Vibrio
Vibrio is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria possessing a curved rod shape (comma shape),[1][2][3] several species of which can cause foodborne infection, usually associated with eating undercooked seafood. Typically found in saltwater, Vibrio spp. are facultative anaerobes that test positive for oxidase and do not form spores.[4] All members of the genus are motile and have polar flagella with sheaths. Recent phylogenies have been constructed based on a suite of genes (multilocus sequence analysis).[1]
The name Vibrio derives from Filippo Pacini who isolated microorganisms he called "vibrions" from cholera patients in 1854, because of their motility.[5]
Pathogenic strains
Several species of Vibrio are pathogens.[6] Most disease-causing strains are associated with gastroenteritis, but can also infect open wounds and cause septicemia. It can be carried by numerous sea-living animals, such as crabs or prawns, and has been known to cause fatal infections in humans during exposure. Pathogenic Vibrio include V. cholerae (the causative agent of cholera), V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. Vibrio cholerae is generally transmitted via contaminated water.[3] Pathogenic Vibrio can cause foodborne illness (infection), usually associated with eating undercooked seafood.
Vibrio vulnificus outbreaks commonly occur in warm climates and small, generally lethal, outbreaks occur regularly. An outbreak occurred in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina,[7] and several lethal cases occur most years in Florida.[8] As of 2013 in the United States, vibrio infections as a whole were up 43 percent when compared with the rates observed in 2006-2008. Vibrio vulnificus, the most severe strain, has not increased. Foodborne vibrio infections are most often associated with eating raw shellfish.[9]
V. parahaemolyticus is also associated with the Kanagawa phenomenon, in which strains isolated from human hosts (clinical isolates) are hemolytic on blood agar plates, while those isolated from nonhuman sources are nonhemolytic.[10]
Many Vibrio spp. are also zoonotic. They cause disease in fish and shellfish, and are common causes of mortality among domestic marine life.
Treatment
Medical care depends on the clinical presentation and the presence of underlying medical conditions.
Vibrio gastroenteritis (caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus)
Because Vibrio gastroenteritis is self-limited in most patients, no specific medical therapy is required. Patients who cannot tolerate oral fluid replacement may require intravenous fluid therapy.
Although most Vibrio species are sensitive to antibiotics such as doxycycline or quinolones, antibiotic therapy does not shorten the course of the illness or the duration of pathogen excretion. However, if the patient is ill and has a high fever or an underlying medical condition, oral antibiotic therapy with doxycycline or quinolone can be initiated.
Non-cholera Vibrio infections
Patients with noncholera Vibrio wound infection or septicemia are much more ill and frequently have other medical conditions. Medical therapy consists of the following:
- Prompt initiation of effective antibiotic therapy (doxycycline or a quinolone)
- Intensive medical therapy with aggressive fluid replacement and vasopressors for hypotension and septic shock to correct acid-base and electrolytes abnormalities that may be associated with severe sepsis
- Early fasciotomy within 24 hours after development of clinical symptoms can be life saving in patients with necrotizing fasciitis.
- Early debridement of the infected wound has an important role in successful therapy and is especially indicated to avoid amputation of fingers, toes, or limbs.
- Expeditious and serial surgical evaluation and intervention are required because patients may deteriorate rapidly, especially those with necrotizing fasciitis or compartment syndrome.
- Reconstructive surgery, such as skin graft, is indicated in the recovery phase.
Other strains
Vibrio fischeri, Photobacterium phosphoreum, and Vibrio harveyi are notable for their ability to communicate. Both V. fischeri and Ph. phosphoreum are symbiotes of other marine organisms (typically jellyfish, fish, or squid), and produce light via bioluminescence through the mechanism of quorum sensing. V. harveyi is a pathogen of several aquatic animals, and is notable as a cause of luminous vibriosis in shrimps (prawns)[11]
Flagella
The "typical", early-discovered Vibrio, such as V. cholerae, have a single polar flagellum (monotrichous) with sheath. Some species, such as V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus, have both a single polar flagellum with sheath and thin flagella projecting in all directions (peritrichous), and the other species, such as V. fischeri, have tufts of polar flagella with sheath (lophotrichous).[12]
See also
References
- ^ a b "Phylogeny and Molecular Identification of Vibrios on the Basis of Multilocus Sequence Analysis".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) Cite error: The named reference "Thompson2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Faruque SM; Nair GB (editors). (2008). Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-33-2 .
{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Madigan, Michael; Martinko, John (editors) (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.
{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2605.html
- ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Bacteria. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC
- ^ Jablecki J, Norton SA, Keller GR, DeGraw C, Ratard R, Straif-Bourgeois S, Holcombe JM, Quilter S, Byers P, McNeill M, Schlossberg D, Dohony DP, Neville J, Carlo J, Buhner D, Smith BR, Wallace C, Jernigan D, Sobel J, Reynolds M, Moore M, Kuehnert M, Mott J, Jamieson D, Burns-Grant G, Misselbeck T, Cruise PE, LoBue P, Holtz T, Haddad M, Clark TA, Cohen A, Sunenshine R, Jhung M, Vranken P, Lewis FMT, Carpenter LR (2005). "Infectious Disease and Dermatologic Conditions in Evacuees and Rescue Workers After Hurricane Katrina - Multiple States, August–September, 2005". Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report. 54: 1–4.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Bureau of Community Environmental Health, Division of Environmental Health, Florida Department of Health (2005). "Annual Report, Florida". Food and Waterborne Illness Surveillance and Investigation: 21.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Infections from some foodborne germs increased, while others remained unchanged in 2012". Centers for Disease Control. April 18, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
- ^ Joseph S, Colwell R, Kaper J (1982). "Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related halophilic Vibrios". Crit Rev Microbiol. 10 (1): 77–124. doi:10.3109/10408418209113506. PMID 6756788.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Austin B & Zhang X-H (2006). "Vibrio harveyi: a significant pathogen of marine vertebrates and invertebrates". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 43 (2): 119–214. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.01989.x. PMID 16869892.
- ^ George M. Garrity (editor) (2005). Bergey's manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 2 Part B (2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 496–8. ISBN 0-387-24144-2.
{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help)
External links
- Vibrio genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID
- Bacteriological Analytical Manual Online
- Association of Vibrio Biologist