Physalis peruviana
| Physalis peruviana | |
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| Cape gooseberry flower | |
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| Species: | P. peruviana
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| Binomial name | |
| Physalis peruviana | |
Physalis peruviana (physalis = bladder) is the plant and its fruit, also known as Cape gooseberry (South Africa), Inca berry, Aztec berry, golden berry, giant ground cherry, African ground cherry, Peruvian groundcherry, Peruvian cherry, pok pok (Madagascar), poha (Hawaii), ras bhari (India), aguaymanto (Peru), uvilla (Ecuador), uchuva (Colombia), harankash (Egypt), Love in a cage (France), and sometimes simply Physalis (United Kingdom).[1][2] It is indigenous to South America, but has been cultivated in England since the late 18th century and in South Africa in the region of the Cape of Good Hope since at least the start of the 19th century.
Characteristics
Physalis peruviana is closely related to the tomatillo, also a member of the genus Physalis. As a member of the plant family Solanaceae, it is more distantly related to a large number of edible plants, including tomato, eggplant, potato and other members of the nightshades.[3] Despite its name, it is not closely related to any of the cherry, Ribes gooseberry, Indian gooseberry, or Chinese gooseberry.
The fruit is a smooth berry, resembling a miniature, spherical, yellow tomato. Removed from its bladder-like calyx, it is about the size of a marble, about 1–2 cm in diameter. Like a tomato, it contains numerous small seeds. It is bright yellow to orange in color, and it is sweet when ripe, with a characteristic, mildly tart flavor, making it ideal for snacks, pies, or jams.[3] It is relished in salads and fruit salads, sometimes combined with avocado. Also, because of the fruit's decorative appearance, it is popular in restaurants as an exotic garnish for desserts.
A prominent feature is the inflated, papery calyx enclosing each berry. The calyx is accrescent until the fruit is fully grown; at first it is of normal size, but after the petals fall it continues to grow until it forms a protective cover around the growing fruit. If the fruit is left inside the intact calyx husks, its shelf life at room temperature is about 30–45 days.
Geographic and cultivation origins
Native to high-altitude, tropical Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador, where the fruits grow wild, physalis is casually eaten and occasionally sold in markets. Only recently has the plant become an important crop; it has been widely introduced into cultivation in other tropical, subtropical and even temperate areas.
The plant was grown by early settlers of the Cape of Good Hope before 1807. It is not clear whether it was grown there before its introduction to England, but sources since the mid-19th century attribute the common name, "Cape gooseberry" to this fact.[4][5] A popular suggestion is that the name properly refers to the calyx surrounding the fruit like a cape. This seems however, to be an example of folk etymology or false etymology, because it does not appear in publications earlier than the mid 20th century.
Not long after its introduction to South Africa, Physalis peruviana was introduced into Australia, New Zealand, and various Pacific islands.[3]
In South Africa, it is commercially cultivated; canned fruits and jam are common, often exported. It is also cultivated and naturalized on a small scale in Gabon and other parts of Central Africa.
Soon after its adoption in the Cape of Good Hope, it was carried to Australia, where it was one of the few fresh fruits of the early settlers in New South Wales. It is also favored in New Zealand, where it is said "the housewife is sometimes embarrassed by the quantity of berries in the garden",[3] and government agencies promote increased culinary use. It is grown in India where it is called ras bhari.
The Cape gooseberry is also grown in northeastern China, namely Heilongjiang Province, as a seasonal fruit harvested in late August through September. In Chinese pinyin, the fruit is informally referred to as gu niao, its Turkish name is altın çilek, and in Chinese pinyin mao suan jiang.
It is grown in Thailand, particularly on Doi Inthanon and in Egypt where it is known locally as harankash or as is-sitt il-mistahiya(the shy woman), a reference to the papery sheath.
Marketing
Physalis peruviana (from South America) fruits are marketed in the United States as Pichuberry™, named after Machu Picchu in order to associate the fruit with its supposed origin in Peru and address the fact that this fruit is actually not a gooseberry as the name 'Cape gooseberry' may imply.[6][7]
Nutrients, preliminary research and folk medicine
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 222 kJ (53 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11.2 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.7 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1.9 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[8] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[9] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
According to analyses by the USDA, a 100 g serving of Cape gooseberries is low in calories and contains modest levels of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B1 and vitamin B3, while other nutrients are at low levels (right table).[10]
Basic research on the cape gooseberry has provided preliminary evidence that its constituents, possibly polyphenols and/or carotenoids, may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.[11][12][13]
The crude extract of the fruit-bearing plant has in vitro evidence for activity against markers of inflammation and lung cancer.[14][15][16] It has also shown possible properties in vitro against diabetes and hypertension mechanisms.[17] Some withanolides isolated from the plant may have anticancer activity.[18]
Antihepatotoxic effects (in rats) against carbon tetrachloride toxicity were found in one laboratory study.[19] One preliminary study found evidence for melatonin content in Physalis peruviana.[20]
Pests and diseases
In South Africa, cutworms are the most important of the many insect pests that attack the cape gooseberry in seedbeds; red spiders after plants have been established in the field; and the potato tuber moth if the cape gooseberry is in the vicinity of potato fields. Hares damage young plants, and birds eat the fruits if not repelled. In India, mites may cause defoliation. In Jamaica, the leaves were suddenly riddled by what were apparently flea beetles. In the Bahamas, whitefly attacks on the very young plants and flea beetles on the flowering plants required control.[3]
In South Africa, the most troublesome diseases are powdery mildew and soft brown scale. The plants are prone to root rots and viruses if on poorly drained soil or if carried over to a second year. Therefore, farmers favor biennial plantings. Bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas spp.) occurs in Queensland. A strain of tobacco mosaic virus may affect plants in India.[3] In New Zealand, plants can be infected by Candidatus liberibacter subsp. solanacearum.[21]
See also
- Physalis pubescens (a closely related family, sprouts are noticeably less hairy)
References
- ^ Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council (1989). Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. pp. 249–50. ISBN 978-0-309-07461-2.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Semer et planter le physalis ou amour en cage". Retrieved 6 May 2014.French: amour en cage English: Love in a cage
- ^ a b c d e f Morton JF (1987). "Cape gooseberry, Physalis peruviana L. in Fruits of Warm Climates". Purdue University, Center for New Crops & Plant Products.
- ^ von Mueller, Ferdinand. Select Extra-Tropical Plants Readily Eligible For Industrial Culture Or Naturalization, With Indications Of Their Native Countries And Some Of Their Uses. Pub:Detroit, Mich., G.S. Davis 1884. Page 229. May be obtained from Amazon or downloaded from:http://www.archive.org/details/selectextratropi00muel
- ^ Loudon, Jane Wells. Botany for Ladies Or, a Popular Introduction to the Natural System of Plants. Pub: J. Murray (1842)
- ^ Galarza, Daniella. "This Goose(berry) is Cooked: Let's Talk About the Pichuberry". Los Angeles Magazine. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^ Borowitz, Adam. "Pichuberries (June 21, 2012)". Article. Tucson Weekly. Retrieved 6 May 2014.(A package purchased in May 2014 was labelled "Product of Colombia")
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ "Groundcherries, (cape-gooseberries or poha), raw, 100 g, USDA Nutrient Database, version SR-21". http://nutritiondata.com. Conde Nast. 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
{{cite web}}: External link in|website= - ^ Wu, SJ; Tsai JY; Chang SP; Lin DL; Wang SS; Huang SN; Ng LT (2006). "Supercritical carbon dioxide extract exhibits enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Physalis peruviana". J Ethnopharmacol. 108 (3): 407–13. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.05.027. PMID 16820275. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ Franco, LA; Matiz GE; Calle J; Pinzón R; Ospina LF (2007). "Antiinflammatory activity of extracts and fractions obtained from Physalis peruviana L. calyces". Biomedica. 27 (1): 110–5. PMID 17546228.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Pardo, JM; Fontanilla MR; Ospina LF; Espinosa L. (2008). "Determining the pharmacological activity of Physalis peruviana fruit juice on rabbit eyes and fibroblast primary cultures". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 7 (7): 3074–9. doi:10.1167/iovs.07-0633. PMID 18579763.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Supercritical carbon dioxide extract of Physalis peruviana induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human lung cancer H661 cells Wu S.-J., Chang S.-P., Lin D.-L., Wang S.-S., Hou F.-F., Ng L.-T. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2009 47:6 (1132-1138)
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 20167063, please use {{cite journal}} with
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|pmid=19459727instead. - ^ "New cytotoxic withanolides from Physalis peruviana". Food Chemistry. 116 (2): 462–9. 2009.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 19459727, please use {{cite journal}} with
|pmid=19459727instead. - ^ "Levels of the antioxidant melatonin in fruits of edible berry species". Planta Medica. 75: 9. 2009.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Liefting, L. W.; L. I. Ward; J. B. Shiller; G. R. G. Clover (2008). "A New 'Candidatus Liberibacter' Species in Solanum betaceum (Tamarillo) and Physalis peruviana (Cape Gooseberry) in New Zealand". Plant Disease. 92 (11): 1588. doi:10.1094/PDIS-92-11-1588B. Retrieved 2009-01-01.