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Ravenna, Seattle

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Ravenna

Ravenna is a neighborhood in northeastern Seattle, Washington, named after Ravenna, Italy. The neighborhood is mostly residential, with several businesses located along the busiest streets, in addition to University Village Shopping Center. Many of the residents are graduate students at the University of Washington[citation needed], which is about a mile or two to the south. Its main distinction is the restored Cowen Park-Ravenna Park, which is near the popular walking or biking route between Green Lake and the Burke-Gilman Trail near University Village.[1]

Ravenna and Ravenna-Bryant

What is now Ravenna has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period (c. 8,000 B.C.E.—10,000 years ago). The Native American Duwamish (Dkhw’Duw’Absh, "the People of the Inside") tribe of the Lushootseed (Skagit-Nisqually) Coast Salish nations had the prominent village of SWAH-tsoo-gweel ("portage") on then-adjacent Union Bay, and what is now Ravenna was their backyard before the arrival of White settlers.[2] The Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway was built c. 1886 along what is now the Burke-Gilman Trail, following what was the shoreline past where the UW power plant and University Village are today.[3] In 1891, a streetcar line followed what is now 15th Avenue NE, then followed near the southern boundary of what is now Ravenna, where the narrow right-of-way remains clearly visible beside the park. Ravenna Boulevard was built in 1903 as a small part of the Olmsted Brothers grand plan for Seattle streets and parks.[4] Ravenna incorporated as an independent town in 1906 toward annexation to Seattle in 1907.[5] Ravenna south of the Burke-Gilman Trail is filled land from dump sites at 26th Avenue, filling the drained Union Bay Marsh and much of Union Bay.[6] University Village (1956) was built on the southernmost reclaimed land in Ravenna.[7]

Ravenna and Bryant are bounded on the west by 15th and 20th Avenues NE, beyond which lies the Roosevelt neighborhood; on the north by NE 75th and 85th Streets, beyond which lie Maple Leaf and Wedgwood; on the east by 35th and 25th Avenues NE, beyond which lie View Ridge, Windermere and Laurelhurst (or Bryant neighborhood in between Ravenna and neighbborhoods east);[8][9] and on the south by NE Ravenna Boulevard, and NE Blakeley or NE 45th Streets, beyond which lie the University District and sometimes University Village (boundaries are informal). University Village and Calvary Cemetery are in south Ravenna.[10] Bryant, or Ravenna-Bryant, extends the neighborhood east to 45th Avenue, south of 75th Street and north of Sand Point Way.[9] That portion of south-central Ravenna adjacent to the University Village shopping complex is often considered part of the University Village neighborhood[citation needed], and Ravenna east of 25th Avenue NE is Bryant or Ravenna-Bryant.[5]

The principal arterial is 25th Avenue NE; minor arterials are 15th and 35th Avenues, and NE 65th Street; 40th Avenue NE and NE 55th Street are collector arterials.[11] Besides the eponymous boulevard, its most well-known street is Candy Cane Lane. On the length of Park Road (one block and a little roundabout) residents have been creating an elaborate Christmas display since 1951, bringing bumper-to-bumper traffic to the boulevard on snowy nights.[12] The 20th Avenue collector arterial has become increasingly bike- and pedestrian-friendly with the closure of the park bridge to motor vehicles (1975).[13] Ravenna Boulevard is a popular bikeway.

There are small commercial clusters on 25th Avenue between Blakeley and 55th, on 55th east of 25th, on 65th between 20th and 25th, and along Blakeley.[citation needed] An eponymous grocery has been at the same location on the boulevard since the 1920s.[14] Most emblematic of the neighborhood are Queen Mary, serving Victorian English Tea; the Duchess Tavern (1934), along with the Blue Moon, the oldest still-extant around the University of Washington; and that the only Volvo dealership in town is family-owned and in Ravenna-Bryant.[15]

"The Seattle Lake Shore and Eastern Railway at the Ravenna Depot, near the Seattle Flour Mill", c. 1893 The quote is the caption from the orginal 14 x 15 print (35.5 x 37.7 cm). Between the depot and the mill could now be 25th Avenue NE at the Burke-Gilman Trail. Left of the mill is the Ravenna Depot, center. The straight road left continues past Roper's Grocery on 24th Street, just left of the tree, left of center, to what is now the SE corner of Ravenna Park, behind the house between the foreground trees. Behind the hamlet of Ravenna, middle background, is the new Seattle Female College (c. 1890), "non-sectarian, distinctly Christian", and including the Seattle Conservatory of Music and Ravenna Seminary. The stable for the college is beyond the depot. Left of the college and above the small foreground snag, faintly, is a broad side of the Phillips house, still extant today. [16]

Cowen Park–Ravenna Park and Ravenna Creek

The parks comprise the centerpiece of these neighborhoods (including the obscure little neighborhood of Cowen Park, southeast Roosevelt, and adjacent University Heights neighborhood). Conjoined Cowen Park-Ravenna Park is located at a southwest corner of Ravenna-Bryant, reaching from beyond the source of Ravenna Creek beside nearby Brooklyn Avenue and Ravenna Boulevard, under the 15th Avenue bridge to 25th Avenue NE.

For many decades of Seattle city history, the park ravine had been ignored by loggers and farmers and still possessed full old-growth timber rising nearly 400 feet.[17] The trees remained through the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1908, at which they were featured exhibitions. Public controversy about them declined after their gradual disappearance in suspicious circumstances by 1926. Today, none of that size remain anywhere in the world.[18][19] The legacy helped save Seward and Carkeek parks, and helped galvanize conservation efforts ever since.[20] Today, a single Sierra Redwood stands over the Medicinal Herb Garden at a south edge of the UW campus, at 106 feet somewhat over a quarter of the height of those of Cowen Park-Ravenna Park.[21]

The creek original source was Green Lake, from Haller and Bitter lakes, then the Cowen Park ravine west wall when the watershed was diverted to sewers (1908-1948).[22] In the mid-1960s, the Cowen Park ravine was largely filled using freeway construction spoils. The City of Seattle planned to use the ravine for staging a comprehensive stormwater drainage piping project in 1986, galvanizing the neighborhoods of the watershed to protect and restore the park.[23] Since 1991, the park has seen major restoration by residents of neighborhoods in collaboration with the City.[24] Projects have included daylighting portions of the creek (partly with the ideal of restoring native fish runs), building and maintaining trails, and restoring riparian habitat.[25][26] Completion of downstream daylighting to the mouth of the creek beside Union Bay Natural Area and restoration of migrating fish has come into conflict with property owners, specifically the owners of University Village, even though a revised daylighting project would not include their land.[27][26]

Neighborhoods of Ravenna Creek

The Ravenna Creek watershed mostly corresponds to:

See also

References

  1. ^ ""Seattle's Urban Trail System, January 2004"". Seattle DOT Bicycle Program. Seattle Department of Transportation. 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
  2. ^ Dailey, 26, ref. 2, 8)
  3. ^ Phelps (1978), p. 25
  4. ^ ""Olmsted Park Plans Cybertour"". Point 1 of 21. HistoryLink.org. 2003. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ a b Wilma (2001-08-20, Essay 3502)
  6. ^ (1) Marsh drained 1916 with the opening of the Montlake Cut of the Lake Washington Ship Canal. Fill sites 1911, 1920, 1926; last acreage in the University District closed 1966 or 1967).
    (1.1) Phelps (1978), pp. 208, 210; "HISTORY @UBNA", next.
    (1.2) ""HISTORY @ UBNA"". Center for Urban Horticulture, Departments of the University of Washington. n.d., 1999 per "Montlake Landfill Information Summary, January 1999" on page. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |date= (help)
  7. ^ Dorpat (2001-06-18, Essay 3380)
  8. ^ (1) ""Area 4"". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. 2002-06-17. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
    (2) ""Ravenna"". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
  9. ^ a b ""Bryant"". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. 2002-06-17. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
  10. ^ (1) ""Ravenna"". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. Retrieved 2006-04-21. (2) ""About the Seattle City Clerk's On-line Information Services"". Information Services. Seattle City Clerk's Office. 2006-04-30. Retrieved 2006-05-21.
  11. ^ ""Street Classification Maps"". Seattle Department of Transportation. 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
  12. ^ Hook (2000-11-23)
  13. ^ (1) Engineering Department, Traffic and Transportation Division, Study : 20th Avenue N.E. bridge closure. Seattle, WA: The Dept. [sic], 1975.
    (2) Higgins (1999-07-30) "Traffic"
  14. ^ Lund (2006-03-15)
  15. ^ Higgins (1997-12-06) "Area"
  16. ^ (1) Dorpat (1994), ch. 42
    (2) Dorpat (1981), images 104-U, 105-U, 106-U, 107-U
  17. ^ (1) Wilma (2001-08-20), Essay 3502
    (1.1) See also list of newspaper articles referenced by Wilma
    (2) Dolan & True (2003), pp. 142–143.
    (3) Van Pelt (2001), pp. xxii, 181–185, 187–191.
  18. ^ (1) Wilma (2001-08-20), Essay 3502
    (1.1) See also list of newspaper articles referenced by Wilma
    (2) Higgins (1999-07-30), "Traffic"
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference VanPelt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference DolanTrue was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ (1) Located at an edge of the central main campus, SSW of Drumheller Fountain near Stevens Way. (2) Dolan & True, p. 144.
  22. ^ (0) (See also "Seattle History: Maps" [1], referenced below.)
    (1) The water table is relatively shallow, held by the extensive layer of clays that underlay the metro region. The creek source is actually seeping from the original west wall of the ravine, even though the gulch has been partially filled at the southwest corner of Cowen Park.
    (1.1) Dolan & True (2003), p. 143; Phelps (1978), p. 22.
    (2) Sewers (1908-1911, 1931, 1948, major break 1957-58), Phelps p. 284, 199; 191; 201; 194-5.
  23. ^ Hadley (1986-06-12)
  24. ^ (1) Dolan & True (2003), pp. 142–3.
    (2) ""Chronology"". Ravenna Creek Alliance. 1998. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. ^ (1) Dolan & True (2003)
    (2) O'Neil (1998)
    (3) ""Chronology"". Ravenna Creek Alliance. 1998. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
    (4) Whittemore (n.d.)
  26. ^ a b ""Ravenna Creek Alliance: Specific Info"". Ravenna Creek Alliance. 2005-11-09. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
  27. ^ (1) Higgins (1997-12-06) "Residents"
    (2) O'Neil (1998)
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference Phelps was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ "Cover map". "Seattle History: Maps" in "150 Years: Seattle By and By". The Seatttle Times. 2001. Retrieved 2006-04-21.

Bibliography

  • Dorpat, Paul (1981). 294 glimpses of historic Seattle, its neighborhoods and neighborhood businesses. Seattle: P. Dorpat c/o The Mayor's Small Business Task Force. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • ""About the Seattle City Clerk's On-line Information Services"". Information Services. Seattle City Clerk's Office. Revised 2006-04-30. Retrieved 2006-05-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
    See heading, "Note about limitations of these data".
  • ""Area 4"". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. n.d., map .jpg c. 2002-06-17. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help); Text "last" ignored (help)
  • ""Bryant"". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. n.d., map .jpg c. 2002-06-17. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
    Note caveat in footer.
    Maps "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg dated 17 June, 2002.
  • ""Chronology"". Ravenna Creek Alliance. n.d., August 1998 per Chronology. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  • "Cover map". "Seattle History: Maps" in "150 Years: Seattle By and By". The Seatttle Times. n.d., 2001 by sesquicentennial. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
    The landscape carved by the Vashon Glacier some 14,000 years ago.
  • Dailey, Tom (n.d.). ""Duwamish-Seattle"". "Coast Salish Villages of Puget Sound". Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); External link in |work= (help)
    Page links to Village Descriptions Duwamish-Seattle section.
    Dailey referenced "Puget Sound Geography" by T. T. Waterman. Washington DC: National Anthropological Archives, mss. [n.d.] [ref. 2];
    Duwamish et al vs. United States of America, F-275. Washington DC: US Court of Claims, 1927. [ref. 5];
    "Indian Lake Washington" by David Buerge in the Seattle Weekly, 1-7 August 1984 [ref. 8];
    "Seattle Before Seattle" by David Buerge in the Seattle Weekly, 17-23 December 1980. [ref. 9];
    The Puyallup-Nisqually by Marian W. Smith. New York: Columbia University Press, 1940. [ref. 10].
    Recommended start is "Coast Salish Villages of Puget Sound"
  • Dolan, Maria & True, Kathryn (2003). Nature in the city: Seattle. Seattle: Mountaineers Books, pp. 142–143. ISBN 0-89886-879-3 (paperback).
  • Engineering Department, Traffic and Transportation Division, Study : 20th Avenue N.E. bridge closure. Seattle, WA: The Dept. [sic], 1975.
  • Dorpat, Paul (1994). "ch. 42". Seattle, now & then (2d edition of vol. I of III). Seattle: Tartu Publications. ISBN 0-9614357-0-4, ISBN 0-9614357-1-2 (pbk.). {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Dorpat, Paul (18 June 2001, updated May 2002). ""Seattle Neighborhoods: University District -- Thumbnail History"". HistoryLink.org Essay 3380. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
    Dorpat referenced Seattle: Now and Then Vols. 1, 2, and 3. Seattle: Tartu Publications, 1984, 1988);
    Walt Crowley and Paul Dorpat, "The Ave: Streetcars to Street Fairs", typescript dated 1995 in possession of Walt Crowley and Paul Dorpat, Seattle, Washington;
    Walt Crowley, Rites of Passage. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995;
    Cal McCune, From Romance to Riot: A Seattle Memoir. Seattle: Cal McCune, 1996;
    Roy Nielsen, UniverCity: The City Within City: The Story of the University District Seattle: University Lions Foundation, ca. 1986;
    Clark Humphrey, Loser: the Real Seattle Music Story. Portland, OR: Feral House, 1995.
  • Hadley, Jane (1986-06-12). ""Protest Nearly Buries Storm-Water Project: A Ravenna Park Pipeline Probably Won't Be Built"". Section: News. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. p. A9. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Heather (2001-08). ""Tea Time"". "On the Tea Table". Georgian Index. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
  • Higgins, Mark (1997-12-06). ""Area is quintessential Seattle"". "Neighbors: Ravenna". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
    Updated at ""From middle-class houses to mansions"". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. n.d. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
    "The Neighbors project was published weekly in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer from 1996 to 2000. This page remains available for archival purposes only and the information it contains may be outdated. For more updated information, please visit our Webtowns section."
  • Higgins, Mark (1999-07-30). ""Traffic wars just latest fight for activist neighborhood"". Neighbors project. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2006-05-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Higgins, Mark (1997-12-06). ""Residents rally to save creek"". Neighbors project. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • HistoryLink with Friends of Seattle's Olmsted Parks (c. April 2003). ""Olmsted Park Plans Cybertour"". Point 1 of 21. HistoryLink.org. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • ""HISTORY @ UBNA"". Center for Urban Horticulture, Departments of the University of Washington. n.d., 1999 per "Montlake Landfill Information Summary, January 1999" on page. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help); External link in |date= (help)
  • Hook, Jamie (2000-11-23). ""Obsession & Lights, True Story of"". The Stranger. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Lund, Abby (2006-03-15). ""Not just another neighborhood grocery store - Boulevard Grocery finds its niche after decades in Ravenna"". North Seattle Herald-Outlook. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • O'Neil, Kit (n.d., (August 1998 per Chronology). ""Ravenna Creek Daylighting Project"". University Community Urban Center. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help); External link in |date= (help)
  • Paajanen, Sean (n.d.). ""High Tea vs. Afternoon Tea"". Coffee / Tea. About, Inc., a part of The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
  • Phelps, Myra L. (1978). Public works in Seattle. Seattle: Seattle Engineering Department. ISBN 0-960-1928-1-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |month=, |chapterurl=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help)
  • ""Planned Arterials Map Legend Definitions"" (PDF). "City of Seattle Street Classification Maps". City of Seattle Department of Transportation. 2004-01-12. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); External link in |work= (help)
    See also pdf note.
  • ""Street Classification Maps"". Seattle Department of Transportation. 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
    High-Resolution Version, PDF format, 16.1 MB
    Medium-Resolution Version, PDF format, 1.45 MB 12 January 2004.
    Low-Resolution Version, PDF format, 825 KB 12 January 2004.
    "Planned Arterials Map Legend Definitions", PDF format. 12 January 2004.
    The high resolution version is good for printing, 11 x 17. The low and medium resolution versions are good for quicker online vewing. [Source: "Street Classification Maps, Note on Accessing These PDF Files"]
  • ""Ravenna"". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. n.d., map .jpg c. 2002-06-17. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
    Note caveat in footer.
    Maps "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg dated 17 June, 2002.
  • ""Ravenna Creek Alliance: Specific Info"". Ravenna Creek Alliance. 2005-11-09. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
  • ""Seattle's Urban Trail System, January 2004"". Seattle DOT Bicycle Program. Seattle Department of Transportation. 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
  • Van Pelt, Robert (2001). Forest giants of the Pacific Coast. Vancouver and San Francisco: Global Forest Society in association with University of Washington Press. pp. pp. xxii, 181–185, 187–191. ISBN 0-295-98140-7. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Whittemore, Thomas (n.d.). ""Measure water quality parameters"". Science Service Learning. University of Washington Chemistry Department. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
  • Wilma, David (2001-08-20). ""Seattle Neighborhoods: Ravenna - Roosevelt -- Thumbnail History"". "HistoryLink.org Essay 3502". Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
    Wilma referenced "Calvary Cemetery", Historylink Metropedia Library (www.Historylink.org);
    "Ravenna Post Office", Historylink Timeline Library (www.Historylink.org);
    "City of Seattle Annexes Town of Ravenna", Ibid.;
    "Methodists Form Congregation in Ravenna Neighborhood", Ibid.;
    "University District", Historylink Magic Lantern Library (www.Historylink.org);
    Keming Kuo, "Beautiful Trees Cut To 'Line Someone's Pocket'", The Seattle Times, 29 June 1977;
    "Removal of Trees Protested", Ibid., 23 November 1926;
    "Removal of Giant Trees Would Be Crime", Ibid., 4 November 1926;
    "Roosevelt Park Again Ravenna", ibid., 29 May 1931;
    "Sears To Close Roosevelt Store", > Ibid., 1 November 1979;
    Shareen Singh, "Area's Metaphysical Bent Is Well Known", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 12 September 1998, Neighbors (project 1996-2000);
    Margaret Pitcairn Strachan, "Roosevelt-Ravenna Are Bustling Areas", The Seattle Sunday Times, 7 July 1946, p. 5;
    Seattle School Histories, 1869-1974 ed. by Sara Levant (Seattle: Seattle Public Schools, 1974).

Further reading

  • "Aerial Photo". Ravenna Creek Alliance. n.d., .jpg dated 2001-12-16. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
    Image of Ravenna Park and the greater University District to Union Bay-Portage Bay.
  • Salisbury, Chukundi (Updated 2005-05-11). ""Ravenna & Cowen Parks Trails"". The Trails Program Trail Maps. Seattle Department of Parkl and Recreation. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
  • Walter, Sunny (Updated 2006-02-10). ""Sunny Walter's Washington Nature Weekends: Wildlife Viewing Locations - Greater Seattle Area"". Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
    "with additions by Sunny Walter and local Audubon chapters."
    Viewing locations only; the book has walks, hikes, wildlife, and natural wonders.
    Walter excerpted from
    • Dolan, Maria (2003). Nature in the city: Seattle. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. ISBN 0-89886-879-3 (paperback). {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
      See "Northeast Seattle" section. Particularly useful.
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