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Timeline of Cape Verde before 1456

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 88.171.176.67 (talk) at 23:49, 18 March 2017 (→‎Precolonial era: Previous informations given here without any interest (solar eclipses) and unrelated with the topic.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Part of a series on the
History of Cape Verde
Islas de Cabo Verde, from Atlas Van der Hagen
Colonial history
Independence struggle

This is a timeline of the islands now known as Cape Verde before its discovery in 1456.

For the history after 1456 to 1975, see Timeline of Portuguese Cape Verde

Prehistoric era

  • 136 to 113 million years ago: The seamount that is now known as Maio started to form[1]
  • 131 to 126 million years ago - The seamount that is now known as São Nicolau formed
  • 124 million years ago: The seamount that is now Ilhéu Branco was formed from the older ocean crust during the Cretaceous Period.[1]
  • 123 million years ago: The seamount that is now Ilhéu Raso was formed from the older ocean crust during the Cretaceous Period.
  • 122 million years ago: The seamount that is now Santa Luzia formed[1]
  • 120 to 118 million years ago: The seamount that is now São Vicente formed during the Aptian era[1]
  • About 119 to 118 million years ago: Seamount now known as Santo Antão formed during the Aptian era[1]
  • 50 million years ago: The island now known as Sal was formed during the eruption of a volcano which is now inactive, the geologically oldest island in Cape Verde.
  • Around 30 to 25 million years ago - The southern seamount was formed, today it makes up of present day Santiago
  • Around 25 to 20 million years ago - The northern seamount was formed, today it makes up of present day Santiago
  • Around 24 to 22 million years ago - The seamount that gave rise to Fogo began to form.
  • About 20 million years ago: The seamount of Brava formed
  • 20 to 18 million years ago in the Burdigalian age, rocks formed on the island now known as Maio[2]
  • 16 million years ago: the Fundo das Figueiras formation formed on the island of Boa Vista[3]
  • 15 to 12.5 million years ago: During the Langhian and Serravallian ages on what is now Boa Vista island, rocks were under formation including the volcanic cone, the Monte Passarão complex, the Monte Caçador complex and the Pico Forcado formation.[4]
  • 15 to 7 million years ago in Langhian and Messinian ages, rocks formed on the island now known as Maio[5]
  • 11.8 to 5.8 million years ago - The island now known as São Nicolau was formed during the Tortonian and Messinian ages[6]
  • Around 11 million years ago in the Tortonian age, rocks started to form on the island now known as Maio[5]
  • 9.5 million years ago: the Chão de Calheta formation started to form on what is now Boa Vista Island
  • 9 million years ago: The island now known as São Vicente may have been created during the Tortonian era
  • 9 to 7 million years ago in the Tortonian age, rocks formed and created the Monte Branco Rock Formation on the island now known as Maio[5]
  • About 8 to 7 million years ago the islands now known as Santa Luzia, Raso and Branco may have been fully formed
  • About 7.5 million years ago: the Old Volcanic Complex of the island now known as Santo Antão formed during the Tortonian era, the island may be formed that time
  • Around 7 to 5 million years ago - The island now known as Santiago with its crater now known as Pico da Antónia was formed, its length was about 15 km
  • 6.5 million years ago: Mindelo rock formation formed on an island now called São Vicente
  • 6.2 to 5.8 million years ago - The middle part of the island's formation (today as São Nicolau) formed during the Messinian era
  • Around 5. 5 to 4. 5 million years ago - during the early Pliocene and the Zanclean periods - the Flamengos rock formation of the island now known as Santiago formed[7]
  • About 5 to 4 million years ago - another island with its crater at present day Serra da Malagueta on Santiago was formed its length was about 10 km
  • About 5 million years ago: the plateau of the island now Santa Luzia was flattened during an eruption
  • 4.5 million years ago
    • the Chão da Calheta formed on what is now Boa Vista Island[4]
    • Praia Grande volcanic flank on an island now São Vicente may have collapsed into the ocean during the Zanclean era
  • Around 4 million years ago - A volcanic eruption raised the seamount above sea level forming the island now called Fogo.
  • Around 4.5 to 3.1 million years ago: Monte Verde rock formation on an island now known as São Vicente formed
  • Around 3.3 to 2.3 million years ago - during the Piacenzian and the Gelasian periods., the Pico da Antónia and its rock formation on the island now Santiago formed[7]
  • Around 3 to 2 million years ago: The island now known as Brava formed
  • About 3 to 2 million years ago, the two islands merged into a larger island now called Santiago
  • 2.6 to 2.3 million years ago - Assomada rock formation formed on the island now known as Santiago[7]
  • Around 2 to 1 million years ago: Bordeira Group of rock formation of the island now called Santo Antão formed
  • 1.7 to 1.5 million years ago - The lower part of the Monte Gordo Formation on the island now called São Nicolau formed[8]
  • Around 1.4 million to 700,000 years ago: Cova Group of rock formation of the island now called Santo Antão formed
  • 1.1 million to 770.000 years ago - Monte das Vacas rock formation formed on the island now known as Santiago during the Early Pleistocene periods[7]
  • Around 400,000 years ago: the Proto-Coroa formation of the island now known as Santo Antão formed[9]
  • Around 300,000 years ago
    • Àgua Nova Group of rock formation of the island now known as Santo Antão formed
    • Last volcanic eruption on the island now known as São Vicente[4]
  • Around 200,000 years ago: Last eruption on the island now known as Santo Antão occurred at Topo da Coroa, the type was a Plinian, it later formed the Coroa and Young Tarrafal rock formations[7]
  • Around 100,000 years ago: Lagoa formation of the island now known as Santo Antão formed[7]
  • 100,000 to 50,000 years ago - The upper part of the Monte Gordo Formation on modern day São Nicolau formed[8]

Ice Age

  • Around 73,000 years ago - The eastern portion of the island now known as Fogo–a volume of approximately 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of rock–collapsed into the ocean generating a 170-metre (560 ft) high megatsunami. The surge inundated the western part of Santiago, running up to heights of 270 metres (890 ft) and carrying large boulders onto a plateau at an elevation of 200 metres (660 ft).[10][11] The island size before the eruption was approximately 800–900 square kilometres (310–350 sq mi).
  • About 70,000-5000 BC: During the Ice Age, the island was possibly connected with Maio, though a third of that island was underwater, it formed a part of the "East Island". Its size was approximately 3,000 to 3,500 km2 at the time. It was north-south, it was about 150–200 km long and its width was 20 km and 50 km in the northern part
  • About 70,000-4000 BC: During the Ice Age, Santa Luzia along with São Vicente and Santo Antao were a part of the Northwestern Island which was the size of about 1,500 km2.
  • Around 40,000 BC - As sea levels were 100–130 meters (330–430 ft) lower, the island's area was approximately 500 square kilometres (190 sq mi).
  • Up to about 10,000 years ago: The island now known as Sal was larger and compromised an estimate size of around 1,000 to 1,500 km2 of land, the southern part was underwater at the time.
  • Around 6,000 to 5,000 BC: The Eastern Island of Cape Verde broken up into Boavista, Middle and Maio Islands, the Middle Island would later be underwater and became a nearly shallow part of the ocean.
  • Up to about 5,000 years ago: The island was larger and compromised an estimate size of 500 km2 of land, the name of the island that included Santa Luzia and two other islets was likely called the "Northwestern Island". Flooding took place and broke up into three main islands and other islands, one became the current island of São Vicente.
  • Around 5,000 to 4,000 BC, the island split and the islands of Santa Luzia and the islets of Ilhéu Branco and Raso formed after sea levels rose in the Late Ice Age.
  • Around 4,000 to 3,000 BC: Ilhéu de Sal Rei and Ilhéu do Baluarte separated from Boa Vista Island.
  • Up to about 4,000 BC:
    • The island size of what is now Sal was about 300 to 400 km2
    • The island now Santo Antão was larger and compromised an estimate size of 800 km2 of land, it separated São Vicente between 500 meters to 1 kilometer. Flooding took place and the São Vicente Channel was widened up to 10 km about 8,000 to 6,000 years ago and later to its current 12 km length.
  • Around 4,000 BC: Topo da Coroa's elevation dropped below 2,000 meters above sea level after sea level rose
  • Around 3,000 BC
    • As the sea level rose, Monte Fontainhas' elevation on Brava would mark under 1,000 meters.
    • The sea level rose nearly to its current level and the size was roughly 450 square kilometres (170 sq mi), similar to the present-day island now known as Fogo.
    • Around 3000-2500 BC: Ilhéu dos Passaros separated from the island now São Vicente, the small peninsula shrank up to its current size.

Precolonial era

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Muller, R.; Sdrolias, M; Gaina, Maria; Roest, Walter R. (2008). Age, spreading rates and spreading symmetry of the world’s ocean crust. Vol. 9 (Q04006). Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems. pp. 1525–2027.
  2. ^ Stillman, C. J. (1982). The geological history of Maio, Cape Verde Islands. Vol. 139. Journal of the Geological Society. pp. 347–361. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.139.3.0347.
  3. ^ Dyhr, C. T.; Holm, P. M. (2009). A volcanological and geochemical investigation of Boa Vista, Cape Verde Islands;40Ar/39Ar geochronology and field constraints. Vol. 189. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. p. 19-32.
  4. ^ a b c Ramalho, R. (2010). Tracers of uplift and subsidence in the Cape Verde Archipelago.
  5. ^ a b c Mitchell, J. G. (1983). On dating the magmatism of Maio, Cape Verde Islands. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. pp. 61–76.
  6. ^ Bernouilli, D. (2007). Miocene shallow-water limestones from São Nicolau (Cabo Verde): Caribbean-type benthic fauna and time constraints for volcanism. Vol. 100. Swiss Journal of Geoscience. pp. 215–225.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Holm, P. M. (2008). An 40Ar-39Ar study of the Cape Verde hot spot: temporal evolution in a semistationary plate environment. Vol. 113. J. Geophys. Res. p. B08201.
  8. ^ a b Duprat, H. I (2007). The volcanic and geochemical development of São Nicolau, Cape Verde Islands: Constraints from field and 40Ar/39Ar evidence. Vol. 162(1-2). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. pp. 1–19.
  9. ^ Holm, Paul Martin (2006). Sampling the Cape Verde Mantle Plume: Evolution of Melt Compositions on Santo Antão, Cape Verde Island. Vol. 47. p. 145-18. doi:10.1093/petrology/egi071.
  10. ^ Brown, Emma (2 October 2015). "Island Boulders Reveal Ancient Megatsunami". Nature. Retrieved 2015-10-06.
  11. ^ Ramalho, Ricardo S.; Winckler, Gisela; Madeira, José; Helffrich, George R.; Hipólito, Ana; Quartau, Rui; Adena, Katherine; Schaefer, Joerg M. (2 October 2015), "Hazard potential of volcanic flank collapses raised by new megatsunami evidence", Science Advances, vol. 1, no. 9
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