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Tropical Storm Arlene (2011)

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Tropical Storm Arlene
Tropical Storm (SSHWS/NWS)
Arlene after landfall on Mexico
FormedJune 28, 2011
DissipatedJuly 1, 2011
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 65 mph (100 km/h)
Lowest pressure993 mbar (hPa); 29.32 inHg
Fatalities18 direct, 4 indirect
Damage$223.4 million (2011 USD)
Areas affectedCentral America, Mexico, Texas, Florida
Part of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season

Tropical Storm Arlene was the first named storm of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season, and an intense tropical storm that affected much of eastern Mexico in late June to early July 2012. Originating from an Atlantic tropical wave, the precursor disturbance crossed the Yucatán Peninsula before emerging into the Bay of Campeche over warm waters. Despite moderate shear conditions, the system organized and developed a low-level circulation, and by June 28 the formation of Arlene was issued. The storm remained vigorous for most of its duration, and on June 30, Arlene attained its peak intensity just prior to landfall on the coast of Veracruz. Crossing the mountains of eastern Mexico, the system weakened into a tropical depression before dissipating early on July 1.

The tropical disturbance that preceded Arlene brought significant rainfall to parts of Central America, killing three people and triggering widespread flooding and landslides. Throughout Mexico, prolonged rains from Arlene and subsequent flooding affected hundreds of homes and several roads. Power was lost to 285,000 homes at the height of the storm, while many residents required evacuation. In the country, at least 22 people were confirmed dead due to the effects of Arlene. Despite the deaths and damage, its rains alleviated ongoing drought conditions in southern Texas and Florida.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression
The precursor low to Arlene organizing over the Bay of Campeche

The origins of Tropical Storm Arlene trace back to a distinct tropical wave embedded within an area of deep moisture that emerged off the coast of Africa on June 13 and tracked westward across the Atlantic for several days, reaching the West Caribbean Sea in late June.[1][2] By June 24, it began interacting with the extension of a monsoon trough across the region, generating broad cyclonic flow and scattered convection in conjunction with support from an upper trough to the northwest. The amplified wave slowly proceeded toward the west-northwest along Central America, bringing heavy precipitation to the area.[3] Initially, development was impeded by the trough aloft and adjacent land, though the National Hurricane Center (NHC) noted conditions favorable to tropical cyclogenesis over the Bay of Campeche, coupled with abating wind shear.[4] On June 26, the disturbance moved inland over the Yucatán Peninsula; it emerged into the bay the next day as a surface low formed.[5][6] Despite moderate shear, a Hurricane Hunters flight into the system found a closed circulation center. Deep convection became more organized, and at midnight June 29 the NHC initiated advisories on Tropical Storm Arlene about 280 mi (450 km) south-southeast of Tampico, Tamaulipas, after surface winds increased to 40 mph (65 km/h).[7]

Over the following hours, deep convection increased around the broad storm, though its center continued to lack in organization.[8] Arlene subsequently curved to the west in response to a ridge of high pressure to its north and northwest, while shear aloft further decreased over the region. Owing to the decrease, the large storm began to strengthen gradually, as it developed spiral convective bands closer to the circulation center.[9] Although forecast models supported intensification to hurricane status, significant development was compromised by a lack of distinguishable central features.[10] Just prior to landfall, Dvorak satellite estimates indicated a peak intensity of 65 mph (100 km/h) on June 30, while the storm accelerated off the coast of Veracruz. Arlene moved ashore near Cabo Rojo as a strong tropical storm by 0900 UTC, with the severest winds confined to the north of the center.[11]

Further inland, the storm turned to the west-southwest along the building ridge. Arlene gradually decreased in strength upon doing so; its mid- and low-level circulations became increasingly decoupled, with the latter exhibiting an elongated and ill-defined appearance.[12] Early on July 1, Arlene was downgraded to a tropical depression, dissipating over the high terrain of the Sierra Madre Mountains shortly thereafter.[13][14] The remnant low of Arlene continued to produce heavy precipitation over the country, and with high pressure offshore a tight pressure gradient generated strong easterly breeze along Pacific coastlines.[15]

Preparations and impact

Central America

Arlene making landfall as a strong tropical storm on June 30, as seen on infrared imagery

For several days, the precursor disturbance to Arlene produced significant precipitation along coastal Central America and the Yucatán Peninsula. Authorities issued a green alert for 13 departments in Honduras on the afternoon of June 24, which was to remain in effect for 72 hours.[16] Heavy rainfall and consequent flooding killed one person and collapsed a major bridge near the Goascorán River, leaving about 600 families isolated from surrounding areas.[17][18] Elsewhere in the country, a rockslide occurred along a road to San José de Colinas, and several rivers overflowed due to the effects of the storm.[19]

In neighboring El Salvador, maximum rainfall amounts totaled 8.34 in (212 mm). Two people drowned in San Miguel, while 25 others were displaced in La Unión due to the associated floods.[20][21] On June 26, the departments of La Unión, Ahuachapán, and Sonsonate were put under green alerts for a day after rains persisted over the region.[22] Scattered moderate showers also affected several parts of Nicaragua, triggering mudslides and overflowing a river in Cuapa. Along the riverside, 30 homes suffered inundations and 94 people evacuated the area.[23]

Mexico

Tropical Storm Arlene and its remnants produced hours of prolonged rainfall over much of northeastern and south-central Mexico. Widespread floods and landslides impacted multiple states, prompting evacuations and causing copious damage to property and infrastructure. At the height of the storm, about 285,000 households lost power throughout Mexico, though service was quickly restored to 210,000 homes.[24] Schools remained closed in the morning throughout Hidalgo, as well as in parts of San Luis Potosí, Guerrero, Puebla, and Oaxaca.[25] Throughout the country, Arlene resulted in 22 confirmed fatalities and left one person missing.[26]

Yucatán Peninsula

Across the Yucatán Peninsula, officials and emergency workers braced for heavy rains as the system developed.[27] Upon moving ashore near Quintana Roo, the system spread cloudiness and precipitation across much of the state, resulting in copious flooding. As a consequence, marine and fishing operations were suspended along coastlines, while many schools were closed in Benito Juárez on June 28.[28] Strong winds and scattered flooding damaged more than 450 homes in Chiapas; rainfall accumulations of 9.3 in (237 mm) were recorded in Tapachula and Soconusco over a 36-hour time span.[29] Officials ordered the evacuation of about 150 families after two rivers in the region reached dangerous water levels.[30] In addition, the Port of Chiapas halted operations for smaller vessels as a safety precaution, and 11 landslides were reported across the state.[29] In the wake of Arlene, one fatality was confirmed in Chiapas.[31]

La Huasteca Region

In response to Arlene's formation, the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning on June 29 for coastal areas from Barra de Nautla northward to Bahia Algodones.[32] Later that day, a hurricane watch was put into effect for the area extending from Tuxpan to La Cruz, after the storm showed signs of strengthening.[33] They were both extended shortly after, with the watch then reaching to Barra de Nautla and the warning further southward to Palma Sola, though the latter was simultaneously discontinued for areas to the north of La Pesca.[34] Prior to landfall, the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) activated a contingency plan for risk zones in the states of Veracruz and Tamaulipas. Emergency crews and medical teams were subsequently dispatched to the area in order to supply medical care to possible victims and manage power plant water pumps in case of flooding.[35] An alert was declared for Pemex—a major oil company within the storm's projected path—in consideration of possible impact to refineries and other facilities.[36]

Overcast conditions created by Arlene on moving ashore

Arlene brought strong thunderstorms and showers to much of the eastern Mexico, with gale-force winds reported along adjacent coastlines.[37] Upon landfall in Veracruz, Arlene uprooted trees and caused extensive flooding, prompting at least 1,786 people throughout the state to evacuate their homes.[38] Over 50 temporary shelters were made available in flood-prone areas across various municipalities.[39] Strong rains triggered a total 67 landslides in the state;[40] a landslide in Tlalnelhuayocan collapsed two houses, killing one inhabitant and injuring 10 others. Additionally, mudslides and rockfall uprooted trees and damaged eight cars in Banerilla, though no injuries were linked to the incident.[41] In Tihuatlán, a rescue worker was indirectly killed during the passage of the storm.[42] In total, Arlene affected 3,358 residences across 50 municipalities; up to 2,000 homes were damaged in El Higo. Localized rainfall accumulations exceeding 3.9 in (100 mm) brought on the overflow of some 28 rivers, as well as the isolation of 116 communities statewide.[43] Other effects in Veracruz included considerable infrastructural failure, localized land subsidence, and three damaged schools in Coacoatzintla.[40] Road reconstruction costs totaled at least $126 million in Mexican Currency (US$10.2 million).[44] In response to the devastation, the government declared a state of emergency for 65 percent of the state; by July 5, at least 62 municipalities remained under alert.[45]

Authorities in Tamaulipas prompted the preparation of five shelters, as well as the mobilization of 10 emergency teams to evacuate up to 20,000 people in anticipation of adverse weather conditions.[46] Extensive floods forced some 400 families to evacuate throughout the state; 70 trapped families in El Mante were rescued from their flooded homes.[42] At the height of the storm, high-voltage electrocutions caused two deaths in the municipalities of Tampico and Reynosa, while critically injuring two workers in Matamoros.[47][48] By July 4, two additional deaths were reported in the state, though their causes remain unspecified.[49] Property damage was reported to approximately 40,000 homes, according to preliminary estimates.[24] A state of emergency was declared in the municipalities of Tampico, Ciudad Madero, Altamira, and González in the wake of the storm.[50] Additionally, broken drains and sewers increased the risk of cholera through contaminated water.[51] Damage from the storm surmounted $67 million in Mexican Currency (US$5.8 million) in Tamaulipas.[52]

Further inland, authorities in Hidalgo activated 250 shelters and dispatched emergency workers as a safety measure. About 100 families required evacuation in the municipalities of Orizatlán and Tlanchinol as a consequence of the storm. Statewide, more than 80 landslides occurred due to the rains;[53] a landslide in Jacala resulted in at least two deaths. Swollen rivers in El Arenal and Huejutla drowned two people, who were later confirmed dead.[54] In the wake of the disaster, the government of Hidalgo allocated a total Mex$17 million (US$1.45 million) in order to initiate rehabilitation work.[55] However, total damage from the storm reached $2.6 billion in Mexican Currency (US$207.4 million) across the state.[56] In San Luis Potosí, Arlene claimed the lives of five people, of which two drowned.[57] Damaging landslides left dozens of communities isolated, and more than 600 residents evacuated flooded areas in particular in Ciudad Valles, Tamazunchale, El Naranjo, and Xilitla.[58][57]

Elsewhere

In Puebla, downpours triggered landslides that affected two roads, cutting them off to traffic.[59] The storm felled trees that struck one home in the municipality of Zihuateutla, killing its inhabitant.[60] In Tlacotepec, a girl was left missing after falling into a rushing stream;[59] by July 4, officials confirmed she had drowned.[58] After hours of prolonged rainfall, concerns arose over the potential risk of a dam in the municipality of Tlatlauquitepec.[61] Three houses sustained damage in Eloxochitlán as a consequence of excess soil saturation, with another reportedly collapsing in Atempan.[61] Elsewhere, mucky flood waters of about 1.6 ft (0.5 m) in height affected a local school building when an adjacent river overflowed.[59]

At the risk of flash flooding, public storm shelters were made available in parts of Oaxaca. Rainfall inflicted damage to multiple roads and collapsed one bridge; communication was subsequently lost with over 12,000 people from Mixe–Zapotec communities.[62] The storm's remnants caused a landslide that overturned a taxi, killing one of its nine passengers.[58] Post-storm conditions in Michoacán—which was still recovering from the impact of Pacific Hurricane Beatriz—worsened significantly; at least 1,600 homes sustained additional damage, with cut-off roads and severed bridges secluding multiple coastal communities in Aquila.[63] In Guerrero, three people were killed in traffic accidents due to the adverse weather.[60] Torrential rainfall throughout the state left one person missing and flooded 210 homes, with uprooted trees and rockfall reported along mountainous areas.[64][65]

United States

In Florida, moisture tracing behind Arlene produced showers, alleviating ongoing extreme drought conditions in the state.[66] The National Weather Service warned for the potential of flooding rains in the drought-stricken region of southern Texas. Officials in Cameron County ordered the preparation of sandbags, as well as the inspection of water pumps and vehicles to deal with floodwaters.[67] In Hidalgo County, the storm spawned a weak tornado that damaged roofs, toppled vehicles, and injured one person prior to moving into Mexico.[68]

See also

References

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