Edogawa Ranpo

Edogawa Rampo
File:Ranpo Edogawa cropped.jpg
Born	Tarō Hirai October 21, 1894 Mie, Japan
Died	July 28, 1965(1965-07-28) (aged 70)
Occupation	Novelist
Nationality	Japanese
Genre	Mystery

Tarō Hirai (平井 太郎, Hirai Tarō, October 21, 1894 – July 28, 1965), better known by the pseudonym Edogawa Rampo (江戸川 乱歩, sometimes romanized as "Edogawa Ranpo"), was a Japanese author and critic who played a major role in the development of Japanese mystery fiction. Many of his novels involve the detective hero Kogoro Akechi, who in later books was the leader of a group of boy detectives known as the "Boy Detective's Gang" (少年探偵団, Shōnen tantei dan).

Rampo was an admirer of western mystery writers, and especially of Edgar Allan Poe. His pen name is a rendering of Poe's name. Other authors who were special influences on him were Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, whom he attempted to translate into Japanese during his days as a student at Waseda University, and the Japanese mystery writer Ruikō Kuroiwa.

Biography

Before World War II

Tarō Hirai was born in Nabari, Mie Prefecture in 1894. He grew up in Nagoya and studied economics at Waseda University starting in 1912. After graduating in 1916 with a degree in economics he worked a series of odd jobs, including newspaper editing, drawing cartoons for magazine publications, selling soba noodles as a street vendor, and working in a bookstore.

In 1923 he made his literary debut by publishing the mystery story "The Two-Sen Copper Coin" (二銭銅貨, Ni-sen dōka) under the pen name "Edogawa Rampo" (pronounced quickly, this humorous pseudonym sounds much like the name of the American pioneer of detective fiction, Edgar Allan Poe, whom he admired). The story appeared in the magazine Shin Seinen, a popular magazine written largely for an adolescent audience. Shin Seinen had previously published stories by a variety of Western authors including Poe, Arthur Conan Doyle, and G. K. Chesterton, but this was the first time the magazine published a major piece of mystery fiction by a Japanese author. Some, such as James B. Harris (Ranpo's first translator into English), have erroneously called this the first piece of modern mystery fiction by a Japanese writer, but well before Ranpo entered the literary scene in 1923, a number of other modern Japanese authors such as Ruikō Kuroiwa, Kidō Okamoto, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Haruo Satō, and Kaita Murayama had incorporated elements of sleuthing, mystery, and crime within stories involving adventure, intrigue, the bizarre, and the grotesque. What struck critics as new about Ranpo’s debut story "The Two-Sen Copper Coin" was that it focused on the logical process of ratiocination used to solve a mystery within a story that is closely related to Japanese culture. The story involves an extensive description of an ingenious code based on a Buddhist incantation known as the "nenbutsu" as well as Japanese-language Braille.

Over the course of the next several years, Edogawa went on to write a number of other stories that focus on crimes and the processes involved in solving them. Among these stories are a number of stories that are now considered classics of early 20th-century Japanese popular literature: "Case of the Murder on D-Slope" (D坂の殺人事件, D-zaka no satsujin jiken, January 1925), which is about a woman who is killed in the course of a sadomasochistic extramarital affair, "The Stalker in the Attic" (屋根裏の散歩者, Yane-ura no Sanposha, August 1925), which is about a man who kills a neighbor in a Tokyo boarding house by dropping poison through a hole in the attic floor into his mouth, and "The Human Chair" (人間椅子, Ningen Isu, October 1925), which is about a man who hides himself in a chair to feel the bodies on top of him. Mirrors, lenses, and other optical devices appear in many of Edogawa's other early stories, such as "The Hell of Mirrors".

Although many of his first stories were primarily about sleuthing and the processes used in solving seemingly insolvable crimes, during the 1930s, he began to turn increasingly to stories that involved a combination of sensibilities often called "ero guro nansensu", from the three words "eroticism, grotesquerie, and the nonsensical". The presence of these sensibilities helped him sell his stories to sell to the public, which was increasingly eager to read his work. One finds in these stories a frequent tendency to incorporate elements of what the Japanese at that time called "abnormal sexuality" (変態性欲, hentai seiyoku). For instance, a major portion of the plot of the novel The Demon of the Lonely Isle (孤島の鬼, Kotō no oni), serialized from January 1929 to February 1930 in the journal Morning Sun (朝日, Asahi), involves a homosexual doctor and his infatuation for another main character.

By the 1930s, Edogawa was writing regularly for a number of major public journals of popular literature, and he had emerged as the foremost voice of Japanese mystery fiction. The detective hero Kogorō Akechi, who had first appeared in the story "Case of the Murder on D-Slope" became a regular feature in his stories, a number of which pitted him against a dastardly criminal known as the Mystery Man of Twenty Faces (怪人二十面相, Kaijin ni-jū mensō), who had an incredible ability to disguise himself and move throughout society. (A number of these novels were subsequently made into films.) The 1930 novel introduced the adolescent Kobayashi (小林少年) as Kogoro's sidekick, and in the period after World War II, Edogawa wrote a number of novels for young readers that involved Kogoro and the adolescent Kobayashi as the leaders of a group of young sleuths called the "Boy Detective's Gang" (少年探偵団, Shōnen tantei dan). These works were wildly popular and are still read by many young Japanese readers, much like the Hardy Boys or Nancy Drew mysteries are popular mysteries for adolescents in the English-speaking world.

During World War II

In 1939, two years after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident and the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Edogawa was ordered by government censors to drop his story "The Caterpillar" (芋虫), which he had published without incident a few years before, from a collection of his short stories that the publisher Shun'yōdō was reprinting. "The Caterpillar" is about a veteran who was turned into a quadriplegic and so disfigured by war that he was little more than a human "caterpillar", unable to talk, move, or live by himself. Censors banned the story, apparently believing that the story would detract from the current war effort. This came as a blow to Ranpo, who relied on royalties from reprints for income. (The short story inspired director Kōji Wakamatsu, who drew from it his movie Caterpillar, which competed for the Golden Bear at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival.)

Over the course of World War II, especially during the full-fledged war between Japan and the US that began after in 1941, Edogawa was active in his local patriotic, neighborhood organization, and he wrote a number of stories about young detectives and sleuths that might be seen as in line with the war effort, but he wrote most of these under different pseudonyms as if to disassociate them with his legacy. In February 1945, his family was evacuated from their home in Ikebukuro, Tokyo to Fukushima in northern Japan. Edogawa remained until June, when he was suffering from malnutrition. Much of Ikebukuro was destroyed in Allied air raids and the subsequent fires that broke out in the city, but miraculously, the thick, earthen-walled warehouse which he used as his studio was spared, and still stands to this day beside the campus of Rikkyo University.

Postwar

In the postwar period, Edogawa dedicated a great deal of energy to promoting mystery fiction, both in terms of the understanding of its history and encouraging the production of new mystery fiction. In 1946, he put his support behind a new journal called Jewels (宝石, Hōseki) dedicated to mystery fiction, and in 1947, he founded the Detective Author’s Club (探偵作家クラブ, Tantei sakka kurabu), which changed its name in 1963 to the Mystery Writers of Japan (日本推理作家協会, Nihon Suiri Sakka Kyōkai). In addition, he wrote a large number of articles about the history of Japanese, European, and American mystery fiction. Many of these essays were published in book form. Other than essays, much of his postwar literary production consisted largely of novels for juvenile readers featuring Kogorō Akechi and the Boy Detectives Gang.

In the 1950s, he and a bilingual translator collaborated for five years on a translation of Edogawa's works into English, published as "Japanese Tales of Mystery and Imagination" by Tuttle. Since the translator could speak but not read Japanese, and Edogawa could not write English, the translation was done aurally, with Edogawa reading each sentence aloud, then checking the written English.

Another of his interests, especially during the late 1940s and 1950s, was bringing attention to the work of his dear friend Jun'ichi Iwata (1900–1945), an anthropologist who had spent many years researching the history of homosexuality in Japan. During the 1930s, Edogawa and Iwata had engaged in a light-hearted competition to see who could find the most books about erotic desire between men. Edogawa dedicated himself to finding books published in the West and Iwata dedicated himself to finding books having to do with Japan. Iwata passed away in 1945, with only part of his work published, so Edogawa worked to have the remaining work on queer historiography published.

In the postwar period, a large number of Edogawa's books were made into films. The interest in using Edogawa's literature as a departure point for creating films has continued well after his death. Edogawa died from a cerebral hemorrhage in 1965. He was buried in the town of Tsu in Mie Prefecture, relatively near his birthplace.

Major works

Stories involving Kogorō Akechi

• "Case of the Murder on D-Slope" (D坂の殺人事件, D-zaka no satsujin jiken, January 1925)
• "The Psychological Test" (心理試験, Shinri Shiken, February 1925)
• "The Black Hand Syndicate" (黒手組, Kurote-gumi, March 1925)
• "The Apparition" (幽霊, Yūrei, May 1925)
• "Watcher in the Attic" (屋根裏の散歩者, Yaneura no Sanposha, August 1925)
• The Dwarf (一寸法師, Issun-bōshi, 1926)
• "Who" (何者, Nanimono, November 1929)
• The Spider-Man (蜘蛛男, Kumo-Otoko, 1929)
• The Fruits of Curiosity-Hunting (猟奇の果, Ryōki no Hate, 1930)
• The Conjurer (魔術師, Majutsu-shi, 1930)
• The Vampire (吸血鬼, Kyūketsuki, 1930) First appearance of Kobayashi
• The Golden Mask (黄金仮面, Ōgon-kamen, 1930)
• Black Lizard (黒蜥蜴, Kuro-tokage, 1934) Made into a film by Kinji Fukasaku in 1968
• The Human Leopard (人間豹, Ningen-Hyō, 1934)
• The Devil's Crest (悪魔の紋章, Akuma no Monshō, 1937)
• Dark Star (暗黒星, Ankoku-sei, 1939)
• Hell's Clown (地獄の道化師, Jigoku no Dōkeshi, 1939)
• "The Dangerous Weapon" (兇器, Kyōki, June 1954)
• Shadow-Man (影男, Kage-otoko, 1955)
• "Moon and Gloves" (月と手袋, Tsuki to Tebukuro, April 1955)

Other stories

• "The Two-Sen Copper Coin" (二銭銅貨, Ni-sen Dōka, April 1923)
• "The Daydream" (白昼夢, Hakuchūmu, July 1925)
• "The Human Chair" (人間椅子, Ningen Isu, October 1925)
• "The Red Chamber" (赤い部屋, Akai heya, April 1925)
• Strange Tale of Panorama Island (パノラマ島奇談, Panorama-tō Kidan, 1926)
• Incident at the Lakeside Inn (湖畔亭事件, Kohan-tei Jiken, 1926)
• "The Hell of Mirrors" (鏡地獄, Kagami-jigoku, October 1926)
• Beast in the Shadows (陰獣, Injū, 1928)
• "The Caterpillar" (芋虫, Imomushi, 1929)
• The Demon of the Lonely Isle (孤島の鬼, Kotō no Oni, 1929-30)
• "The Traveler with the Pasted Rag Picture" (押絵と旅する男, Oshie to Tabi-suru Otoko, 1929)
• The White-Haired Demon (白髪鬼, Hakuhatsu-ki, 1931)
• The Blind Beast (盲獣, Mōjū, 1931)
• Ghost Tower (幽霊塔, Yūrei tō, 1937) Based on the adaption of the Meiji-period adaptation of Alice Muriel Williamson's A Woman in Grey by Ruikō Kuroiwa (黒岩涙香).
• Terror in the Triangle-Hall (三角館の恐怖, Sankaku-kan no kyōfu, 1951)
• Crossroads (十字路, Jūjiro, 1955)

In popular culture

• Director Teruo Ishii's Horrors of Malformed Men from 1969 incorporates plot elements from a number of Rampo stories. Noboru Tanaka filmed Watcher in the Attic as part of Nikkatsu's Roman porno series in 1976.

• The manga group CLAMP used Edogawa as one of the inspirations for the series Man of Many Faces (1990–1991).

• In the manga (1994 onward) and subsequent anime (1996 onward) Detective Conan, the protagonist Shin'ichi Kudō, chooses the pseudonym "Conan Edogawa," taking parts of the names of the British detective novelist Arthur Conan Doyle and Edogawa Rampo as he frantically attempts to make up a name to cover up his identity after he shrinks into a young boy. He lives with his best friend, whose father is a detective named Kogorō. Conan's mother also occasionally uses the fake name Fumiyo, a reference to the wife of Edogawa's character Kogorō Akechi.

• Akio Jissoji's films Watcher in the Attic (1992) and Murder on D Street (1998) are both adaptations of Rampo's works. In both these movies Kogorō Akechi is played by actor Kyūsaku Shimada.

• In 1994, a film entitled Rampo inspired by Rampo's works was released in Japan (The film was retitled The Mystery of Rampo for its American release). Rampo himself is the lead character of the film and is portrayed by actor Naoto Takenaka.

• The 1997 film Grosse Pointe Blank features a scene in which the main character, assassin Martin Q. Blank, attempts to drop poison into his target's mouth through a hole in the ceiling, the same method used in Stalker in the Attic.

• The 1999 film Gemini is loosely based on a Rampo story.

• The manga (2002–2007) and 2008 anime Nijū Mensō no Musume, or The Daughter of Twenty Faces, use Rampo's characters Kaijin Nijū-Mensō (The Mystery Man of Twenty Faces) and in a smaller role, Kogorō Akechi.

• Some of Rampo's stories were later turned into short films in the 2005 compilation Rampo Noir, starring the well-known actor Tadanobu Asano.

• Barbet Schroeder's 2008 film Inju: The Beast in the Shadow is an adaptation of Rampo's 1928 short story.

• The horror manga artist Suehiro Maruo had adapted two of Rampo's stories: The Strange Tale of the Panorama Island (2008) and "The Caterpillar" (2009).

• In 2009 the Japanese Google homepage displayed a logo commemorating his birthday on October 21.

• Horror manga artist and author Junji Ito drew his own adaptation of The Human Chair.

See also

• Japanese literature
• Japanese detective fiction
• Japanese horror
• Mystery Writers of Japan
• Edogawa Rampo Award

Bibliography

English translations of Rampo's writing

• Edogawa, Rampo (1956), Japanese Tales of Mystery and Imagination, translated by James B. Harris. 14th ed. Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle Company. ISBN 978-0-8048-0319-9.
• Edogawa Rampo (2006), The Black Lizard and the Beast in the Shadows, translated by Ian Hughes. Fukuoka: Kurodahan Press. ISBN 978-4-902075-21-2.
• Edogawa Rampo (2008), The Edogawa Rampo Reader, translated by Seth Jacobowitz. Fukuoka: Kurodahan Press. ISBN 978-4-902075-25-0. Contains many of Rampo's early short stories and essays.
• Edogawa Ranpo (2008), "The Two-Sen Copper Coin," translated by Jeffrey Angles, Modanizumu: Modernist Fiction from Japan, 1913–1938, ed. William Tyler. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3242-1. pp. 270–89.
• Edogawa Ranpo (2008), "The Man Traveling with the Brocade Portrait," translated by Michael Tangeman, Modanizumu: Modernist Fiction from Japan, 1913–1938, ed. William Tyler. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3242-1. pp. 376–393.
• Edogawa Ranpo (2008), "The Caterpillar," translated by Michael Tangeman, Modanizumu: Modernist Fiction from Japan, 1913–1938, ed. William Tyler. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3242-1. pp. 406–422.
• Edogawa Rampo (2012), "The Fiend with Twenty Faces," translated by Dan Luffey. Fukuoka: Kurodahan Press. ISBN 978-4-902075-36-6.

Secondary sources about Rampo

• Angles, Jeffrey (2011), Writing the Love of Boys: Origins of Bishōnen Culture in Modernist Japanese Literature. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-6970-7.
• Jacobowitz, Seth (2008), Introduction to The Edogawa Rampo Reader. Fukuoka: Kurodahan Press. ISBN 978-4-902075-25-0.
• Kawana, Sari (2008), Murder Most Modern: Detective Fiction and Japanese Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-5025-5.
• Silver, Mark (2008), Purloined Letters: Cultural Borrowing and Japanese Crime Literature, 1868-1937. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3188-2.

External links

• Kurodahan Press A publisher which has released two volumes of Rampo's fiction and essays. See the list of translations above.
• Entry in the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction