p. 64. ISBN 0919879896.
  5. ^ Leonard, Mary D. (2009). Animals Always: 100 years at the Saint Louis Zoo. p. 208.
  6. ^ Dobroruka. L. J.: Poloopice an opice (Prosimians and Apes), 2nd ed., Prague, 1983, pp.175-6
  7. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 24. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Eastern Lowland Gorilla". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  9. ^ "Eastern Lowland Gorilla". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  10. ^ "Eastern Lowland Gorilla". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  11. ^ Vogel, Gretchen (Mar. 31, 2000). "Conflict in Congo Threatens Bonobos and Rare Gorillas". Science. 287 (5462): 2386–2387. Retrieved 26/09/2012. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  12. ^ Vogel, Gretchen (Mar. 31, 2000). "Conflict in Congo Threatens Bonobos and Rare Gorillas". Science. 287 (5462): 2386–2387. Retrieved 26/09/2012. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  13. ^ Vogel, Gretchen (Mar. 31, 2000). "Conflict in Congo Threatens Bonobos and Rare Gorillas". Science. 287 (5462): 2386–2387. Retrieved 26/09/2012. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  14. ^ Vogel, Gretchen (Mar. 31, 2000). "Conflict in Congo Threatens Bonobos and Rare Gorillas". Science. 287 (5462): 2386–2387. Retrieved 26/09/2012. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  15. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 24. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 28. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 30. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 30. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 6. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 46. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 6. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 7. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 47. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 48. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 49. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 22. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 22. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 23. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 23. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 24. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ United Nations Environmental Programme, C.I. (2010). [www. grida.no The Last Stand of the Gorilla: Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo]. United Nations Environmental Programme. p. 24. ISBN 978-82-7701-076-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ Vogel, Gretchen (Mar. 31, 2000). "Conflict in Congo Threatens Bonobos and Rare Gorillas". Science. 287 (5462): 2386–2387. Retrieved 26/09/2012. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  37. ^ Vogel, Gretchen (Mar. 31, 2000). "Conflict in Congo Threatens Bonobos and Rare Gorillas". Science. 287 (5462): 2386–2387. Retrieved 26/09/2012. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
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