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Hadean

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Template:Geological eon The Hadean ( /ˈheɪdiən/) is a geologic eon of the Earth predating the Archean. It began with the formation of the Earth about 4.6 billion years ago and ended, as defined by the ICS, 4 billion years ago.[1] The geologist Preston Cloud coined the term in 1972, originally to label the period before the earliest-known rocks on Earth. W. Brian Harland later coined an almost synonymous term: the "Priscoan period". Other, older texts simply refer to the eon as the Pre-Archean. Nonetheless, in 2015, traces of carbon minerals interpreted as "remains of biotic life" were found in 4.1-billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia.[2][3]

Artist's impression of a Hadean landscape.

Etymology

"Hadean" (from Hades, the Greek god of the underworld) describes the hellish conditions then prevailing on Earth: the planet had just formed and was still very hot owing to its recent accretion, the abundance of short-lived radioactive elements, and frequent collisions with other Solar System bodies.

Subdivisions

Since few geological traces of this eon remain on Earth, there is no official subdivision. However, the Lunar geologic timescale embraces several major divisions relating to the Hadean, so these are sometimes used in an informal sense to refer to the same periods of time on Earth.

The Lunar divisions are:

In 2010, an alternative scale was proposed that includes the addition of the Chaotian and Prenephelean Eons preceding the Hadean, and divides the Hadean into three eras with two periods each. The Paleohadean era consists of the Hephaestean (4.5–4.4 Ga) and the Jacobian periods (4.4–4.3 Ga). The Mesohadean is divided into the Canadian (4.3–4.2 Ga) and the Procrustean periods (4.2–4.1 Ga). The Neohadean is divided into the Acastan (4.1–4.0 Ga) and the Promethean periods (4.0–3.9 Ga).[4] As of February 2017, this has not been adopted by the IUGS.

  • Hadean Eon — 4600-3950 MYA
    • Eohadean Era — 4600-4533 MYA
    • Paleohadean Era — 4533-4280 MYA
      • Haphaestean Period — 4533-4404 MYA
      • Jacobian or Zirconian Period — 4404-4280 MYA
    • Mesohadean Era — 4280-4110 MYA
      • Canadian Period — 4280-4200 MYA
      • Procrustean Period — 4200-4110 MYA
    • Neohadean Era — 4110-3950 MYA
      • Promethean Period — 4110-4031 MYA
      • Lower Acastan Period — 4031-3950 MYA

Cryptic a.k.a Eohadean Era and Haphaestean Period comprise former Chaotian* (4.6 – 4.404 Gya) Era. Jacobian Period, Mesohadean Era and Promethean Period comprise former Zirconian* (4.404 – 4.031 Gya) Era.[5]

Hadean rocks

Further information: Oldest dated rocks

In the last decades of the 20th century geologists identified a few Hadean rocks from Western Greenland, Northwestern Canada, and Western Australia.

The oldest dated zircon crystals, enclosed in a metamorphosed sandstone conglomerate in the Jack Hills of the Narryer Gneiss Terrane of Western Australia, date to 4.404 ± 0.008 Ga.[6] This zircon is a slight outlier, with the oldest consistently-dated zircon falling closer to 4.35 Ga[7]—around 193 million years after the hypothesized time of the Earth's formation.

Atmosphere and oceans

Early Earth, Hadean Eon
volcanism

A sizeable quantity of water would have been in the material that formed the Earth.[8] Water molecules would have escaped Earth's gravity more easily when it was less massive during its formation. Hydrogen and helium are expected to continually escape (even to the present day) due to atmospheric escape. Part of the ancient planet is theorized to have been disrupted by the impact that created the Moon, which should have caused melting of one or two large regions of the Earth. Earth's present composition suggests that there was not complete remelting as it is difficult to completely melt and mix huge rock masses.[9] However, a fair fraction of material should have been vaporized by this impact, creating a rock vapor atmosphere around the young planet. The rock vapor would have condensed within two thousand years, leaving behind hot volatiles which probably resulted in a heavy CO
2 atmosphere with hydrogen and water vapor. Liquid water oceans existed despite the surface temperature of 230 °C (446 °F) because at an atmospheric pressure of above 27 atmospheres, caused by the heavy CO
2 atmosphere, water is still liquid. As cooling continued, subduction and dissolving in ocean water removed most CO
2 from the atmosphere but levels oscillated wildly as new surface and mantle cycles appeared.[10]

Studies of zircons have found that liquid water must have existed as long ago as 4,404 million years ago, very soon after the formation of the Earth.[11][12][13] This requires the presence of an atmosphere. The Cool Early Earth theory covers a range from about 4,404 to 3,950 million years ago.

A September 2008 study of zircons found that Australian Hadean rock holds minerals pointing to the existence of plate tectonics as early as 4,280 million years ago.[14][15] If this is true, the time when Earth finished its transition from having a hot, molten surface and atmosphere full of carbon dioxide, to being very much like it is today, can be roughly dated to about 4.28 billion years ago. The actions of plate tectonics and the oceans trapped vast amounts of carbon dioxide, thereby eliminating the greenhouse effect and leading to a much cooler surface temperature and the formation of solid rock, and possibly even life.[14][15]

See also

References

  1. ^ "International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2015" (PDF). ICS. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  2. ^ Borenstein, Seth (19 October 2015). "Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth". Excite. Yonkers, NY: Mindspark Interactive Network. Associated Press. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
  3. ^ Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; et al. (19 October 2015). "Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon" (PDF). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences: 14518–21. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517557112. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 4664351. PMID 26483481. Retrieved 2015-10-20. Early edition, published online before print.
  4. ^ "The Eons of Chaos and Hades" (PDF). Solid Earth. January 26, 2010.
  5. ^ Van Kranendonk, Martin J. (2012). "16: A Chronostratigraphic Division of the Precambrian: Possibilities and Challenges". In Felix M. Gradstein; James G. Ogg; Mark D. Schmitz; abi M. Ogg (eds.). The geologic time scale 2012 (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 359–365. ISBN 978-0-44-459425-9.
  6. ^ Simon A. Wilde, et al.: Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago, Nature Geoscience, 2001
  7. ^ Wilde, S. A., J. W. Valley, W. H. Peck and C. M. Graham (2001) Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago. Nature, v. 409, pp. 175-178. http://www.geology.wisc.edu/%7Evalley/zircons/Wilde2001Nature.pdf
  8. ^ Drake, Michael J. (2005), "Origin of water in the terrestrial planets" (PDF), Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 40 (4): 515–656, Bibcode:2005M&PS...40..515J, doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2005.tb00958.x.
  9. ^ Solar System Exploration: Science & Technology: Science Features: View Feature
  10. ^ Sleep, N. H.; Zahnle, K.; Neuhoff, P. S. (2001), "Initiation of clement surface conditions on the earliest Earth", PNAS, 98 (7): 3666–3672, Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.3666S, doi:10.1073/pnas.071045698, PMC 31109, PMID 11259665.
  11. ^ ANU - Research School of Earth Sciences - ANU College of Science - Harrison
  12. ^ ANU - OVC - MEDIA - MEDIA RELEASES - 2005 - NOVEMBER - 181105HARRISONCONTINENTS
  13. ^ A Cool Early Earth
  14. ^ a b Chang, Kenneth (December 2, 2008). "A New Picture of the Early Earth". The New York Times.
  15. ^ a b Abramov, Oleg; Mojzsis, Stephen J. (December 2008). "Thermal State of the Lithosphere During Late Heavy Bombardment: Implications for Early Life". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 1 (2008 Fall Meeting). Fall Meeting 2008: American Geophysical Union. Bibcode:2008AGUFM.V11E..08A. Retrieved 24 May 2015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

Further reading

  • Hopkins, Michelle; Harrison, T. Mark; Manning, Craig E. (2008), "Low heat flow inferred from >4 Gyr zircons suggests Hadean plate boundary interactions", Nature, 456 (7221): 493–496, Bibcode:2008Natur.456..493H, doi:10.1038/nature07465, PMID 19037314.
  • Valley, John W.; Peck, William H.; King, Elizabeth M. (1999), "Zircons Are Forever", The Outcrop for 1999, University of Wisconsin-Madison, retrieved January 10, 2006 – Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago.
  • Wilde, S. A.; Valley, J. W.; Peck, W. H.; Graham, C. M. (2001), "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago", Nature, 409 (6817): 175–178, doi:10.1038/35051550, PMID 11196637 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help).
  • Wyche, S.; Nelson, D. R.; Riganti, A. (2004), "4350–3130 Ma detrital zircons in the Southern Cross Granite–Greenstone Terrane, Western Australia: implications for the early evolution of the Yilgarn Craton", Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 51 (1): 31–45, doi:10.1046/j.1400-0952.2003.01042.x {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help).
  • Carley, Tamara L.; et al. (2014), "Iceland is not a magmatic analog for the Hadean: Evidence from the zircon record", Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 405 (1): 85–97, Bibcode:2014E&PSL.405...85C, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.08.015.
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