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Hyperledger

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Hyperledger (or the Hyperledger project) is an umbrella project of open source blockchains and related tools,[1] started in December 2015 by the Linux Foundation,[2] to support the collaborative development of blockchain-based distributed ledgers.

History and aims

In December 2015, the Linux Foundation announced the creation of the Hyperledger Project. The founding members of the project were announced in February 2016 and ten further members and the makeup of the governing board were announced March 29.[3] And on May 19, Brian Behlendorf was appointed executive director of the project.[4]

The objective of the project is to advance cross-industry collaboration by developing blockchains and distributed ledgers, with a particular focus on improving the performance and reliability of these systems (as compared to comparable cryptocurrency designs) so that they are capable of supporting global business transactions by major technological, financial and supply chain companies.[5] The project will integrate independent open protocols and standards by means of a framework for use-specific modules, including blockchains with their own consensus and storage routines, as well as services for identity, access control and smart contracts.

In early 2016, the project began accepting proposals for incubation of codebases and other technologies as core elements. One of the first proposals was for a codebase combining previous work by Digital Asset, Blockstream's libconsensus and IBM's OpenBlockchain.[6] This was later named Fabric.[7] In May, Intel's distributed ledger named Sawtooth,[8] was incubated.[9]

Early on there was some confusion that Hyperledger would develop its own bitcoin-type cryptocurrency, but Behlendorf has unreservedly stated that the Hyperledger Project itself will never build its own cryptocurrency.[10]

On 12 July 2017 the project announced its production-ready Hyperledger Fabric 1.0 and it started to gain popularity in the Initial coin offering market.[11] In August 2017, Oracle joined the Hyperledger consortium and announced its Blockchain Cloud Service offering.[12][13]

In July 2017, London Stock Exchange Group in a partnership with IBM announced that it will create a Blockchain platform designed for digitally issuing shares of Italian companies. Hyperledger Fabric will form the basis of the platform.[14]

In September 2017 The Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) have started using Hyperledger for its US - Canada interbank settlements.[15]

Members and governance

Early members of the initiative included blockchain ISVs, (Blockchain, ConsenSys, Digital Asset, R3, Onchain), well-known technology platform companies (Cisco, Fujitsu, Hitachi, IBM, Intel, NEC, NTT DATA, Red Hat, VMware), financial services firms (ABN AMRO, ANZ Bank, BNY Mellon, CLS Group, CME Group, the Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTCC), Deutsche Börse Group, J.P. Morgan, State Street, SWIFT, Wells Fargo), Business Software companies like SAP, Systems integrators and others such as: (Accenture, Calastone, Wipro, Credits, Guardtime, IntellectEU, Nxt Foundation, Symbiont).

The governing board of the Hyperledger Project consists of twenty members chaired by Blythe Masters, (CEO of Digital Asset), and a twelve-member Technical Steering Committee chaired by Christopher Ferris, CTO of Open Technology at IBM.

Hyperledger Frameworks

Hyperledger Burrow

Burrow[16] is a blockchain client including a built-to-specification Ethereum Virtual Machine. Contributed by Monax[17] and sponsored by Monax and Intel.[18]

Hyperledger Fabric

Hyperledger Fabric is a permissioned blockchain infrastructure, originally contributed by IBM[19] and Digital Asset, providing a modular architecture with a delineation of roles between the nodes in the infrastructure, execution of Smart Contracts (called "chaincode" in Fabric) and configurable consensus and membership services. A Fabric Network comprises "Peer nodes", which execute chaincode, access ledger data, endorse transactions and interface with applications. "Orderer nodes" which ensure the consistency of the blockchain and deliver the endorsed transactions to the peers of the network, and MSP services, generally implemented as a Certificate Authority, managing X.509 certificates which are used to authenticate member identity and roles.[20]

Fabric is primarily aimed at integration projects, in which a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is required, offering no user facing services other than an SDK for Node.js, Java and Go.

Fabric supports chaincode in Go and JavaScript (via Hyperledger Composer, or natively since v1.1) out-of-the-box, and other languages such as Java by installing appropriate modules. It is therefore potentially more flexible than competitors that only support a closed Smart Contract language.

Hyperledger Iroha

Based on Hyperledger Fabric, with a focus on mobile applications. Contributed by Soramitsu.[21]

Hyperledger Sawtooth

Originally contributed by Intel, Sawtooth includes a dynamic consensus feature enabling hot swapping consensus algorithms in a running network. Among the consensus options is a novel consensus protocol known as "Proof of Elapsed Time," a lottery-design consensus protocol that optionally builds on trusted execution environments provided by Intel's Software Guard Extensions (SGX).[22] Sawtooth supports Ethereum smart contracts via "seth" (a Sawtooth transaction processor integrating the Hyperledger Burrow EVM).[23] In addition to Solidity support, Sawtooth includes SDKs for Python, Go, Javascript, Rust, Java, and C++ [24]

Hyperledger Indy

Indy[25] is a Hyperledger project for supporting independent identity on distributed ledgers. It provides tools, libraries, and reusable components for providing digital identities rooted on blockchains or other distributed ledgers. Contributed by the Sovrin Foundation.[26]

Hyperledger Tools

Hyperledger Caliper

Hyperledger Caliper is a blockchain benchmark tool and one of the Hyperledger projects hosted by The Linux Foundation. Hyperledger Caliper allows users to measure the performance of a specific blockchain implementation with a set of predefined use cases. Hyperledger Caliper will produce reports containing a number of performance indicators, such as TPS (Transactions Per Second), transaction latency, resource utilisation etc. The intent is for Caliper results to be used by other Hyperledger projects as they build out their frameworks, and as a reference in supporting the choice of a blockchain implementation suitable for a user’s specific needs. Hyperledger Caliper was initially contributed by developers from Huawei.[27]

Hyperledger Cello

Hyperledger Cello is a blockchain module toolkit and one of the Hyperledger projects hosted by The Linux Foundation. Hyperledger Cello aims to bring the on-demand "as-a-service" deployment model to the blockchain ecosystem to reduce the effort required for creating, managing and terminating blockchains. It provides a multi-tenant chain service efficiently and automatically on top of various infrastructures, e.g., baremetal, virtual machine, and more container platforms. Hyperledger Cello was initially contributed by IBM, with sponsors from Soramitsu, Huawei and Intel.[28]

Baohua Yang and Haitao Yue from IBM Research are committed part-time to developing and maintaining the project.

Hyperledger Composer

Hyperledger Composer is a set of collaboration tools for building blockchain business networks that make it simple and fast for business owners and developers to create smart contracts and blockchain applications to solve business problems. Built with JavaScript, leveraging modern tools including node.js, npm, CLI and popular editors, Composer offers business-centric abstractions as well as sample apps with easy to test devops processes to create robust blockchain solutions that drive alignment across business requirements with technical development.[29]

Blockchain package management tooling contributed by IBM. Composer is a user-facing rapid prototyping tooling, running on top of Hyperledger Fabric, which allows the easy management of Assets (data stored on the blockchain), Participants (identity management, or member services) and Transactions (Chaincode, a.k.a Smart Contracts, which operate on Assets on the behalf of a Participant). The resulting application can be exported as a package (a BNA file) which may be executed on a Hyperledger Fabric instance, with the support of a Node.js application (based on the Loopback application framework) and provide a REST interface to external applications.

Composer provides a GUI user interface "Playground" for the creation of applications, and therefore represents an excellent starting point for Proof of Concept work.

Hyperledger Explorer

Hyperledger Explorer is a blockchain module and one of the Hyperledger projects hosted by The Linux Foundation. Designed to create a user-friendly Web application, Hyperledger Explorer can view, invoke, deploy or query blocks, transactions and associated data, network information (name, status, list of nodes), chain codes and transaction families, as well as any other relevant information stored in the ledger. Hyperledger Explorer was initially contributed by IBM, Intel and DTCC.[30]

Hyperledger Quilt

Hyperledger Quilt is a business blockchain tool and one of the Hyperledger projects hosted by The Linux Foundation. Hyperledger Quilt offers interoperability between ledger systems by implementing the Interledger protocol (also known as ILP), which is primarily a payments protocol and is designed to transfer value across distributed ledgers and non-distributed ledgers. The Interledger protocol provides atomic swaps between ledgers (even non-blockchain or distributed ledgers) and a single account namespace for accounts within each ledger. With the addition of Quilt to Hyperledger, The Linux Foundation now hosts both the Java (Quilt) and JavaScript (Interledger.js) Interledger implementations. Hyperledger Quilt was initially contributed by NTT Data and Ripple.[31]

References

  1. ^ Ehsani, Farzam (22 December 2016). "Blockchain in Finance: From Buzzword to Watchword in 2016". CoinDesk (News). Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  2. ^ "Linux Foundation Unites Industry Leaders to Advance Blockchain Technology - The Linux Foundation". The Linux Foundation. 2015-12-17. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  3. ^ "Open Source Blockchain Effort for the Enterprise Elects Leadership Positions and Gains New Investments - Hyperledger". Hyperledger. 2016-03-29. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  4. ^ "Founder of the Apache Software Foundation Joins Linux Foundation to Lead Hyperledger Project". 2016-05-19. Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Linux Foundation's Hyperledger Project Announces 30 Founding Members and Code Proposals To Advance Blockchain Technology". 2016-02-09. Archived from the original on 2016-02-25. Retrieved 2016-02-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "Incubating Project Proposal: Joint DAH/IBM proposal". Tamas Blummer, Christopher Ferris. March 29, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
  7. ^ "hyperledger/fabric". GitHub. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
  8. ^ "hyperledger/sawtooth-core". GitHub. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  9. ^ "Sawtooth Lake Hyperledger Incubation Proposal". Mic Bowman, Richard Brown. April 14, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
  10. ^ "Hyperledger Blockchain Project Is Not About Bitcoin". eWEEK. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  11. ^ "ICO Statistics - By Blockchain Platform". ICO Watch List. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  12. ^ "Database Giant Oracle Joins Hyperledger Blockchain Project - CoinDesk". CoinDesk. 2017-08-31. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
  13. ^ "Oracle Launches Enterprise-Grade Blockchain Cloud Service". www.oracle.com. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
  14. ^ "Italian Stock Exchange to Develop Hyperledger-Based Blockchain Shares Platform". Cointelegraph. 19 July 2017.
  15. ^ "Hyperledger Blockchain 'Shadows' Canadian Bank's International Payments". Cointelegraph. 28 September 2017.
  16. ^ "hyperledger/burrow". GitHub. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  17. ^ "Monax". Monax. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  18. ^ Keirns, Garrett. "Monax Adds Blockchain Code to Hyperledger GitHub Repository". Coindesk. Coindesk. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  19. ^ "Hyperledger Fabric Website". Retrieved 2018-02-07.
  20. ^ Androulaki, Elli; Barger, Artem; Bortnikov, Vita; Cachin, Christian; Christidis, Konstantinos; "De Caro", Angelo; Enyeart, David; Ferris, Christopher; Laventman, Gennady; Manevich, Yacov; Muralidharan, Srinivasan; Murthy, Chet; Nguyen, Binh; Sethi, Manish; Singh, Gari; Smith, Keith; Sorniotti, Alessandro; Stathakopoulou, Chrysoula; Vukolić, Marko; "Weed Cocco", Sharon; Yellick, Jason (2018). "Hyperledger Fabric: A Distributed Operating System for Permissioned Blockchains". arXiv:1801.10228 [cs.DC].
  21. ^ Higgins, Stan. "Hyperledger Eyes Mobile Blockchain Apps With 'Iroha' Project". Coindesk.com. Coindesk. Retrieved 18 May 2017. Iroha was first unveiled during a meeting of the project's Technical Steering Committee last month. Iroha is being pitched as both a supplement to other Hyperledger-tied infrastructure projects like IBM's Fabric (on which it is based) and Intel's Sawtooth Lake.
  22. ^ Bucci, Debbie. "Blockchain and Its Emerging Role in Health IT and Health-related research" (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  23. ^ Bollen, Benjamin. "Introduce a start for Burrow EVM as Sawtooth Transaction Processor". github.com. Hyperledger. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  24. ^ https://sawtooth.hyperledger.org/docs/core/releases/latest/app_developers_guide/sdk_table.html
  25. ^ "Getting Started with Indy". GitHub. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  26. ^ "Sovrin". Sovrin. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  27. ^ "Hyperledger Caliper - Proposal". Hyperledger. Retrieved 2018-06-14.
  28. ^ "Hyperledger Cello - Hyperledger". Hyperledger. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  29. ^ "Hyperledger Composer - Hyperledger". Hyperledger. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  30. ^ "Hyperledger Explorer - Hyperledger". Hyperledger. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  31. ^ "Hyperledger Quilt - Hyperledger". Hyperledger. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
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