Wei Zifu

Wei Zifu
Empress consort of Han Dynasty
Tenure	128 BC – 90 BC
Predecessor	Empress Chen
Successor	Empress Shangguan
Died	91 BC Chang'an, Han
Spouse	Emperor Wu of Han
Posthumous name Si 思
Mother	Madam Wei (衛媼)

Wei Zifu (Traditional Chinese: 衛子夫; Simplified Chinese: 卫子夫; pinyin: Weì Zǐfū) (died 91 BC), posthumously known as Empress Si of Wu (孝武思皇后) or Wei Si Hou (衛思后, "Wei the Thoughtful Empress"), was an empress during ancient China's Han Dynasty. She was the second wife of the famous Emperor Wu and his spouse of 49 years, and stayed as his empress for 38 years, the second longest in Chinese history (behind only Empress Wang, the wife of Ming Dynasty's Wanli Emperor, who was empress for 42 years and came over 1,600 years later). She was the mother of Emperor Wu's heir apparent, Crown Prince Liu Ju, as well as the older half-sister of the famed general Wei Qing, the younger aunt of Huo Qubing, the step-aunt of Han statesman Huo Guang and the great grandmother of Liu Bingyi.

Family background and early years

Wei Zifu was born from humble means, out of a serf family. She was the fourth child and the youngest daughter of a lowly maid/servant at the household of Princess Pingyang (平陽公主), Emperor Wu's older sister. Her younger half-brother Wei Qing, born not long after her, was an illegitimate child from an extramarital affair by his mother with a low-level official serving the Princess's household. When Wei Zifu was still young, she was recruited as a singer at the princess' estate, where she was also trained in dancing and the Four Arts.

Encountering Emperor Wu and consortship

Emperor Wu's relationship with his newlywed first wife, Empress Chen Jiao, started to strain not long after he ascended to the throne. Empress Chen was an older cousin who was at least 8 years his senior, and their union was arranged from the political alliance between his mother Consort Wang (王夫人) and his paternal aunt Eldest Princess Guantao (館陶長公主), when he was barely 6 years old. The marriage was consummated at some point after Emperor Wu was then created the Crown Prince, but soon soured after Empress Chen was unable to bear him any children after many years. This tension further deteriorated after the young Emperor Wu, whose political survival at the time relied heavily on support from his aunt/mother-in-law after the defeat of his ambitious reform in 139 BC by his grandmother Grand Empress Dowager Dou, was forced to submit to the jealous and spoiled Empress Chen.

After conducting an annual ceremonial ritual at Bashang (灞上), Emperor Wu took the opportunity to pay a casual visit to his sister, whose household happened to be nearby. Princess Pingyang, intending to imitate the deeds of her aunt Princess Guantao, had prepared a collection of young women to offer for her brother's concubinage in order to establish herself political leverage (girls from lowly background, such as Wei Zifu, were not included). However, the plan did not work — all her candidates failed to impress the Emperor. Realizing her brother was disappointed and bored, the Princess called in her in-house dancers for entertainment. This time, Emperor Wu set his eyes on Wei Zifu and had immediately fallen for her beauty. Taking the opportunity of visiting the restroom, the young emperor took advantage upon and consummated with the young singer, whom the Princess had ordered to follow in and serve as a handmaid. Princess Pingyang observed the incident and immediately offered Wei Zifu to Emperor Wu as a gift.

However, what Wei Zifu would later experience on was far from a lovely cinderella story. Upon hearing the arrival of the new girl, the extremely intolerant Empress Chen made sure Emperor Wu abandon his idea of making Wei Zifu a concubine. Wei Zifu was then demoted to an insignificant palace maid and was largely forgotten by the Emperor.

More than a year later, feeling hopeless with her life inside the palaces, Wei Zifu blended into a queue of palace maids waiting to be expelled (normally those who were too aged or incompetent in palace services) in the hope of getting out. Coincidentally, Emperor Wu happened to be there inspecting the expulsion process, and love soon re-flamed when he saw the tearful Wei Zifu pleading to go home. By this point, Emperor Wu had consolidated enough political power and no longer had to appease Empress Chen. Wei Zifu was made to stay and fell pregnant very shortly later. This was exciting news for Emperor Wu, who was upset over being partially blamed for Empress Chen's infertility. His throne was previously under threat due to his previous political clash with conservative factions led by his grandmother during the failed 139 BC reform, and many royal nobles schemed of deposing him under the excuse of "being incapable of fathering children", and making his distant uncle Liu An the successor. Wei Zifu's pregnancy cleared Emperor Wu's name and silenced his political enemies, and ensured her becoming favored over Empress Chen.

Empress Chen became exceedingly jealous, but could do little to Wei Zifu as she was now under the Emperor's direct protection. The Empress's mother, Princess Liu Piao, then tried to take vengeance by kidnapping and attempting to murder Wei Zifu's younger brother Wei Qing, who was then serving as a horseman in Jianzhang Palace (建章宮, Emperor Wu's executive office at the time). However, Wei Qing was rescued from the princess' estate by his friends — a group of palace guards led by Gongsun Ao (公孫敖), who reported the entire incident to Emperor Wu. In response to the incident and as a sign of annoyance towards Empress Chen and her mother, Emperor Wu publicly made Wei Zifu a consort (夫人, a concubine position lower only to the Empress), and appointed Wei Qing as the Head of Household at Jianzhang Palace (建章監). Consort Wei then went on to monopolize Emperor Wu's love for over a decade, and bore him three daughters.

In 130 BC, Empress Chen was found to have resorted to witchcraft in attempt to restore her husband's love to her and to curse other concubines. Following a huge investigation/crackdown under the widely feared prosecutor Zhang Tang (張湯), which saw the execution of more than 300 people, Empress Chen was officially deposed for this misconduct against imperial moral standards, and exiled out of Chang'an to the remote and lonely Long Gate Palace (長門宮).

As Empress

The deposition of Empress Chen had left the position open, and Emperor Wu now had no official principal companion. In 129 BC, Wei Qing, who had already become a member of Emperor Wu's "insider circle" (內朝) of government officials, led an army of 10,000 cavalry and scored the first proper Han victory against Xiongnu. The following year, Consort Wei gave birth to Emperor Wu's first son, Liu Ju, and the overjoyed Emperor Wu (who was already 29 years of age when the son was born) immediately created her empress later that year. Liu Ju was later created crown prince in 122 BC.

After Wei Zifu became Empress, Wei Qing, now considered part of Emperor Wu's extended family, would be entrusted to more prominent roles in the war effort against Xiongnu, and was created the Generalissimo (大將軍) of All Armed Forces after his crushing victory over Xiongnu's Worthy Prince of the Right (右賢王) in 124 BC. Empress Wei's nephew Huo Qubing was also a distinguished military tactician with a series of successful campaigns over the control of the Hexi Corridor. By 123 BC, the Wei family had five marquesses and achieved top family honor. Despite the fact that the rise of the Wei family largely owed credit to the military talent of Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, Wei Zifu was often seen as the backbone of the family. A contemporary folk song sang:

Nothing to be happy if you bore a son. Nothing to be angry if you bore a daughter. Don't you see Wei Zifu dominates the world! 生男無喜，生女無怒，獨不見衛子夫霸天下！

Because the great achievements of this Wei family, many later Han emperors considered marrying concubines with the surname Wei as a way of attaining good fortune.

During her reign, Wei Zifu was recorded as a modest, careful and low-key empress, who tried her best to keep her clan members in line and out of trouble. The legendary historian Sima Qian, despite often displaying a skeptical and condescending attitude towards the Emperor's extended families, described Empress Wei as "fine in virtues" (嘉夫德若斯).

As the years went by, the Empress Wei sexual attraction for Emperor Wu faded and he began to favor other concubines, including Consort Wang (王夫人), Consort Li (李夫人, the sister of Li Guangli and Li Yannian) and Lady Zhao (趙婕妤, mother of Liu Fuling). However, he continued to respect Empress Wei's judgment and entrusted her to govern palace affairs when he was absent from the capital, and assigned her son Crown Prince Liu Ju as the regent for governmental affairs.

The Crown Prince revolt and death

In his advanced age, Emperor Wu became paranoid about the use of witchcraft against him. In 96 BC, a series of witchcraft persecutions would begin, and large numbers of people, many of whom were high officials and their families, were accused of witchcraft and executed, usually with their clans. Soon, these witchcraft persecutions would become intertwined in the succession struggles and erupt into a major catastrophe. 

In 94 BC, Emperor Wu's youngest son Liu Fuling was born to Lady Zhao. Emperor Wu was ecstatic in having a child at his advanced age (62), and because Consort Zhao purportedly had a pregnancy that lasted 14 months long — same as the mythical Emperor Yao — he named Consort Zhao's palace gate "Gate of Yao's Mother" (堯母門). This led to speculations that he wanted to make Prince Fuling crown prince instead due to his favor for Lady Zhao and Prince Fuling. While there was no evidence that he actually intended to do anything as such, over the next year there began to be conspirators against Liu Ju and Empress Wei.

One of the conspirators would be Jiang Chong (江充), a high-ranking legal official known for his ruthlessness and opportunism. Jiang once had a run-in with Liu Ju after arresting one of the crown prince's assistants for improper use of an imperial road, and feared that Liu Ju would seek payback after ascending to the throne. Another conspirator was Emperor Wu's chief eunuch Su Wen (蘇文), who was in charge of managing Emperor Wu and Lady Zhao's living matters, and had previously tried to frame the Crown Prince by falsely accusing him of committing adultery with Emperor Wu's palace maids.

The first trial began with Prime Minister Gongsun Ao and his son, leading to the execution of their clan.  Crown Prince Liu Ju's sisters Princess Zhuyi and Princess Yangshi, as well as cousin Wei Kang (衛伉, Wei Qing's eldest son), were all accused of involvement in witchcraft and executed in early 91 BC, effectively removing almost all of his political allies in the Han court. With the sanctioned witch-hunts already on the way, Jiang Chong and Su Wen decided to strike while the iron is hot and move against Liu Ju, once again with the accusation of witchcraft. Because the physically deteriorating Emperor Wu was then vacationing at his summer palace in Ganquan (甘泉, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), he relied heavily on the likes of Jiang and Su for day-to-day information. Jiang, with approval from Emperor Wu, searched through various palaces, planted voodoo dolls and pieces of cloth with mysterious writings in the house of the "perpetrators", then condemned the victim on the spot. Eventually he reached the palaces of Liu Ju and Empress Wei, created so much digging that there were barely any space to lay a bed, and announced that he found overwhelming evidence of crime.

Liu Ju was shocked by this and forced to discuss his options with his close advisers. His teacher Shi De (石德), invoking the infamous story of Zhao Gao's scheme to murder Ying Fusu and raising the possibility that Emperor Wu might already be deceased, suggested that Prince Ju start an uprising and rid the villains. Liu Ju initially hesitated and wanted to speedily proceed to Ganquan Palace and explain himself to his father, but when he found out that Jiang Chong's messengers were already on their way to report the false accusations, he decided to accept Shi's suggestion. He sent an individual to impersonate a messenger from Emperor Wu, and arrested Jiang and his co-conspirators — except for Su Wen, who escaped. He then denounced and personally executed Jiang, and reported his actions to his mother. Empress Wei, faced with the dilemma between her husband and son, chose to support Liu Ju and authorized him to rally her palace guards and recruit civilian militias in preparation to defend himself against retaliation by the conspirators.

At the same time, Su Wen ran to Ganquan Palace and told Emperor Wu that the Crown Prince was committing treason. Emperor Wu, not believing it and correctly (at this point) concluding that Liu Ju were merely angry at Jiang Chong, send a messenger back to Chang'an to summon his son for explanation. This messenger, a low-ranking eunuch, did not dare to proceed to the capital city, but instead returned and falsely reported to Emperor Wu that Liu Ju was going to kill him. By now enraged and really believing his son was going to overthrow him, Emperor Wu ordered his nephew, Prime Minister Liu Qumao (劉屈犛), to lead the regular Han army and put down the rebellion. The two forces then battled in the streets of Chang'an for five days, but Liu Qumao's forces prevailed after it became clear that Prince Ju did not have his father's authorization. Liu Ju was forced to flee the capital with two of his sons, and the rest of his family were killed, except a months-old grandson, Liu Bingyi, who was thrown into prison.

Shortly after Liu Ju's escape, Emperor Wu sent two officials to Empress Wei's palace to seize her seal (i.e. suspending her rights in preparation to depose her). Wei Zifu committed suicide in response, and was buried with a small coffin in Tongbai (桐柏) on the east side of an avenue outside Fu'ang Gate (覆盎門, the eastmost south gate of Chang'an). Most of her clan members were wiped out in the turmoil. Crown Prince Liu Ju was later tracked down and cornered in Hu County (湖縣) by local officials eager for rewards, and committed suicide when it became obvious he could not escape. His two sons were also killed.

Posthumous rehabilitation

Not long afterwards, Emperor Wu began to realize that the witchcraft cases during 91 BC were often false accusations. In 89 BC, when Tian Qianqiu (田千秋), then the superintendent of Emperor Gao's temple, filed a report claiming that "a white-haired old man" told him in a dream that for the offense of armed uprising, Liu Ju would at most be caned, not killed, as a punishment, Emperor Wu had a revelation about what really happened. Furious over the realization that the conspirators exploited his trust and plotted his son's death, he had Su Wen burned alive, Jiang Chong's immediate and extended family executed, and killed every officials who got promoted for tracking down the Crown Prince. He also promoted Tian Qianqiu to prime minister, and made major policy change rectifying the ideals supported by his dead son. To expressed his regret over causing his son's death, Emperor Wu also built the Palace of Son-Grieving (思子宮) and Flatform of Longing for Return (歸來望思台), officially rehabilitating Liu Ju's name. However, he seemed to have neglected Empress Wei and did not have her name cleared, though he did expressed sincere regret in his famous Repenting Edict of Luntai (輪台罪己詔) over his part allowing the witch-hunt to spread to the Empress's palace.

18 years after her death, her great-grandson Liu Bingyi ascended to the throne in 74 BC as Emperor Xuan. Emperor Xuan then had his great-grandmother's name officially cleared and rebuilt her tomb to a larger mausoleum cared by 1000 men, and gave her the posthumous title Wei Si Hou (衛思后, literally meaning "Wei the Thoughtful Empress"). Her new tomb, due to its remote location and relative humbleness, escaped the looting by tomb raiders later.

Family

• Mother
  • Madam Wei (衛媪)
• Husband
  • Emperor Wu of Han
• Siblings
  • Wei Zhangjun (衛長君), eldest brother
  • Wei Junru (衛君孺), also known as Wei Ru (衛孺), eldest sister, later wife of Gongsun He (公孫賀)
  • Wei Shaoer (衛少兒), mother of Huo Qubing, older sister, later wife of Chen Zhang (陳掌, a great-grandson of Emperor Gaozu's adviser Chen Ping)
  • Wei Qing (衛青), born Zheng Qing (鄭青), younger half-brother, the Marquess of Changping (長平侯), Generalissimo (大將軍) of Han armies and Chief Defense Minister (大司馬)
  • Wei Bu (衛步), younger half-brother
  • Wei Guang (衛廣), younger half-brother
• Sister-in-law
  • Princess Pingyang (平陽公主), eldest sister of Emperor Wu, also known as Eldest Princess Yangxin (陽信長公主) before her first marriage, later wife of Wei Qing
• Children
  • Eldest Princess Wei (衛長公主), also known as Princess Dangli (當利公主)
  • Princess Zhuyi (諸邑公主), executed in 91 BC
  • Princess Shiyi (石邑公主)
  • Liu Ju (劉據), also known as Crown Prince Wei (衛太子), heir apparent to Emperor Wu, committed suicide in 91 BC after being framed and forced into failed uprising, posthumously known as Crown Prince Li (戾太子)
• Nephews
  • Gongsun Jingsheng (公孫敬聲), son of Wei Junru, executed in 91 BC
  • Huo Qubing (霍去病), son of Wei Shaoer, the Marquess of Champion (冠軍侯), posthumously Marquess of Jingheng (景桓侯)
  • Wei Kang (衛伉), son of Wei Qing, Marquess of Changping (長平侯), executed in 91 BC
  • Wei Buyi (衛不疑), son of Wei Qing, Marquess of Yin'an (陰安侯)
  • Wei Deng (衛登), son of Wei Qing, Marquess of Fagan (發乾侯)
• Grandchildren
  • Liu Jin (劉進), also known as Prince Grandson Shi (史皇孫), son of Liu Ju and father of Liu Bingyi, killed in 91 BC
• Great Grandchildren
  • Liu Bingyi (劉病已), son of Liu Jin, later renamed to Liu Xun (劉詢) after ascension to throne as Emperor Xuan of Han (b. 91 BC, d. 49 BC)

References

• Sima Qian, Shiji
• Ban Gu, Book of Han, vols. 6, 63, 97, Part 1
• Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 17, 18, 22.
• Bennet Peterson, Barbara (2000). Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century. M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
• Joseph P Yap - Wars With the Xiongnu - A Translation From Zizhi Tongjian Chapters 4-6 AuthorHouse - 2009 ISBN 978-1-4490-0604-4