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Utigurs-Onogurs merge?

A heavy overlap, as well as divirgence. The Onogurs page starts "The Onogurs, also known as (Bulgar) Utigurs" . And "Utigurs" starts: "Utigur is the name used by Procopius Caesariensis and his continuators Agathias and Menander in the 5th and 6th centuries to refer to the Bulgar-Huns of Onoguria". In other words, the subjects semm to be essentially the same. Lothar Klaic (talk) 05:30, 14 March 2012 (UTC)[reply]

These articles both are in great need of improvement and not merging. The Onoghurs were not also known as the Utrighurs. There were two different tribal groups that happened to both be Oghuric Turkic. --Stacey Doljack Borsody (talk) 22:18, 11 April 2012 (UTC)[reply]
I think Lothar has a point. Utigurs (not utrighurs) does seem judging by the history to be nothing more than another way of saying Onogurs, at least we can say they were in the same places at the same times and did the same things being led by the same people, but until someone publishes a book on the Utigur/Onogur question I think it will not fit wiki policy to merge in case it is taken as original research.62.255.75.224 (talk) 23:27, 20 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]
I think the article is basically wrong or speculative or pushing a certain POV on the subject and not a good source upon which a merge could be decided. Saragurs (Yellow Oghurs), Onogurs (Ten Oghurs), Kutrigurs (Nine Oghurs), and Utigurs (Thirty Oghurs) are listed as separate tribes in other sources. These were all supposedly Oghur Turkic speaking peoples, or what Browning refers to as "Bulgar-Huns". It would be better to consider Peter B. Golden as a source. --Stacey Doljack Borsody (talk) 05:50, 23 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]

I have re-written the article clarifying the situation. Although the Onogurs/Utigurs, Kutrigurs, Bulgars and Crimean Huns could be very successfully merged into one "Crimean Bulgar-Huns" article.Kaz 10:12, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

  • Support it was the Utiguri who carried the name of the Onoguri to the Danube relocating their capital to Pannonia in 677 although they were forced west (Altsek) and south down the Danube (Kuber & Asparukh) by the Avars (allied with Kotrag's Khazars) in the 680s. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.97.133.161 (talk) 01:23, 30 November 2013 (UTC)[reply]
  • Oppose The Utigur were just one confederation within the Hun state of Patria Onoguria. They appear with Sandilch when the Gokturks conquered the eastern Kazarigs in the 560s AD. The Utigur tribes of Asparukh and Kuber later seceded from Onoguria and were expelled into the Balkans to the south by Onoguri in 677AD. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chouvrtou (talk • contribs) 09:53, 7 December 2013 (UTC)[reply]
  • Oppose The Kutigurs, Utigurs as well Onogurs are all different tribes with different etymological derivation, and all are substantially mentioned in historical records separately from each other. I am currently in the process of writing the related articles. There's no need for any merge.--Crovata (talk) 13:45, 11 May 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Tribe names

Stacy, I am really interested in the source for Kutri meaning 9 and Uti meaning 30, can you point me to some more reading on this topic? Is this an area of your special interest?Kaz 09:48, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

The meaning of the names Kutrigur and Utrigur are mentioned in Rona-Tas "Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages". It is an opinion put forth by Nemeth "in several places that the ethnic name utrighur can be traced to *utur (see Chuvash vatar, Turkic otuz), and kutrigur can be linked to the numerals tokhur 'nine' (Chuvash tahhar, Turkic tokuz), see recently Nemeth (1991, p. 132)". Also see Moravcsik (1983) for information on the tribal names of the Oghur, Ughur, Onoghur, etc. No, I am no expert in this subject, just someone who can tell when expert attention is needed. --Stacey Doljack Borsody (talk) 19:00, 4 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]

Thank you for the information, I think you should put the references you provided into Etymology sections in the relevant articles.62.255.75.224 (talk) 19:07, 4 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]

The Unogundur, Uturghurs/Kutrigur and Utigur/Onogur Question

Just want to put a reminder to Editors here that the Unogundur, Uturghurs/Kutrigur and Utigur/Onogur question is not a simple one. I invite anyone who has references to share them here for discussion. 62.255.75.224 (talk) 10:43, 18 August 2012 (UTC)[reply]

Language

Since Utigurs were Hunno-Bulgars this paper probably explains their language :

according to Antoaneta Granberg : " the data is insufficient to clearly distinguish Huns, Avars and Bulgars one from another" - introduction, the second paragraph : https://www.academia.edu/683028/Classification_of_the_Hunno-Bulgarian_Loan-Words_in_Slavonic — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.254.217.159 (talk) 14:46, 2 August 2015 (UTC)[reply]


Probably this paper could also helps, it is about the Hunno-Bulgar language. http://www.centralasien.dk/joomla/images/journal/DSCA2008.pdf --DonnaCarol (talk) 13:54, 4 August 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Claims for outdated, minor or fringe theories are unwarranted.

Identification Uti - > Yuezhi is made by renowned scientists Edwin G. Pulleyblank and Yury Zuev. Putting such tags as "unreliable source" here is vandalization of the article. The work of Zuev is available on the net for free reading:

http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/29Huns/Zuev/ZuevEarly1En.htm

page 38: 

This name is repeated in the name of an Utigur queen, Akagas, in the report of the Byzantian ambassador to the Türks Valentine in 576 [Menandr, 1861, p. 418, Chavannes, 1903, p. 240]. The Utigurs of Menandr are Uti, associated with Aorses of the Pliny “Natural history" (VI, 39). The word Uti was a real proto-type of a transcription Uechji < ngiwat-tie < uti [Pulleyblank, 1966, p. 18]. In parallel, a tribe Uti existed in the east, in the valley of the river Edzinagol and lake Sihai and Salty (Sogo-nur and Gashiun-nur respectively).

page 62 :

The Utigurs of this message (J. R. Hamilton identifies this name with the name of a tribe Utiger in the Rashid ad-Din list of nine Uigur tribes) [Hamilton, 1962, p. 35, 38, 42] are mentioned by Pliny (VI, 39) as the Uti tribe, associated with Aorses. E. Pulleyblank identifies Uties as Uechji (Pin. Yuezhi) tribe [Puleyblank, 1966, p. 18]. There are parallel records about Uechji (Pin. Yuezhi)/Uti far in the east, in the basin of the Edzin-gol.

the work of Pulleyblank is published in magazine which is paid, but everyone can read it with Jitstore for free. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.152.143.113 (talk) 19:24, 5 August 2015 (UTC)[reply]


Also on the article there is a year which is typo. Everyone who is truly interested in this article and the history of Utigurs will notice this first. Instead of putting such tags. You even haven't read the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.152.143.113 (talk) 19:57, 5 August 2015 (UTC)[reply]

@93.152.143.113: Please read the reliable sources page about identifying reliable sources. Note that:

Articles should be based on reliable, third-party, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy.

 And when you say that Putting such tags as "unreliable source" here is vandalization of the article, note that the {{unreliable source}} documentation says that, This tag is intended to be used when a statement is sourced but it is questionable whether the source used is reliable for supporting the statement. This is just one editors way of telling other editors that s/he thinks that one source might be unreliable. Please don't think that this is vandilisation of the article. Thank you.  Seagull123  Φ  22:29, 7 August 2015 (UTC)[reply]

awesome - Edwin G. Pulleyblank told us who were the Huns!Crusador2000 (talk) 08:30, 29 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Wikipedia talk pages are not used for useless commenting like on a blog or forum, and multiple WP:SOCK accounts are not supported.--Crovata (talk) 08:56, 29 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]

now I have a better understanding of Darwin — Preceding unsigned comment added by NewZealot (talk • contribs) 22:05, 4 December 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Amateour historians writings

Please, check Wikipedia rules to identify reliable sources in history. Self-published materials written by amateours as doctors or philosophers are unreliable info 212.5.158.43 (talk) 16:58, 6 August 2015 (UTC)[reply]


first claim is rejected - the guy is professor on history of philosophy and culture and he is academic scholar https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2

second author is replaced with academic scholar who works in the area -it is allowed


Some of the cited books on the article Bulgars are written by people with degree on Business administration, it is even not in the Humanities — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.254.217.159 (talk) 14:11, 7 August 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Origin of the (Utigur) Huns.

Roman historians Themistius(317-390), Claudian(370-404), and later Procopius(500-560) called the Huns Massagetae.[1] The Huns were called Massagetae also by Ambrose(340-397), Ausonius(310-394), Synesius(373–414), Zacharias Rhetor(465-535), Belisarius(500-565), Evagrius Scholasticus(6th century) and others. Alexander Cunningham, B.S. Dahiya(1980, 23) and Edgar Knobloch(2001, 15) identify Massagetae with the Great Yuezhi: Da Yuezhi -> Ta-Yue-ti(Great Lunar Race) -> Ta-Gweti -> Massa-Getae. Dahiya wrote about the Massagetae and Thyssagetae : "These Guti people had two divisions, the Ta-Yue-Che and Siao-Yue-Che, exactly corresponding to the Massagetae and Thyssagetae of Herodotus ... " (Dahiya 1980, 23). Thyssagetae, who are known as the Lesser Getae, correspond with the Xiao Yuezhi, meaning Lesser Yuezhi.[2] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.254.217.110 (talk) 12:49, 30 December 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Personal attacks on other editors and WP:FRINGE theories, or through them manipulate with due and undue WP:WEIGHT of major and very minor viewpoints, are not welcome on Wikipedia.--Crovata (talk) 03:40, 1 January 2016 (UTC)[reply]

Not only you are VANDAL (constant deletion of numerous academic sources from many WP pages), but also you are imposing Turkic chauvinism on WP. And the worst of all - you truly believe what you are doing is all right. Probably you are simply stupid. No wonder that half of your race are still living in yurts while people will land on Mars and are on the verge to discover LED (Large Extra Dimensions)

Since May 2015 there were months to learn how to put a simple sign after comment. Would advise you (again) to read WP:RELIABLE, WP:NEUTRAL, WP:ORIGINAL, what we mean by WP:VANDAL on Wikipedia, WP:DISRUPTIVE and WP:TENDENTIOUS, and especially WP:CIVIL and WP:PERSONAL.--Crovata (talk) 09:11, 2 January 2016 (UTC)[reply]

a pile of shit to justify your lies

The real article Utigurs

Bulgars, also called Bulgarians, were one of the three ethnic ancestors of modern Bulgarians(the other two were Thracians and Slavs). The origin and homeland of the Bulgarian tribes are still subjects of research generating many hypothesis and violent disputes. They were mentioned for the first time in 354 AD by Anonymous Roman Chronograph as people living north of the Caucasus mountain and west of the Volga River. Headed by their chieftan Vund, they invaded Europe with the Huns about 370 AD, and retreating with the Huns about 460 AD they resettled in the area north and east of the Sea of Azov.[3][4][5]

Bulgar Vund or Utigur (vh'ndur, Vanand) is the name used by historians and geographers like Moses Horenaci, Procopius Caesariensis and his continuators, Agathias of Mirena, Menander Protector, and Theophylact Simocatta in the 6th century to refer the eastern branch of the Hunno-Bulgars who were the successors of the Hunnic empire along the coasts of the Black Sea in Patria Onoguria.[6] The late antique historians use the names of Huns, Bulgars, Kutrigurs and Utrigurs as interchangeable terms,[7][8][9][10] [11] [12][13][14] thus prompting some modern historians to coin the term Hunno-Bulgars.[15] According to Procopius, Agathias and Menander Utigurs and their relatives Kutrigurs were Huns, they were dressed in the same way and had the same language.[16][17]Utigurs, Kutrigurs and Onogurs were in all likelihood identical with the Bulgars.[18] Many historians consider Utigurs and Kutrigurs as successors of the Hunnic empire in the east, on the territory of modern-day Ukraine, where the Huns retreated after the death of Attila.[19][20][21] Menander Protector mentioned an Utigur leader in the latter 6th century called Sandilch.[22] Later these Bulgars of the Eurasian steppes had come under the control of the Western Turkic Kaghanate and were also known as Unogundur.[23][24] In the early 7th century, Khan Kubrat of the Dulo clan was "ruler of the Unogundurs" and the founder of Old Great Bulgaria.[25]

The Bulgar ancestors of the Utigurs represented the Pontic-Kuban part of the Hun Empire, and were ruled by descendants of Attila through his son, Ernakh.[26][27]

Who were the Huns?

Roman historians Themistius(317-390), Claudian(370-404), and later Procopius(500-560) called the Huns Massagetae.[28] The Huns were called Massagetae also by Ambrose(340-397), Ausonius(310-394), Synesius(373–414), Zacharias Rhetor(465-535), Belisarius(500-565), Evagrius Scholasticus(6th century) and others. Alexander Cunningham, B.S. Dahiya(1980, 23) and Edgar Knobloch(2001, 15) identify Massagetae with the Great Yuezhi: Da Yuezhi -> Ta-Yue-ti(Great Lunar Race) -> Ta-Gweti -> Massa-Getae. Dahiya wrote about the Massagetae and Thyssagetae : "These Guti people had two divisions, the Ta-Yue-Che and Siao-Yue-Che, exactly corresponding to the Massagetae and Thyssagetae of Herodotus ... " (Dahiya 1980, 23). Thyssagetae, who are known as the Lesser Getae, correspond with the Xiao Yuezhi, meaning Lesser Yuezhi.[29]

Utigurs - Etymology and Origin

Edwin G. Pulleyblank, Yury Zuev and some modern Bulgarian scholars identify the Bulgar Utigurs as one of the tribes of the Yuezhi.[30][31][32] According to Edwin G. Pulleyblank and Yury Zuev the Utigurs of Menandr are Uti, and the word Uti was a real proto-type of a transcription Yuezhi < Uechji < ngiwat-tie < uti.[33] The Huns and proto-Bulgarians practiced artificial cranial deformation[34] and its circular type can be used to trace the route that the Huns took from north China to the Central Asian steppes and subsequently to the southern Russian steppes. Circular modification appeared for the first time in Central Asia in the last centuries BC as an ethnic attribute of the early Huns. The distribution of the skulls parallels the movement of the Huns.[35][36] The people who practiced annular artificial cranial deformation in Central Asia were Yuezhi/Kushans.[37] [38][39] The migration of the Yuezhi started from North China during 2BC, it is well documented[40] and their movement parallels the distribution of the artificially deformed skulls. The recurve bow was brought to Bactria by Yuezhi around 130 BC [41] and according to Maenchen-Helfen some of their groups migrated far to the west and were present in the steppes north of the Caucasus and on the shores of the Black Sea as early as 1st century BC.[42] Modern taxonomic analysis of the artificially deformed crania from 5th–6th Century AD (Hun-Germanic Period) found in Northeastern Hungary showed that none of them have any Mongoloid features and all the skulls belong to the Europid "great race" but further identification was impossible.[43] The Huns, Bulgars and part of the Yuezhi share some common burial practices as the narrow burial pits, pits with a niche and the northern orientation of the burials.[44]The clothes of the Yuezhi depicted on Bactrian Embroidery[45] are almost identical to the traditional Bulgarian costumes made nowadays.[46]


Genetic Research

Although many scholars had posited that the Bulgars were Turkic tribes of Central Asia, modern genetic research points to an affiliation with European and western Eurasian populations.[47] The phylogenetic analysis of ancient DNA samples shows that mtDNA haplogroups can be classified as European and Western Eurasian and suggest a Western Eurasian matrilineal origin for proto-Bulgarians as well as a genetic similarity between proto- and modern Bulgarians.[48] The Y-Chromosome genetic tests suggest that a common paternal ancestry between the proto-Bulgarians and the Altaic and Central Asian Turkic-speaking populations either did not exist or was negligible.[49]

Genetic Research: Tarim Basin - Bulgaria

The origins of Tocharians and Tocharian related Yuezhi is controversial topic. Nevertheless, certain facts emerge. Usually they are assumed to have spoken Tocharian language, but Tocharian is first attested in the 8th c. AD, that is, about 3 thousand years after the earliest detected Caucasoids in the region of Tarim Basin and Xinjiang, North China. Assuming linguistic continuity does not seem to be an appropriate default position in the absence of direct evidence. There is evidence that Caucasoid population in Tarim Basin were already mixed with Mongoloids as early as the early Bronze Age (at least in their mtDNA).[50] This reduces our confidence that they spoke an Indo-European language. An attempt to discover the origin of the Tocharians was made by a careful sorting of Y-chromosome lineages in the present-day Uyghur population of Xinjiang that is assumed to have absorbed the pre-Turkic inhabitants of the region. By removing Eurasian lineages that are likely to be associated with the Xiongnu, Mongols, Uyghur, and non-Tocharian sources (such as Iranians, or various Silk Road outliers), the phylogeographic analysis leaves three candidate haplogroups : J2-M172, R1a1a-M17, R1b-M343 (and its main R-M269 clade).[51] About 80% of the total genetic variation in modern Bulgarians falls within haplogroups J-M172, R-M17 and R-M269, E-M35, I-M170.[52] Because the haplogroups E-M35 and I-M170 are indigenous for the Balkan Peninsula prior to the arrival of the Bulgars, this leads to the conclusion that there is an isomorphic correspondence between the haplogroups that can be associated with Tocharian related Yuezhi and the haplogroups that can be associated with the proto-Bulgarians (Bulgars). The conclusion correlates with the historical data that modern Bulgarians have three ethnic ancestors - Bulgars, Slavs and Thracians.

Language

Omeljan Pritsak in his notable study "The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan" (1982) [53] analyzed the 33 survived Hunnic personal names and concluded that the language of the Bulgars was Hunnic language: 

 Danube-Bulgarian had the suffix /mA/, with the same meaning as the Middle Turkic suffix /mAt/ 'the greatest among'(page 433)   
 In the Hunno-Bulgarian languages /r/ within a consonantic cluster tends to disappear (page 435)
 There was initially a g- in the Hunno-Bulgarian languages (page 449)

According to Pritsak the language was between Turkic and Mongolian, probably closer to Turkic.

According to Antoaneta Granberg the Hunno-Bulgarian language was formed on the Northern and Western borders of China in the 3rd-5th c. BC.[54] The analysis of the loan-words in Slavonic language shows the presence of direct influences of various language-families:[55] Turkic, Mongolian, Chinese and Iranian. The Huns and Proto-Bulgarians spoke the same language, different from all other “barbarian” languages. When Turkic tribes appeared at the borders of the Chinese empire in the 6th c., the Huns and Proto-Bulgarians were no longer there.[56] It is important to note that Turkic does contain Hunno-Bulgarian loans, but that these were received through Chinese intermediary, e.g. Hunnic ch’eng-li ‘sky, heaven’ was borrowed from Chinese as tängri in Turkic[57] The Hunno-Bulgarian language exhibits non-Turkic and non-Altaic features. Altaic has no initial consonant clusters, while Hunno-Bulgarian does. Unlike Turkic and Mongolian, Hunno-Bulgarian language has no initial dental or velar spirants. Unlike Turkic, it has initial voiced b-: bagatur (a title), boyla (a title). Unlike Turkic, Hunno-Bulgarian has initial n-, which is also encountered in Mongolian: Negun, Nebul (proper names). In sum, Antoaneta Granberg concludes that Hunno-Bulgarian language has no consistent set of features that unite it with either Turkic or Mongolian. Neither can it be related to Sino-Tibetian languages, because it obviously has no monosyllabic word structure.

Assuming that the connection Yuezhi->Hunno-Bulgars was substantiated enough we can try to find explanation in the preserved data about the language of Yuezhi/Kushans and see if we can find some correspondence. Some scholars have explained the words connecting the Yuezhi 月氏 or the Kushans as coming from the Turkic languages, thus concluding that the language of the Kushans was from the Türkic language branch. this theory is inadequate. In the Zhoushu 周書, ch. 50, it is recorded that: “The ancestors [of the Türks] came from the state of Suo 索.”34 It has been suggested that “Suo 索” [sheak] is a transcription of “Sacae.” In other words, it may be possible that the ancestors of the Türks originally were kin of the Sacae. If this is true, it would not be difficult to understand why some words and titles connected with the Yuezhi 月氏 or the Kushans can be explaned by the Türkic languages. In the Rājataraṅgiṇī (I, 170) there is a reference to the fact that the Türkic ruler in Gandhāra claimed his ancestor was Kaniṣka, and maybe this is not merely boasting. Other scholars have judged that the language of the Kushans was the Iranian language. This theory is also inadequate, for the following reasons. First, they were a branch of the Sacae, a tribal union composed of at least four tribes, i.e., Asii, Gasiani, Tochari and Sacarauli. Of these there were some tribes who spoke the Iranian language, but also some who spoke Indo-European languages other than the Iranian language, e.g., the Tochari. Next, the tribes that spoke Tokharian were in close contact with the tribes that spoke the Iranian language, and the words connected to them that can be explained with Iranian possibly originally were Tokharian.[58]


History

According to Procopius, there was a nation of Huns living to the east of the Sea of Azov and north of the Caucasus, the king of these Huns had two sons, Kutigur and Utigur. The king referred by Procopius is most probably Ernak, the third son of Attila. After the death of the king, the two sons divided the people into two tribes. Analyzing the chronicles of the antique historians Vasil Zlatarski concludes that the name Bulgar was used for both tribes, but in 6th century the tribal names were preferred by the Eastern Roman Empire due to the different policy it had toward these two tribes.[59] In the middle of 6th century the Emperor Justinian, being attacked by the Kutrigurs under their leader Chinialus, bribed their relatives the Utigurs led by Sandilch to attacked the Kutrigurs in the rear. The resulting internecine war between the two tribes weakened them and made them vulnerable to the Avar attack shortly after that.[60]

By 568CE some Kutrigurs groups came under the control of the Varchonites who were migrating to Pannonia and was also known as Avars. The eastern Bulgar groups along the northern coasts of the Black sea, the Utigurs, were conquered by the Western Turkic Kaghanate (who were violently opposed to the Pannonian Avars).[61] Due to civil war the Western Turks retreated back into Asia no later than 583 CE according to Zlatarski.

Kubrat's Utigurs defeated the Avars in alliance with Byzantium and reunited the Utigurs and Kutrigurs into a single Crimean Bulgar confederation in Patria Onoguria renamed as "Old Great Bulgaria"

After Kubrat's death in 665AD, his empire was divided[62] when his appointed heir Batbayan submitted to the Khazars of Kubrat's second son Kotrag who settled Batbayan's army at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers where they founded a Khanate known as Volga Bulgaria.[63]

Other sons of Kubrat carried the Utigur name to the Danube and Pannonia Secunda by April 677. Some submitted to a restored Avar Kaghan, while others rebelled moving south to the Pelagonian plain under the leadership of Tervel's Uncle, Kuber in alliance with Khan Asparukh's Utigurs[64] who successfully occupied the southern banks of the Danube following the Battle of Ongal. Kuber's Utigurs displaced some of the populations that had already settled in the region of Macedonia, and intermingled with the populations that remained. Following the Battle of Ongal, Asparukh settled a portion of the Utigur Bulgars in Moesia, to establish the state which would become modern Bulgaria. In the 8th century, the Kuber Bulgars merged with Asparuh's Bulgars who had by the late 7th century already taken both sides of the Danube River.

  1. ^ "The World of the Huns", Otto Maenchen-Helfen, page 4:"But considering that Themistius, Claudian, and later Procopius called the Huns Massagetae,..."
  2. ^ SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS, Number 127 October, 2003, page 22-24, http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp127_getes.pdf
  3. ^ http://www.britannica.com/topic/Bulgar
  4. ^ http://www.bulgaria-embassy.org/history_of_bulgaria.htm#THE%20BULGARIANS
  5. ^ http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/BarbarianHuns.htm
  6. ^ "The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 57: "After a period of chaos following Attila's death, dualism again reasserted itself in the succession of Dengitzik and Ernak (west and east respectively). The successor to the Hunnic Empire in the east, or rather probably the coninuation, also featured two wings, the Kutrigurs(west) and the Utigurs(east), ruled presumably by Ernak's descendants.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false
  7. ^ "The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", Hyun Jin Kim, page 256: " Thus in our sources the names Kutrigur, Bulgar and Hun are used interchangeably and refer in all probability not to separate groups but one group.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false
  8. ^ Cafer Saatchi , Early Mediaeval identity of the Bulgarians, page 3 : " The early Byzantine texts use the names of Huns, Bulgarians, Kutrigurs and Utrigurs as interchangeable terms. There the Bulgarians are represented as identical, they are a part of Huns or at least have something common with them. The khans Avtiochol and Irnik, listed in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans today are identified with Attila and Ernach.", http://www.academia.edu/10894065/Early_Mediaeval_identity_of_the_Bulgarians
  9. ^ Classification of the Hunno-Bulgarian Loan-Words in Slavic, Antoaneta Granberg, Introduction : " (2) the data are insufficient to clearly distinguish Huns, Avars and Bulgars one from another;" https://www.academia.edu/683028/Classification_of_the_Hunno-Bulgarian_Loan-Words_in_Slavonic
  10. ^ "SOME REMARKS ON THE CHINESE "BULGAR"", 2004, SANPING CHEN: " In fact contemporary European sources kept equating the Bulgars with the Huns. At the very least, the Hun-Bulgar connection was much more tangible than the Hun-Xiongnu identification. " http://www.bulgari-istoria-2010.com/booksBG/Sanping_Chen_SOME_REMARKS_ON_THE_CHINESE_BULGARIAN.pdf
  11. ^ "History of the Later Roman Empire", J.B. Bury: " The Kotrigurs, who were a branch of the Hunnic race, occupied the steppes of South Russia, from the Don to the Dniester, and were probably closely allied to the Bulgarians or Onogundurs — the descendants of Attila's Huns — who had their homes in Bessarabia and Walachia. They were a formidable people and Justinian had long ago taken precautions to keep them in check, in case they should threaten to attack the Empire, though it was probably for the Roman cities of the Crimea, Cherson and Bosporus, that he feared, rather than for the Danubian provinces. As his policy on the Danube was to use the Lombards as a check on the Gepids, so his policy in Scythia was to use another Hunnic people, the Utigurs, as a check on the Kotrigurs. The Utigurs lived beyond the Don, on the east of the Sea of Azov, and Justinian cultivated their friendship by yearly gifts. ", http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/20*.html#ref39
  12. ^ Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire, Jennifer Lawler, " Utigurs - Hunnic tribe that lived on the east steppes of Don, related to the Bulgars", стр. 296 https://books.google.hr/books?id=sEWeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA296&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAjgUahUKEwi427LD25zHAhVEECwKHc3wDFQ#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false
  13. ^ "Great Walls and Linear Barriers", Peter Spring, " In 460 the Huns split into the Onogurs, Utigurs and Kotrigurs.", стр. 199 https://books.google.hr/books?id=OfmxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA199&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCEQ6AEwATgoahUKEwia2MPL75zHAhVEhywKHcRYDHg#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false
  14. ^ "A history of the First Bulgarian Empire", "Book I THE CHILDREN OF THE HUNS " Steven Runciman, стр. 5, " On Attila’s death, his empire crumbled. His people, who had probably been only a conglomeration of kindred tribes that he had welded together, divided again into these tribes; and each went its own way. One of these tribes was soon to be known as the Bulgars." http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/sr_1_1.htm
  15. ^ Pritsak, 1982: pages: 435, 448-449
  16. ^ O. Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns, page 378 : " In one instance we are explicitly told that the Kutrigur and Utigur, called Huns by Procopius, Agathias, and Menander, were of the same stock, dressed in the same way, and had the same language. ", http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_1.html
  17. ^ "The Hunno-Bulgarian Language, 2008, Antoaneta Granberg, Göteborg University: " The Hunno-Bulgarian language was formed on the Northern and Western borders of China in the 3rd-5th c. BC. The analysis of the loan-words in Slavonic language shows the presence of direct influences of various language-families: Turkic, Mongolian, Chinese and Iranian. The Huns and Proto-Bulgarians spoke the same language, different from all other "barbarian" languages. When Turkic tribes appeared at the borders of the Chinese empire in the 6th c., the Huns and Proto-Bulgarians were no longer there. It is important to note that Turkic does contain Hunno-Bulgarian loans, but that these were received through Chinese intermediary, e.g. Hunnic ch’eng-li ‘sky, heaven’ was borrowed from Chinese as tängri in Turkic. The Hunno-Bulgarian language exhibits non-Turkic and non-Altaic features. Altaic has no initial consonant clusters, while Hunno-Bulgarian does. Unlike Turkic and Mongolian, Hunno-Bulgarian language has no initial dental or velar spirants. Unlike Turkic, it has initial voiced b-: bagatur (a title), boyla (a title). Unlike Turkic, Hunno-Bulgarian has initial n-, which is also encountered in Mongolian: Negun, Nebul (proper names). In sum, Hunno-Bulgarian language has no consistent set of features that unite it with either Turkic or Mongolian. Neither can it be related to Sino-Tibetian languages, because it obviously has no monosyllabic word structure.", http://www.centralasien.dk/joomla/images/journal/DSCA2008.pd
  18. ^ https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false, page 141
  19. ^ The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 4, Edward Gibbon, page 537: " And both Procopius and Agathias represent Kotrigurs and Utigurs as tribes of Huns. There can be no doubt Kutrigurs, Utigurs and Bulgars belong to the same race as the Huns of Attila and spoke tongues closely related, - were in fact Huns. They had all been under Attila's dominion", https://books.google.bg/books?id=j83oF6YQI68C&dq=utigurs&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false
  20. ^ "The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, https://books.google.bg/books?id=fX8YAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&source=gbs_toc_r&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false, page 57, page 138, page 140-141, page 254 : " That the Utigurs and Kutrigurs formed the two main wings of the same steppe confederacy is proved by the foundation legend told by Procopius regarding the ethnogenesis of the two tribal groupings. He states that before the formation of both entities power in the steppe was concentrated in the hands of a single ruler ( presumably he is referring here to Ernak, son of Attila ), who then divided the power/empire between his two sons called Utigur and Kutrigur "
  21. ^ Justinian and Theodora, Robert Browning, page 160 : "The Huns of Attila, and their descendants the Bulgars, the Kutrigurs and the Utigurs, were pastoral peoples of the steppe and semi-desert lands of central Asia, who had been driven westwards in search of new pastures by a combination of factors. The progressive desiccation of their ancient home, and in particular of the Tarim Basin, reduced the grazing land available. ", https://books.google.bg/books?id=gOIMSWMtow0C&pg=PA158&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwiRrunKvo7HAhWrF9sKHSH-A6o#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false
  22. ^ Menandri Fragmenta. Excerpta de legationibus. - Ed. C. de Boor. Berolini, 1903, p. 170
  23. ^ Browning, Robert (2003). Justinian and Theodora. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1-59333-053-7.
  24. ^ Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 1971, Volume 3, page 459 : "... Utigur and Unnugari are used as common synonyms for the same tribe. Again, the Unnugari are also called Unugunduri and Unungunduri.", https://books.google.bg/books?id=m_6zAAAAIAAJ&q=utigurs&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y
  25. ^ Nisephorus Patriarcha. Breviarium. Ed. C. de Boor, p. 24
  26. ^ Runciman (Book I THE CHILDREN OF THE HUNS) 1930, p. 4: "Attila was proudly called cousin, if not grandfather, by them all. Of all these claims, it seems that the Bulgars’ is the best justified; the blood of the Scourge of God flows now in the valleys of the Balkans, diluted by time and the pastoral Slavs."
  27. ^ "The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 140 :" The same is likely to have been the case among the Utigurs and Kutrigurs who under Attilid rule had even more justification for claiming the imperial mantle of the Huns of Europe.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false
  28. ^ "The World of the Huns", Otto Maenchen-Helfen, page 4:"But considering that Themistius, Claudian, and later Procopius called the Huns Massagetae,..."
  29. ^ SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS, Number 127 October, 2003, page 22-24, http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp127_getes.pdf
  30. ^ Yu. A. Zuev, EARLY TURKS: ESSAYS on HISTORY and IDEOLOGY, p.38 and p.62 : " The Utigurs of Menandr are Uti, associated with Aorses of the Pliny "Natural history" (VI, 39). The word Uti was a real proto-type of a transcription Uechji < ngiwat-tie < uti (Pulleyblank, 1966, p. 18) "
  31. ^ http://www.protobulgarians.com/Kniga%20AtStamatov/Prarodina.htm
  32. ^ http://www.bulgari-istoria-2010.com/booksBG/P_Golijski_Tarim_i_Baktria.pdf
  33. ^ Pulleyblank, 1966, p. 18
  34. ^ Paleoneurosurgical aspects of Proto-Bulgarian circular type of artificial skull deformations, Journal of Neurosurgery, http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2010.9.FOCUS10193
  35. ^ Tracing Huns from East to West, L.T. Yablonsky, Cranial vault modification and foreign expansion, http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/65_Craniology/YablonskyTracingHunsEn.htm
  36. ^ Khodjaiov 1966; Ginzburg & Trofimova 1972; Tur 1996
  37. ^ "The Kushan civilization", Buddha Rashmi Mani, page 5: "A particular intra-cranial investigation relates to an annular artificial head deformation (macrocephalic), evident on the skulls of diverse racial groups being a characteristic feature traceable on several figures of Kushan kings on coins.", https://books.google.bg/books?id=J_YtAAAAMAAJ&q=kushan+deformation&dq=kushan+deformation&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y
  38. ^ The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe, Hyun Jin Kim,page 33
  39. ^ http://www.dandebat.dk/eng-dan11.htm
  40. ^ http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/benjamin.html
  41. ^ Senior, R. Indo-Scythian Coins and History,London, 2001, p.xxvii
  42. ^ The Yüeh-Chih Problem Re-Examined, Otto Maenchen-Helfen, Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol. 65, No. 2 page 81 http://www.jstor.org/stable/593930?seq=11#page_scan_tab_contents .
  43. ^ Artificially Deformed Crania From the Hun-Germanic Period (5th–6th Century AD) in Northeastern Hungary, Mónika Molnár, M.S.; István János, Ph.D.; László Szűcs, M.S.; László Szathmáry, C.Sc., http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/823134_4
  44. ^ "Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries", Boris Zhivkov , page 30, https://books.google.bg/books?id=7Du2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=yuezhi+deformation&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDAQ6AEwA2oVChMI1qLS7L71xwIVBLgaCh0FjwTZ#v=onepage&q=yuezhi%20deformation&f=false
  45. ^ Yuezhi on Bactrian Embroidery from Textiles Found at Noyon uul, Mongolia Sergey A. Yatsenko Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, page 41, paragraph 2 : " The basic color gamma of the depictions is a combination of red/rose and white, which is characteristic for the Bactrian Yuezhi. Furthermore, there is a definite symmetry of these two basic colors. Thus, if an individual has a red caftan, then his shoes are also red but he has white trousers and a white belt, and, on the other hand, if he has a white caftan and shoes, the trousers and belt are red.", http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol10/srjournal_v10.pdf
  46. ^ http://www.shevitsa.com/
  47. ^ http://global.britannica.com/topic/Bulgar
  48. ^ "Mitochondrial DNA Suggests a Western Eurasian origin for Ancient (Proto-) Bulgarians", D. V. Nesheva, S. Karachanak-Yankova, M. Lari, Y. Yordanov, A. Galabov, D. Caramelli, D. Toncheva, http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=humbiol_preprints
  49. ^ "Y-Chromosome Diversity in Modern Bulgarians: New Clues about Their Ancestry", Sena Karachanak et.al., http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0056779
  50. ^ http://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7007-8-15
  51. ^ http://dienekes.blogspot.bg/2011/05/on-tocharian-origins.html
  52. ^ http://www.abstractsonline.com/Plan/ViewAbstract.aspx?sKey=006d5e3a-ea14-49ff-9b39-f0a042d39185&cKey=bfc88c56-5e93-4ee2-89e6-c3ab1bd25f5c&mKey=%7BDFC2C4B1-FBCD-433D-86DD-B15521A77070%7D
  53. ^ http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/huri/files/vvi_n4_dec1982.pdf
  54. ^ The Hunno-Bulgarian Language, Antoaneta Granberg, http://www.centralasien.dk/joomla/images/journal/DSCA2008.pdf
  55. ^ https://www.academia.edu/683028/Classification_of_the_Hunno-Bulgarian_Loan-Words_in_Slavonic
  56. ^ Pulleyblank 1963: 239-265
  57. ^ Pulleyblank 1963:240
  58. ^ http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp212_kushan_guishuang.pdf page 15
  59. ^ Васил Н. Златарски История на Първото българско Царство, page 75
  60. ^ The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe, Hyun Jin Kim,page 142, https://books.google.bg/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&pg=PA132&dq=Utigur+attila&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAGoVChMIs9-UmKyQxwIVBKJyCh0V0wQM#v=onepage&q=Sandilch%20&f=false
  61. ^ Runciman (Book I) 1930, p. 10.
  62. ^ Runciman, Book I, The Children of the Huns, page 16-17
  63. ^ Heritage of Scribes: The Relation of Rovas Scripts to Eurasian Writing Systems, Gábor Hosszú, Rovas Foundation, 2012, ISBN 9638843748, p. 287.
  64. ^ national Historical and Archeological Reserve Madara, Sofia 2009, Pecham valdex, p.26
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