Peucedanum japonicum

Peucedanum japonicum
	Peucedanum japonicum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Apiales
Family:	Apiaceae
Tribe:	Selineae
Genus:	Peucedanum
Species:	P. japonicum
Binomial name
	Peucedanum japonicum; Thunb.

Peucedanum japonicum, also known as coastal hog fennel,^[2] is a species of Peucedanum, a genus rich in medicinal species belonging to the parsley family, Apiaceae.

Publication of Binomial

Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14. 280. 1784.^[3]

Common name in Chinese

People of China pronounce Peucedanum japonicum as bin hai qi hu (滨海前胡) ^[3] It's older name was fang k'uei (see below).

Description

The Peucedanum japinicum's stout umbellifer is 30-100cm and is essentially glabrous. The stem is frequently flexuous. The leaf blade is broadly ovate-triangular, is 35 x 25cm, thinly coriaceous, has 1-2 ternate(s); leaflets are ovate-orbicular, 3-parted, 7-9cm broad, glaucous; central segments are obovate-cuneate, lateral segments oblique-ovate. Umbels are 4-10cm across; bracts 2-3 or absent, ovate-lanceolate, 5-10 x circa 2mm, pubescent; rays 15-30, 1-5cm, unequal, puberulous; bracteoles 8-10, linear-lanceolate, equalling or longer than flowers; umbellules circa 20-flowered. Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals purple or white abaxially hispidulous. Styles short. Fruit oblong-ovate or ellipsoid, to 6 x 4mm, hirsute, especially on dorsal ribs; lateral ribs winged, wings very thick; vittae small, 3-5 in each furrow, 6-10 on commissure. They flower in June to July and fruiting from August to September. ^[3]

Habitat

The plant is found in coastal areas and seashores below 100 meters typically in soil found to be slightly acidic to mildly alkaline.^[4] ^[3]

Distribution

P. japonicum can be found in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Hong Kong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Taiwan and Zhejiang in addition to Japan, Korea, and the Philippines. ^[3]

Culinary uses

Korea

In Korea, the plant is usually referred to as bangpung (방풍) or bangpungnamul (방풍나물) although its official name is gaetgireumnamul (갯기름나물).^[5] In Korean cuisine, the leaves of coastal hog fennel are used fresh as same vegetable (for hoe) or pickled in soy sauce and vinegar to make jangajji. It can be used as a main ingredient in namul dishes, or added as a herb to soybean paste stew, starch jelly dishes, fritters and pancakes, noodle soups and dough soups, stir-fried glass noodles, rice, or even Korean-style Italian lasagne.^[5]^[6]

Bangpungnamul-muchim (seasoned coastal hogfennel leaves)
Coastal hogfennel rice cakes for tteokguk (rice cake soup)

Candidate for Medicinal / Psychoactive Plant of Chinese Alchemical Treatises

Feverish people should not take it because it causes one to be delirious and see spirits. - Tao Hongjing (456-536 C.E.) - Taoist mediator of Maoshan and follower of Ge Hong - writing in 510 C.E.

In contrast to the Korean culinary uses listed above, the plant was considered in China (where it is known by the name fang k'uei) to be not only medicinal but possibly deleterious to health and likely to cause delirium in those who consumed it in quantity :

Fang k'uei, if taken in excess, makes one become delirious and act somewhat as though mad. Ch'en Yen-chih / Chen Yanzhi (陳延之) 5th Century C.E.^[7]

The plant referred in Taoist alchemical texts may be referring to Saposhnikovia divaricata (syn. Siler divaricata - Schultes and Hofmann mention another putative hallucinogen with a role in Taoist alchemy) rather than Peucedanum japonicum. Taoist sage Tao Hongjing speaks of two kinds of fang-feng (which normally refers to Saposhnikovia in Chinese), noting :

The root is spicy and non-poisonous. The kind that bifurcates at the top produces madness. The kind that bifurcates at the bottom causes reversion of old ailments.

'Spicy and non-poisonous' accords well with the culinary use of Peucedanum japonicum in Korean cuisine, whereas 'bifurcates at the top' and 'produces madness' accords with the morphology and medicinal/toxic properties of Saposhnikovia divaricata, although as, fang k'uei, P. japonicum is definitely used for medicinal as well as culinary purposes in China, where it is employed as an 'eliminative', diuretic, tussive, sedative and tonic.

Ming Dynasty pharmacologist Li Shizhen was likewise of the opinion that P. japonicum was, although medicinal, not toxic in itself, maintaining that the hallucinogenic properties of the drug were probably a result of its adulteration with material derived from Aconitum or Euphorbia species.^[8]

In a genetic lab study with mice, the plant was found to possibility inhibit high fat diet-induced obesity for various possible reasons, one being the presence of anti-obesity phytochemicals which inhibits fat absorption through gene expression in the liver, adipose tissue, and muscle.

References

^ "Peucedanum japonicum Thunb". The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 568. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Retrieved 6 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Online Flora of China http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015732 Retrieved 11.54 on 12/10/17
^ Kyoung, Kang, Hee; Min, Kim, Seong; Hee, Han, Je; Seon, Song, Hong (2015). "Vegetation and Habitat Conditions of Peucedanum japonicum in Uninhabited Islands of Incheon Korea". Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 23 (3). doi:10.7783/KJMCS.2015.23.3.214. ISSN 1225-9306.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b 류, 수연 (20 April 2016). "류수연 기자의 잡·학·다·식 (雜學多食)(31)·끝 방풍" [Journalist Ryu Suyeon's trivial erudition(31)·The end Bangpung]. The Farmers Newspaper (in Korean). Retrieved 15 December 2016.
^ "CJ프레시웨이 추천 힐링 레시피 - 방풍나물 버섯잡채 & 방풍나물 라자냐" [CJ Freshway's recommendation Healing recipe - bangpungnamul mushroom japchae & bangpungnamul lasagne]. [[Munhwa Ilbo] (in Korean). 12 April 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
^ c. 454-473 C.E. Xiaoping fang (小品方 "Minor Prescriptions") (tr. Li 1977: 168).
^ Schultes, Richard Evans; Hofmann, Albert (1979). The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens (2nd ed.). Springfield Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. ISBN 0-398-03863-5 pps. 353-5, ( in Chapter V : Plants of Possible or Suspected Hallucinogenic Use - pps. 317-365 ).

[1] "Peucedanum japonicum Thunb". The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 15 December 2016.

[2] English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 568. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Retrieved 6 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.

[Flora_China-3] Online Flora of China http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015732 Retrieved 11.54 on 12/10/17

[4] Kyoung, Kang, Hee; Min, Kim, Seong; Hee, Han, Je; Seon, Song, Hong (2015). "Vegetation and Habitat Conditions of Peucedanum japonicum in Uninhabited Islands of Incheon Korea". Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 23 (3). doi:10.7783/KJMCS.2015.23.3.214. ISSN 1225-9306.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[:0-5] 류, 수연 (20 April 2016). "류수연 기자의 잡·학·다·식 (雜學多食)(31)·끝 방풍" [Journalist Ryu Suyeon's trivial erudition(31)·The end Bangpung]. The Farmers Newspaper (in Korean). Retrieved 15 December 2016.

[6] "CJ프레시웨이 추천 힐링 레시피 - 방풍나물 버섯잡채 & 방풍나물 라자냐" [CJ Freshway's recommendation Healing recipe - bangpungnamul mushroom japchae & bangpungnamul lasagne]. [[Munhwa Ilbo] (in Korean). 12 April 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.

[7] . 454-473 C.E. Xiaoping fang (小品方 "Minor Prescriptions") (tr. Li 1977: 168).

[8] Schultes, Richard Evans; Hofmann, Albert (1979). The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens (2nd ed.). Springfield Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. ISBN 0-398-03863-5 pps. 353-5, ( in Chapter V : Plants of Possible or Suspected Hallucinogenic Use - pps. 317-365 ).

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