List of Alamo defenders
The Battle of the Alamo (February 23 – March 6, 1836) was a crucial conflict of the Texas Revolution. In 1835, colonists from the United States joined with Tejanos (Mexicans born in Texas) in putting up armed resistance to the centralization of the Mexican government.[1] President Antonio López de Santa Anna and the government in Mexico City believed the United States had instigated the insurrection with a goal of annexing Texas.[2]
In an effort to tamp down on the unrest, martial law was declared and military governor General Martín Perfecto de Cos established headquarters in San Antonio de Béxar, stationing his troops at the Alamo.[3] When the Texian volunteer soldiers gained control of the fortress at the Siege of Béxar, compelling Cos to surrender on December 9, many saw his expulsion to the other side of the Rio Grande as the end of Mexican forces in Texas.[4] Most Texian soldiers in Béxar left to join a planned invasion of Matamoros, Mexico.[5]
Garrison commander James C. Neill went home on family matters February 11, 1836, leaving James Bowie and William B. Travis as co-commanders over the predominantly volunteer force.[6] When the Mexican Army of Operations under the command of Santa Anna arrived in Béxar with 1,500 troops on February 23, the remaining Alamo garrison numbered 150.[Note 1] Over the course of the next several days, new volunteers arrived inside the fortress while others were sent out as couriers, to forage for food, or to buy supplies.[7]
A fierce defense was launched from within the walls, even as Bowie and Travis made unsuccessful attempts to negotiate with the Mexican army.[8] Travis repeatedly dispatched couriers with pleas for reinforcements.[9] Although Santa Anna refused to consider a proposed conditional surrender, he extended an offer of amnesty for all Tejanos inside the fortress to walk away unharmed. Most Tejanos evacuated from the fortress about February 25, either as part of the amnesty, or as a part of Juan Seguín's company of courier scouts on their last run.[Note 2]
In response to pleas from Travis, James Fannin started from Goliad with 320 men, supplies and armaments, yet had to abort a day later due to a wagon breakdown. Final reinforcements were able to enter the Alamo during March 1–4, most of them from Gonzales which had become a recruitment camp.[Note 3] Others who had left intending to return were unable to re-enter.[10] At 5:30 a.m. on March 6, the Mexican army began the final siege. An hour later, all combatants inside the Alamo were dead.[11] The bodies, with the exception of Gregorio Esparza's, were cremated on pyres and abandoned. Esparza's brother Francisco was a soldier in the Mexican army and received permission from Santa Anna for a Christian burial.[12]
Juan Seguín oversaw the 1837 recovery of the abandoned ashes and officiated at the February 25 funeral. The March 28 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register only gave the burial location as where "the principal heap of ashes" had been found.[13] In the following decades, the public wanted to know the location of the burial site, but Seguín gave conflicting statements, perceived as due to age-related memory problems.[14] Remains thought to be those of the Alamo defenders were discovered at the Cathedral of San Fernando during the Texas 1936 centennial, and re-interred in a marble sarcophagus. Purported to hold the ashes of Travis, Bowie and Crockett, some have doubted it can be proven whose remains are entombed there.[14]
Identifying the combatants
Below are 256 known combatants: 212 who died during the siege, 43 survivors, and one escapee who later died of his wounds.
Mexican Colonel Juan Almonte, Santa Anna's aide-de-camp, recorded the Texian fatality toll as 250 in his March 6 journal entry. He listed the survivors as five women, one Mexican soldier and one slave. Almonte did not record names, and his count was based solely on who was there during the final assault.[15] Santa Anna reported to Mexico's Secretary of War Tornel that Texian fatalities exceeded 600. Historians Jack Jackson and John Wheat attributed that high figure to Santa Anna's playing to his political base.[16]
Research into the battle, and exactly who was inside the fortress, began when the Alamo fell and has continued with no signs of abatement. The first published Texian list of casualties was in the March 24, 1836 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register. The 115 names were supplied by couriers John Smith and Gerald Navan,[17] whom historian Thomas Ricks Lindley believed likely drew from their own memories, as well as from interviews with those who might have left or tried to enter.[18] In an 1860 statement for the Texas Almanac, former San Antonio alcalde (mayor) Francisco Antonio Ruiz set the number at 182.[19]
When the Alamo Cenotaph was created by Pompeo Coppini in 1939, the 187 defender names on the monument came from the research of Amelia Williams,[20] considered the leading Alamo authority of her day.[21] Her work is still used by some as a benchmark, although skepticism has been voiced. Lindley's 2003 Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions is the result of his 15-year study of the battle, and upended much of what was previously accepted as fact.[22] He devoted a chapter to deconstructing Williams' research as "misrepresentation, alteration, and fabrication of data",[23] criticizing her sole reliance on the military land grants without checking through the muster lists to identify the combatants.[24] In lieu of service pay, the cash-poor Republic of Texas adopted the system of military land grants. Issuance was dependent upon the military muster lists and either the veterans or their heirs filing a claim, a process that required an upfront fee to complete. Lacking a completed claim, proof of service would appear only on a muster list.[25]
In the pursuit of uncovering every infinitesimal piece of evidence about what happened during the battle, more thorough research methods continue to evolve and Tejanos have begun to add their voices. Until recent decades, accounts of Tejano participation in the Texas revolution were notably absent, but historians such as Timothy M. Matovina[26] and Jesús F. de la Teja[27] have helped add that missing perspective to the battle's events.
Key to military rank abbreviations
- Key to military rank abbreviations
COL | Colonel | LT | Lieutenant | SGM | Sergeant-Major | CPL | Corporal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LTC | Lieutenant Colonel | 1LT | First Lieutenant | 4SG | Fourth Sergeant | PVT | Private |
MAJ | Major | 2LT | Second Lieutenant | SGT | Sergeant | QM | Quartermaster |
CPT | Captain | CNT | Cornet | 3CPL | Third Corporal | AQM | Assistant Quartermaster |
Defenders
Name | Rank | Birth Year | Birthplace | Status | Legacy and notes | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Juan Abamillo | SGT | — | Texas | fatality | Entered March 4 | [28] |
James L. Allen | PVT | 1815 | Kentucky | survivor | Left on March 5 as the final courier sent from the Alamo | [29] |
Robert Allen | PVT | — | Virginia | fatality | [30] | |
Horace Alsbury | PVT | 1805 | Kentucky | survivor | First courier sent out after arrival of Mexican troops on February 23 | [31] |
George Andrews | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [32] |
Miles DeForest Andross | PVT | 1809 | Vermont | fatality | [33] | |
Jose Maria Arocha | — | — | — | survivor | Juan Seguin's volunteers | [Note 2] |
Simon Arreola | — | — | — | survivor | Juan Seguin's volunteers | [Note 2] |
Micajah Autry | PVT | 1794 | North Carolina | fatality | [34] | |
Jesse B. Badgett | — | 1807 | Texas | survivor | Garrison delegate to the March 1 Convention of 1836 at Washington-on-the-Brazos | [35] |
Juan A. Badillo | SGT | — | Texas | fatality | Entered March 4 | [36] |
Peter James Bailey III | PVT | 1812 | Kentucky | fatality | Namesake of Bailey County, Texas | [37] |
Isaac G. Baker | PVT | 1814 | Arkansas | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [38] |
William Charles M. Baker | CPT | — | Missouri | fatality | [39] | |
John Ballard | — | — | — | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [40] |
John J. Ballentine | PVT | — | Pennsylvania | fatality | [41] | |
Richard W. Ballentine | PVT | 1814 | Scotland | fatality | [42] | |
Andrew Barcena | — | — | — | survivor | [Note 4] | |
John J. Baugh | CPT | 1803 | Virginia | fatality | Adjutant of the garrison, next in command after co-commanders Bowie and Travis | [43] |
Samuel G. Bastain | — | — | Louisiana | survivor | Left February 29 as a courier to Gonzales, unable to enter the Alamo | [44] |
Joseph Bayliss | PVT | 1808 | Tennessee | fatality | [43] | |
John Walker Baylor Jr. | PVT | 1813 | Kentucky | survivor | Sent as a courier to Goliad | [45] |
Anselmo Bergara | — | — | Mexico | survivor | [Note 4] | |
John Blair | PVT | 1803 | Tennessee | fatality | [46] | |
Samuel Blair | CPT | 1807 | Tennessee | fatality | Assistant to Master of Ordnance | [47] |
William Blazeby | CPT | 1795 | England | fatality | [47] | |
James Bonham | 2LT | 1807 | South Carolina | fatality | Courier to Goliad and Gonzales, returned March 3 | [48] |
Daniel Bourne | PVT | 1810 | England | fatality | [49] | |
James Bowie | COL | c. 1796 | Kentucky | fatality | Co-commander of the garrison after the departure of James. C. Neill | [50] |
J. B. Bowman | — | — | — | fatality | Possibly aka James H. Bowman | [51] |
Robert Brown | PVT | c. 1818 | — | survivor | Left after February 25, later served as a baggage guard at the Battle of San Jacinto | [52] |
James Buchanan | PVT | 1813 | Alabama | fatality | [53] | |
Samuel E. Burns | PVT | 1810 | Ireland | fatality | [53] | |
George D. Butler | PVT | 1813 | Missouri | fatality | [53] | |
John Cain | PVT | 1802 | Pennsylvania | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [54] |
Robert Campbell | LT | 1810 | Tennessee | fatality | [55] | |
William R. Carey | CPT | 1806 | Virginia | fatality | [55] | |
Cesario Carmona | — | — | — | survivor | Juan Seguin's volunteers | [Note 2] |
M.B. Clark | PVT | — | Mississippi | fatality | Entered March 4 | [56] |
Daniel W. Cloud | PVT | 1812 | Kentucky | fatality | [57] | |
Robert E. Cochran | PVT | 1810 | New Hampshire | fatality | Namesake of Cochran County, Texas | [58] |
George Washington Cottle | LT | 1811 | Missouri | fatality | Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [59] |
Henry Courtman | PVT | 1808 | Germany | fatality | Entered March 4 | [60] |
Lemuel Crawford | PVT | 1814 | South Carolina | fatality | [61] | |
David Crockett | COL | 1786 | Tennessee | fatality | [62] | |
Robert Crossman | PVT | 1810 | Pennsylvania | fatality | [63] | |
Antonio Cruz y Arocha | PVT | — | Mexico | survivor | Left as courier with Seguin on February 25 | [64] |
David P. Cummings | PVT | 1809 | Pennsylvania | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [65] |
Robert Cunningham | PVT | 1804 | New York | fatality | [66] | |
Matias Curvier | — | — | — | survivor | Juan Seguin's volunteers | [Note 2] |
Jacob C. Darst | LT | 1793 | Kentucky | fatality | Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [67] |
John Davis | PVT | 1811 | Kentucky | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [68] |
Freeman H.K. Day | PVT | 1806 | — | fatality | Entered March 1 or 4 | [69] |
Squire Daymon | PVT | 1808 | Tennessee | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [70] |
William Dearduff | PVT | c. 1811 | Tennessee | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [70] |
Alexandro De la Garza | PVT | — | Texas | survivor | Dispatched as a courier | [71] |
N. Debichi | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [72] |
Stephen Dennison | PVT | 1812 | England or Ireland | fatality | Entered March 4 | [73] |
Francis L. DeSauque | CPT | — | Pennsylvania | survivor | Left to gather supplies at Goliad | [74] |
John Desauque | — | — | Louisiana | fatality | Slave of Desauque, served as a combatant (Slaves identified by last names of their masters) | [75] |
Charles Despallier | PVT | 1812 | Louisiana | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [76] |
Lewis Dewall | PVT | 1812 | New York | fatality | [77] | |
Almaron Dickinson | CPT | 1810 | Tennessee | fatality | [78] | |
James Dickson | — | — | — | fatality | [79] | |
John Henry Dillard | PVT | 1805 | Tennessee | fatality | [80] | |
Philip Dimmitt | CPT | 1801 | Kentucky | survivor | On a scouting run when the Mexican troops arrived on February 23 | [81] |
James R. Dimpkins | SGT | — | England | fatality | [82] | |
Andrew Duvalt | PVT | 1804 | Ireland | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [83] |
Samuel M. Edwards | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [84] |
Conrad Eigenauer | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [72] |
J.D. Elliott | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [72] |
Frederick E. Elm | — | — | — | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [40] |
Lucio Enriques | — | — | — | survivor | Juan Seguin's volunteers | [Note 2] |
Carlos Espalier | PVT | 1819 | Texas | fatality | Entered March 4 | [85] |
José Gregorio Esparza | PVT | 1802 | Texas | fatality | [86] | |
Robert Evans | MAJ | 1800 | Ireland | fatality | Master of Ordnance | [87] |
Samuel B. Evans | PVT | 1812 | New York | fatality | [88] | |
James L. Ewing | PVT | 1812 | Tennessee | fatality | [88] | |
William Keener Faunterloy | PVT | 1814 | Kentucky | fatality | [89] | |
William Fishbaugh | PVT | — | Alabama | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [90] |
John Flanders | PVT | 1800 | New Hampshire | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [90] |
Manuel Flores | — | c.1801 | Texas | survivor | Juan Seguin's volunteers | [Note 2] |
Salvador Flores | CPT | 1806 | Texas | survivor | Left with Seguín on February 25 | [91] |
Ward Floyd | PVT | 1804 | North Carolina | fatality | Namesake of Floyd County, Texas; Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [92] |
John Hubbard Forsyth | CPT | 1797 | New York | fatality | [93] | |
Antonio Fuentes | PVT | 1813 | Texas | fatality | [94] | |
Galba Fuqua | PVT | 1819 | Alabama | fatality | Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [95] |
William Garnett | PVT | 1812 | Virginia | fatality | [96] | |
James W. Garrand | PVT | 1813 | Louisiana | fatality | [96] | |
James Girard Garrett | PVT | 1806 | Tennessee | fatality | [97] | |
John E. Garvin | PVT | 1809 | — | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [98] |
John E. Gaston | PVT | 1819 | — | fatality | Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [99] |
James George | PVT | 1802 | — | fatality | Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [100] |
William George | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March1 or 4 | [84] |
James Gibson | — | — | — | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [40] |
John C. Goodrich | CNT | 1809 | Virginia | fatality | [101] | |
Francis H. Gray | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [84] |
W.T. Green | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [72] |
Albert Calvin Grimes | PVT | 1817 | Georgia | fatality | [102] | |
Ignacio Gurrea | — | — | — | survivor | Juan Seguin's volunteers | [Note 2] |
Brigido Guerrero | PVT | — | Mexico | survivor | A deserter from Ugartechea's troops, convinced the Mexican troops he was a prisoner of war | [103] |
James C. Gwin | PVT | 1804 | England | fatality | aka Gwynne | [104] |
John Harris | PVT | 1813 | Kentucky | fatality | [105] | |
Andrew Jackson Harrison | PVT | 1809 | Tennessee | fatality | [105] | |
I.L.K. Harrison | — | — | — | fatality | [106] | |
William B. Harrison | CPT | 1811 | Ohio | fatality | [107] | |
Joseph M. Hawkins | PVT | 1799 | Ireland | fatality | [107] | |
John M. Hays | PVT | 1814 | Tennessee | fatality | [108] | |
Charles M. Heiskell | PVT | 1813 | Tennessee | fatality | [108] | |
Patrick Henry Herndon | PVT | 1802 | Virginia | fatality | [109] | |
Pedro Herrera | — | — | — | survivor | Juan Seguin's volunteers | [Note 2] |
William Daniel Hersee | SGT | 1805 | England | fatality | [110] | |
Benjamin Franklin Highsmith | PVT | 1817 | Missouri Territory | survivor | Left as a courier March 1 | [111] |
Tapley Holland | PVT | 1810 | Ohio | fatality | [112] | |
James Holloway | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [113] |
Samuel Holloway | PVT | 1808 | Pennsylvania | fatality | [114] | |
William D. Howell | — | 1791 | Massachusetts | fatality | Entered March 4 | [115] |
William Hunter | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [72] |
Thomas P. Hutchinson | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [113] |
William A. Irwin | — | — | — | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [40] |
Thomas R. Jackson | PVT | — | Ireland | fatality | Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [116] |
William Daniel Jackson | LT | 1807 | Kentucky | fatality | [117] | |
Green B. Jameson | MAJ | 1807 | Kentucky | fatality | [118] | |
Gordon C. Jennings | CPL | 1780 | Connecticut | fatality | [119] | |
Damacio Jiménez | PVT | — | Texas | fatality | Entered March 4 | [120] |
John Johnson | PVT | 1800 | Missouri | survivor | Dispatched as courier February 23 | [121] |
Lewis Johnson | PVT | — | Illinois Territory | fatality | [122] | |
William Johnson | PVT | — | Pennsylvania | fatality | [123] | |
William P. Johnson | SGT | — | — | survivor | Likely dispatched as courier February 23 | [123] |
John Jones | 1LT | 1810 | New York | fatality | [123] | |
James Kenny | PVT | 1814 | Virginia | fatality | [124] | |
Andrew Kent | PVT | 1798 | Virginia | fatality | Namesake of Kent County, Texas, Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [125] |
Joseph Kent | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [126] |
Joseph Kerr | PVT | 1814 | Louisiana | fatality | [127] | |
George C. Kimble | LT | 1803 | Pennsylvania | fatality | Namesake of Kimble County, Texas; entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [128] |
John C. Kin | — | — | — | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [40] |
William Philip King | PVT | 1820 | Mississippi | fatality | Youngest defender fatality; namesake of King County; Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [129] |
William Irvine Lewis | PVT | 1806 | Virginia | fatality | [130] | |
William J. Lightfoot | 3CPL | 1805 | Kentucky | fatality | [130] | |
Jonathan Lindley | PVT | 1814 | Illinois | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [131] |
William Linn | PVT | — | Massachusetts | fatality | [132] | |
Byrd Lockhart | CPT | 1782 | Virginia | survivor | Left with Andrew Jackson Sowell left to buy supplies; namesake of Lockhart, Texas | [133] |
Toribio Losoya | PVT | 1808 | Texas | fatality | [124] | |
George Washington Main | LT | 1807 | Virginia | fatality | [134] | |
William T. Malone | PVT | 1817 | Georgia | fatality | [135] | |
William Marshall | PVT | 1808 | Tennessee | fatality | [135] | |
Albert Martin | CPT | 1808 | Rhode Island | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company dispatched with the Travis letter To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World; returned to the Alamo | [136] |
Samuel Augustus Maverick | PVT | 1803 | South Carolina | survivor | Garrison delegate to the March 1 Convention of 1836 at Washington-on-the-Brazos | [137] |
Edward McCafferty | LT | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [138] |
Ross McClelland | — | — | — | fatality | [139] | |
Daniel McCoy Jr. | — | — | — | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [40] |
Jesse McCoy | PVT | 1804 | Tennessee | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [140] |
Prospect McCoy | — | — | — | fatality | [40] | |
William McDowell | PVT | 1794 | Pennsylvania | fatality | [141] | |
James McGee | PVT | — | Ireland | fatality | [141] | |
John McGregor | SGT | — | Scotland | fatality | [142] | |
Robert McKinney | PVT | 1809 | Ireland | fatality | [143] | |
S.W. McNeilly | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [72] |
Eliel Melton | QM, LT | 1798 | Georgia | fatality | [144] | |
Antonio Menchaca | — | 1800 | Texas | survivor | Juan Seguin's volunteers | [Note 2] |
Thomas R. Miller | PVT | 1795 | Tennessee | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [145] |
William Mills | PVT | 1815 | Tennessee | fatality | [146] | |
Isaac Millsaps | PVT | c. 1795 | Mississippi | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [147] |
Edward F. Mitchasson | — | 1806 | Virginia | fatality | Entered March 4 aka Dr. E.F. Mitchusson | [148] |
Edwin T. Mitchell | PVT | 1806 | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [149] |
Napoleon B. Mitchell | PVT | 1804 | — | fatality | [150] | |
Robert B. Moore | PVT | 1781 | Virginia | fatality | Entered March 4 | [151] |
Willis A. Moore | PVT | 1808 | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [151] |
John Morman | — | — | — | fatality | [79] | |
William Morrison | — | — | — | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [40] |
Robert Musselman | SGT | 1805 | Ohio | fatality | [152] | |
James Nash | — | — | — | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [40] |
Andrés Nava | SGT | 1810 | Texas | fatality | Entered March 4 | [153] |
Gerald Navan | PVT | — | — | survivor | Dispatched as courier March 3 | [17] |
George Neggan | PVT | 1808 | South Carolina | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [154] |
Andrew M. Nelson | PVT | 1809 | Tennessee | fatality | [155] | |
Edward Nelson | PVT | 1816 | South Carolina | fatality | [155] | |
George Nelson | PVT | 1805 | South Carolina | fatality | [156] | |
Benjamin F. Nobles | LT | — | — | survivor | On a scouting run when the Mexican troops arrived on February 23 | [157] |
James Northcross | PVT | 1804 | Virginia | fatality | [158] | |
James Nowlan | PVT | 1809 | England | fatality | [159] | |
L.R. O'Neil | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [72] |
George Olamio | PVT | — | Ireland | fatality | Entered March 4 | [84] |
William Sanders Oury | PVT | 1817 | Virginia | survivor | Dispatched as a courier February 29 | [160] |
Jose Sebastian "Luciano" Pacheco | — | — | — | survivor | Dispatched on a personal errand for Seguín February 23 | [161] |
George Pagan | PVT | 1810 | — | fatality | [162] | |
Christopher Adams Parker | PVT | 1814 | — | fatality | [152] | |
William Parks | PVT | 1805 | North Carolina | fatality | [152] | |
William Patton | AQM, LT | 1808 | Kentucky | survivor | Assumed to be a courier, who left with John William Smith | [163] |
Richardson Perry | PVT | 1817 | Mississippi | fatality | [164] | |
Adolf Petrasweiz | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [165] |
Amos Pollard | — | 1803 | Massachusetts | fatality | Chief surgeon of the garrison, created a hospital in the fortress | [166] |
Eduardo Ramirez | — | — | — | survivor | Juan Seguin's volunteers | [Note 2] |
John Purdy Reynolds | PVT | 1806 | Pennsylvania | fatality | [167] | |
Thomas H. Roberts | PVT | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [168] |
James Waters Robertson | PVT | 1812 | Tennessee | fatality | [169] | |
Ambrosio Rodriguez | — | — | — | survivor | Juan Seguin's volunteers | [Note 2] |
Guadalupe Rodriquez | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [84] |
James M. Rose | PVT | 1805 | Ohio | fatality | With Crockett; not to be confused with the mythical Louis Moses Rose | [170] |
Jacob Roth | MAJ | — | — | fatality | [106] | |
Jackson J. Rusk | PVT | — | Ireland | fatality | [171] | |
Joseph Rutherford | PVT | 1798 | Kentucky | fatality | [172] | |
Isaac Ryan | PVT | 1805 | Louisiana | fatality | [171] | |
W.H. Sanders | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [72] |
Mial Scurlock | PVT | 1809 | North Carolina | fatality | [164] | |
Juan Seguín | CPT | 1806 | Texas | survivor | Left February 25 to recruit reinforcements | [173] |
Marcus L. Sewell | PVT | 1805 | England | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [174] |
Manson Shied | PVT | 1811 | Georgia | fatality | aka Shudd | [164] |
Silvero | — | — | — | survivor | Juan Seguin's volunteers | [Note 2] |
Cleveland Kinloch Simmons | LT | 1815 | South Carolina | fatality | [175] | |
Andrew H. Smith | PVT | 1815 | Tennessee | fatality | [175] | |
Charles S. Smith | PVT | 1806 | Maryland | fatality | [176] | |
John William Smith | — | 1792 | Virginia | survivor | The final courier sent to Washington-on-the-Brazos, unable to return | [177] |
Joshua G. Smith | SGT | 1808 | North Carolina | fatality | [178] | |
William H. Smith | PVT | 1811 | — | fatality | [179] | |
Launcelot Smither | PVT | 1800 | — | survivor | Left for Gonzales as a courier on February 23; relayed the Travis letter from Albert Martin to the provisional government at San Felipe | [180] |
Andrew Jackson Sowell | PVT | 1815 | Tennessee | survivor | Left with Byrd Lockhart to buy supplies | [181] |
John Spratt | — | — | — | fatality | Entered March 4 | [32] |
Richard Starr | PVT | 1811 | England | fatality | [182] | |
James E. Stewart | PVT | 1808 | England | fatality | [182] | |
Richard L. Stockton | PVT | 1817 | New Jersey | fatality | [182] | |
A. Spain Summerlin | PVT | 1817 | Tennessee | fatality | [183] | |
William E. Summers | PVT | 1812 | Tennessee | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [184] |
John Sutherland | PVT | 1792 | Virginia | survivor | Sent to Gonzales for reinforcements on February 23 | [185] |
William DePriest Sutherland | PVT | 1818 | Alabama | fatality | [179] | |
Edward Taylor | PVT | 1812 | Tennessee | fatality | Namesake of Taylor County, Texas, brother of James and George, entered March 1 or 4 | [186] |
George Taylor | PVT | 1816 | Tennessee | fatality | Namesake of Taylor County, brother of Edward and James, entered March 1 or 4 | [187] |
James Taylor | PVT | 1814 | Tennessee | fatality | Namesake of Taylor County, Texas, brother of George and Edward, entered March 1 or 4 | [188] |
William Taylor | PVT | 1799 | Tennessee | fatality | Entered March 1 or 4 | [189] |
B. Archer M. Thomas | PVT | 1818 | Kentucky | fatality | [190] | |
Henry Thomas | PVT | 1811 | Germany | fatality | Entered March 4 | [191] |
Thompson | — | — | — | fatality | Per historian Lindley, no first name on the muster rolls | [192] |
John W. Thomson | PVT | 1807 | North Carolina | fatality | [193] | |
John, M. Thurston | 2LT | 1812 | Pennsylvania | fatality | [194] | |
Burke Trammel | PVT | 1810 | Ireland | fatality | [194] | |
Joe Travis | — | 1813 or 1815 | Alabama | survivor | Slave of William B. Travis, fought beside him in the battle; accompanied Susanna Dickinson to Gonzales. (Slaves identified by last names of their masters) | [195] |
William B. Travis | LTC | 1809 | South Carolina | fatality | Co-commander of the garrison after the departure of James. C. Neill | [196] |
George W. Tumlinson | PVT | 1814 | Missouri | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [197] |
James Tylee, James | PVT | 1795 | New York | fatality | [198] | |
Asa Walker | PVT | 1813 | Tennessee | fatality | [199] | |
Jacob Walker | PVT | 1799 | Tennessee | fatality | [199] | |
William B. Ward | SGT | 1806 | Ireland | fatality | [199] | |
Henry Warnell | PVT | 1812 | Arkansas | escaped | Died June 1836 of wounds incurred during the battle or during his escape | [200] |
Joseph G. Washington | PVT | c. 1808 | Tennessee | fatality | Possibly aka James Morgan | [199] |
Thomas Waters | PVT | 1812 | England | fatality | [199] | |
William Wells | PVT | 1798 | Georgia | fatality | [199] | |
Isaac White | SGT | — | — | fatality | [201] | |
Robert White | CPT | 1806 | England | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [202] |
Hiram James Williamson | SMA | 1810 | Pennsylvania | fatality | [203] | |
William Wills | — | — | — | fatality | [203] | |
David L. Wilson | PVT | 1807 | Scotland | fatality | [203] | |
John Wilson | PVT | 1804 | Pennsylvania | fatality | [203] | |
Anthony Wolf | PVT | 1782 | — | fatality | [203] | |
Claiborne Wright | PVT | 1810 | North Carolina | fatality | Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company | [204] |
Charles Zanco | LT | 1808 | Denmark | fatality | [203] | |
Vicente Zepeda | — | — | — | survivor | Juan Seguin's volunteers | [Note 2] |
See also
Citations
Notes
- ^ "The enemy in large force is in sight. We want men and provisions. Send them to us. We have 150 men and are determined to defend the Alamo to the last. Give us assistance. (signed) William Barret Travis, February 23, 1836" Letter to Gonzales alcalde Andrew Ponton. Groneman (2001), p. 1; The Alamo was under Sam Houston's authority as commander-in-chief of the paid army, which included Neill, Bowie, Travis and Crockett. Until March 4, Houston's authority did not extend to volunteers and local militias, which were the majority of the fighting force inside the Alamo. Hatch (1999), p. 188.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Some Tejanos were part of the Bexar military garrison, but others were part of Seguin's volunteer scout company and were in the Alamo on or before Feb 23. Enrique Esparza, who was inside the fortress as the son of defender Gregorio Esparza, later recalled that Santa Anna offered a three-day amnesty to all Tejano defenders. According to Esparza, Tejanos discussed the matter with Bowie who advised them to take the amnesty. It is believed most of the Tejanos left when Seguin did, either as couriers or because of the amnesty. Poyo (1996), p. 53, 58 "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Harden); Lindley (2003), p. 94, 134.
- ^ The most notable group from Gonzales in the final days was the Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company, nicknamed the Immortal 32 in later decades, although the exact head count of that company varies by source. Moore (2004), pp. 28–29, 39–43,46,51; Moore (2007), p. 100; Lindley (2003), p. 98.
- ^ a b Andrew Barcena (aka Andres Barcinas) and Anselmo Bergara had been part of Seguín's company. They were the first witnesses of the Alamo's fall to arrive in Houston's camp at Gonzales on March 11. Houston denounced them as Mexican spies and had them arrested, but Barcena fought under Seguín at the Battle of San Jacinto. Moore (2004), pp. 45–46, 451.
Footnotes
- ^ Todish et al. (1998), pp. 2,4,6.
- ^ Todish et al. (1998), pp. 137–138.
- ^ Davis (2004), p. 143; Todish et al. (1998), p. 121.
- ^ Poyo (1996), p. 54, "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Harden).
- ^ Todish et al. (1998), pp. 29, 125.
- ^ Todish et al. (1998), p.126; Moore (2004), p. 39.
- ^ Groneman (2001), p. 1; Lindley (2003), pp. 90, 93.
- ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 92–93; Groneman (2001), pp. 4–5; Jackson, Wheat (2005), p. 367.
- ^ Green, Michael R. (April 1988). "To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 91 (4). Texas State Historical Association: 483–508. JSTOR 30240052.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - ^ Moore (2004), pp. 4, 22.
- ^ Lord (1961), p. 166.
- ^ Edmondson (2000), pp. 45–46, 374.
- ^ "Telegraph and Texas Register May 28, 1837". The Portal to Texas History. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
- ^ a b Sibley, Marilyn McAdams (October 1966). "The Burial Place of the Alamo Heroes". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 70 (2). Texas State Historical Association: 272–280. JSTOR 30236392.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - ^ Lindley (2003), p. 148; Jackson, Wheat (2005), pp. 374, 377.
- ^ Jackson, Wheat (2005), p. 389.
- ^ a b Chariton (1990), p. 180.
- ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 226–227.
- ^ Matovina (1995), pp. 43–44.
- ^ Williams, Amelia (January 1934). "Reviewed Work: A Critical Study of the Siege of the Alamo and of the Personnel of Its Defenders: IV. Historical Problems Relating to the Alamo". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 37 (3). Texas State Historical Association: 157–184. JSTOR 30235477.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - ^ Smoot, Jane. "Amelia Worthington Williams". Texas Handbook Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
- ^ Roell, Craig H. (July 2004). "Reviewed Work: Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions by Thomas Ricks Lindley". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 108 (1). Texas State Historical Association: 105–106. JSTOR 30239499.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 37, 39–41, 67–68.
- ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 52, 57.
- ^ "Categories of Land Grants in Texas" (PDF). Texas General Land Office. State of Texas. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ Flores, Richard R (February 1999). "Reviewed Work: The Alamo Remembered: Tejano Accounts and Perspectives by Timothy M. Matovina". American Ethnologist. 26 (1). American Anthropological Association: 265. JSTOR 647542.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - ^ de la Teja, Jesús F (Spring 1998). "Discovering the Tejano Community in "Early" Texas". Journal of the Early Republic. 18 (1). University of Pennsylvania Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic: 73–98. JSTOR 3124734.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 76.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 1.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 2.
- ^ Matovina (1995), pp. 45–48; Lindley (2003), p. 87.
- ^ a b Lindley (2003), pp. 54, 143.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 6–7.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 7.
- ^ Kemp, L. W. "Jesse B. Badgett". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 8; Todish (1998), p. 76.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 8.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 9; Moore (2007), p. 100
- ^ Todish (1998), p. 76; Groneman (1990), pp. 9–10.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Lindley (2003), p. 98.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 10.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 10–11.
- ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 11; Todish (1998), p. 76.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 131.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 12.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 13–14.
- ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 14.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 15–16.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 16.
- ^ Hopewell (1994), pp. 2–3, 116.
- ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 62, 79.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 20–21; Moore (2004), p. 457.
- ^ a b c Groneman (1990), p. 21.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 22; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 22.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 24.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 24.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 24–25.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 25; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 25.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 26.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 26–27; Lindley (2003), p. 202.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 29.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 29–30.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 30; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 30–31.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 32; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 32; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 32.
- ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 33; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 33.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Lindley (2003), p. 143.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 34.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 34–35.
- ^ Todish (1998), p. 81; Hopewell (1994), p. 125; Nofi (1992), p. 131.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 35–36; Todish (1998), p. 78; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 36.
- ^ Carrington (1993), pp. 74–75; Groneman (1990), pp. 36–37.
- ^ a b Lindley (2003), p. 54.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 39.
- ^ Todish (1998), p. 89; Groneman (1990), pp.40–41;Roell, Craig H. "Philip Dimmitt". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 41–42.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 42; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ a b c d e Lindley (2003), p. 144.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 79.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 45–46.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 47; Edmondson (2000), p. 371.
- ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 48.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 48–49.
- ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 49; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ de la Teja (1991), pp. 18, 135, 182; Lindley (2003), pp. 94, 112; Moore (2004), p. 60.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 50; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 50.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 51.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 51; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 52.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 52–53.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 53; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 53; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 53–54; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 54–55.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 55.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 55–56.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 56.
- ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 57.
- ^ a b Lindley (2003), p. 53.
- ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 58.
- ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 59.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 59–60.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 60.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 60–61,66; Todish (1998), p. 89; Lindley (2003), p. 133.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 61–62.
- ^ a b Lindley (2003), pp. 54, 143.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 62.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 62; Lindley (2003), p. 143.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 63; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 63.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 63–64.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 64.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 81.
- ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 88, 109, 321; Lord (1961), p. 96.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 66–67.
- ^ a b c Groneman (1990), p. 67.
- ^ a b Todish (1998), p. 82.
- ^ Todish (1998), p. 82; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 98, 144.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 69.
- ^ Todish (1998), p. 82; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Groneman, Bill; Hall, Russell S. "William Philip King". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 8, 2014.Leffler, John. "King County, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 8, 2015.; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 71.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 71; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 72.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 90; Groneman (1990), pp. 72–73; Moore (2004), p. 60.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 74.
- ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 75.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 76; Green (1988), p. 500; Lindley (2003), p. 91; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Marks, Paula Mitchell. "Samuel Augustus Maverick". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 76.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 59.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 77; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 77.
- ^ Todish (1998), p. 83.
- ^ Lord (1961), p. 217; Todish (1998), p. 83.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 78–79.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 79; Todish (1998), p. 83; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 79–80.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 80; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 80.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 81.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 81.
- ^ a b Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), pp. 81–82.
- ^ a b c Todish (1998), p. 84.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 84.
- ^ Todish (1998), p. 84; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 84.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 85.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 85; Roell, Craig H. "Philip Dimmitt". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 86.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 87.
- ^ Todish (1998), p. 89.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 90.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 88.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 202; Groneman (1990), pp. 89–90; Moore (2004), pp. 52–54, 100.
- ^ a b c Todish (1998), p. 85.
- ^ Lindley (2003). pp. 143, 166.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 91–92.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 92.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 93.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 93.
- ^ Lindley (2003). p. 236; Todish (1998), p. 85.
- ^ a b Groneman (1990), pp. 95–96.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 96.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 97; Nofi (1992), pp. 85–86.
- ^ Todish (1998), p. 85; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 100.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 101.
- ^ Nofi (1992), p. 79; Myers (1948), p. 202; Groneman, pp. 101–102;Todish (1998), p. 90.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 103.
- ^ a b Todish (1998), p. 86.
- ^ Green (1988), pp. 503–504; Groneman (1990), p. 101.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 90; Groneman (1990), pp. 72–73, 105.
- ^ a b c Groneman (1990), p. 106.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 107.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 107; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ McCaslin, Richard B. "John Sutherland Jr". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 109.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 110.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 110.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 111.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 111.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 111.
- ^ Lindley (2003), p. 63.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 112.
- ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 113.
- ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 64–65; Todish (1998), p. 89; Edmondson (2000), p. 369; Lindley (2003), p. 44.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 115.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 116; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 116.
- ^ a b c d e f Todish (1998), p. 87.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 119.
- ^ Todish (1998), p. 87–88.
- ^ Groneman (1990), p. 120; Moore (2007), p. 100.
- ^ a b c d e f Todish (1998), p. 88.
- ^ Todish (1998), p. 88; Moore (2007), p. 100.
References
- Carrington, Evelyn M. (1993). Women in Early Texas. Denton, TX: Texas State Historical Association. OCLC 651721302.
- Chariton, Wallace O. (1990). Exploring the Alamo Legends. Dallas, TX: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-55622-255-9.
- de la Teja, Jesús (1991). A Revolution Remembered: The Memoirs and Selected Correspondence of Juan N. Seguin. Austin, TX: State House Press. ISBN 0-938349-68-6.
- Edmondson, J.R. (2000). The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts. Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 1-55622-678-0.
- Groneman, Bill (1990). Alamo Defenders: A Genealogy, the People and Their Words. Austin, TX: Eakin Press. ISBN 978-0-89015-757-2.
- Groneman, Bill (2001). Eyewitness to the Alamo. Lanham, Md: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-55622-846-9.
- Hatch, Thom (1999). Encyclopedia of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-0593-0.
- Hopewell, Clifford (1994). James Bowie Texas Fighting Man: A Biography. Austin, TX: Eakin Press. ISBN 0-89015-881-9.
- Jackson, Jack; Wheat, John (2005). Almonte's Texas: Juan N. Almonte's 1834 Inspection, Secret Report & Role in the 1836 Campaign. Denton, TX: Texas State Historical Association. ISBN 978-0-87611-207-6.
- Lindley, Thomas Ricks (2003). Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions. Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 1-55622-983-6.
- Lord, Walter (1961). A Time to Stand. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-7902-7.
- Matovina, Timothy M. (1995). The Alamo Remembered: Tejano Accounts and Perspectives. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-75186-6.
- Moore, Stephen L. (2004). Eighteen Minutes: The Battle of San Jacinto and the Texas Independence Campaign. Dallas, TX: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-58907-009-7.
- Moore, Stephen L. (2007). Savage Frontier: Rangers, Riflemen, and Indian Wars in Texas, Volume I, 1835–1837. Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-57441-235-2.
- Myers, John Myers (1948). The Alamo. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-5779-1.
- Nofi, Albert A. (1992). The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence, September 30, 1835 to April 21, 1836: Heroes, Myths, and History. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, Inc. ISBN 0-938289-10-1.
- Poyo, Gerald Eugene (1996). Tejano Journey, 1770–1850. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-76570-2.
- Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Austin, TX: Eakin Press. ISBN 978-1-57168-152-2.
External links
- In the Alamo's Shadow Texas A & M University reprint of an article about Joe Travis, slave of William B. Travis
- 1836 in the Republic of Texas
- Alamo defenders
- Battles of the Texas Revolution
- Davy Crockett
- History of San Antonio, Texas
- Sam Houston
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