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Collage

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See also Collage (album).
Collage is also a common misspelling of the word college.

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 Collage (From the French: coller, to stick) is regarded as a work of visual arts made from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole. This technique made its first appearance in the early 20th century as a groundbreaking novelty, but with the passing of time it has become ubiquitous.

For example, an artistic collage work may include newspaper clippings, ribbons, bits of colored or hand-made papers, photographs, etc., glued to a solid support or canvas.

Its adoption has crossed the boundaries of visual arts. In music, with the advances on recording technology, avant-garde artists started experimenting with cutting and pasting since the middle of the 20th century. However in the 1990s and 2000s it is completely apparent that "musical collages" have already become the norm for popular music, especially on rap, hip hop (rap-pop) and electronic music.

File:Collage example.jpg
A collage made from photographs.

Collage in painting

Cubist painter, Pablo Picasso, invented the collage technique in 1912 with his Still Life with Chair Caning (Nature-morte à la chaise cannée)[1], in which he pasted a patch of oilcloth with a chair-cane design to the canvas of the piece.

Surrealist artists have made extensive use of collage. Cubomania is a collage made by cutting an image into squares which are then reassembled automatically or at random. Inimage is a name given by René Passerson to what is usually considered a style of surrealist collage (though it perhaps qualifies instead as a decollage) in which parts are cut away from an existing image to reveal another image.

Collages produced using a similar, or perhaps identical, method are called etrécissements by Richard Genovese from a method first explored by Marcel Mariën. Genovese also introduced excavation collage (that includes elements of decollage) which is the layering of printed images, loosely affixed at the corners and then tearing away bits of the upper layer to reveal images from underneath, thereby introducing a new collage of images. Penelope Rosemont invented some methods of surrealist collage, the prehensilhouette and the landscapade.

Collage was often called the art form of the 20th century, but this was never fully realised.

Surrealist games such as parallel collage use collective techniques of collage making.

Collage made from photographs, or parts of photographs, is called photomontage.

Another technique is that of canvas collage, which is the application, typically with glue, of separately painted canvas patches to the surface of a painting's main canvas. Well known for use of this technique is British artist John Walker in his paintings of the late 1970s, but canvas collage was already an integral part of the mixed media works of American artist Jane Frank by the early 1960s.

Decoupage

Decoupage is a type of collage usually defined as a craft. It is the process of placing a picture onto an object for decoration. Often decoupage causes the picture to appear to have depth and look as though it had been painted on the object.

The process is to glue (or otherwise affix) a picture to an object, then adding more copies of the picture on top, progressively cutting out more and more of the background, giving the illusion of depth in the picture. The picture is often coated with varnish or some other sealant for protection.

Wood collage

Wood collages are a relative novelty in the world of collages. Wood collage art usually features pieces of wood, wood shavings and scraps, assembled on an empty canvas of plywood or wooden board. Wood collages offer remarkable depth, textural variety and have a stunning 3-D quality about them. Most often, they also display a wide use of natural colors and textures of different kinds of wood.

Digital collage

Digital collage is the technique of using computer tools in collage creation to encourage chance associations of disparate visual elements and the subsequent transformation of the visual results through the use of electronic media.

Literary collage

Collage novels are books with images selected from other publications and collaged together following a theme or narrative (not necessarily linear).

The bible of discordianism, the Principia Discordia, is described by its author as a literary collage. A collage in literary terms can also refer to a layering of ideas or images.

Collage in Architecture

Though Le Corbusier and others used technicquqes that are akin to collage, collage as a theoretical concept only became widely discussed after the publication of Colage City by Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter in 1978. The authors were, however, not championing collage in the pictural sense, much less seeking the types of disruptions of meaning that occur with collage. Instead they were looking to challenge the uniformity of Modernism. Not only do historical urban fabric have its place, but in studying the historical fabric, designers were, so it was hoped, able to get a sense of how better to operate.Rowe was a member of the so-called Texas Rangers, a group of architects who taught at the Unviersity of Texas for a while. Another member of that group was Bernhard Hoesli, a Swiss architect who went on to become an important educator at the ETH-Zurirch. Whereas for Rowe, collage was more a metaphor than an actual practice, Hoesli actively made collages as part of his design process. He was close to Robert Slutzky, a New York based artist and frequently introduced the question of collage and disruption in his studio work.

  • Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter. Collage City MIT University Press, Cambridge MA, 1978.
  • Mark Jarzombek, "Bernhard Hoesli Collages/Civitas," Bernhard Hoesli: Collages, exh. cat. , Christina Betanzos Pint, editor (Knoxville: University of Tennessee, September 2001), 3-11.

When collage uses existing works, the result is what some copyright scholars call a derivative work. The collage has a copyright separate from any copyrights pertaining to the original incorporated works.

Due to redefined and reinterpreted copyright laws, and increased financial interests, some forms of collage art are significantly restricted. For example, in the area of sound collage (hip hop music), some court rulings have effectively eliminated the de minimis doctrine as a defense to copyright infringement, thus shifting collage practice away from nonpermissive uses relying on fair use or de minimis protections, and toward licensing. [1] Examples of musical collage art that have run afoul of modern copyright are The Grey Album and Negativland's U2.

The copyright status of visual works is less troubled, although still ambiguous. For instance, some visual collage artists have argued that the first-sale doctrine protects their work. The first-sale doctrine prevents copyright holders from controlling consumptive uses after the "first sale" of their work. The de minimis doctrine and the fair use exception also provide important defenses against claimed copyright infringement. [2] The Second Circuit in October, 2006, held that artist Jeff Koons was not liable for copyright infringement because his incorporation of a photograph into a collage painting was fair use. [3]

See also

Further reading

  • Adamowicz, Elza (1998). Surrealist Collage in Text and Image: Dissecting the Exquisite Corpse. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59204-6.
  • Ruddick Bloom, Susan (2006). Digital Collage and Painting: Using Photoshop and Painter to Create Fine Art. Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-80705-7.

References

  • Etrécissements by Richard Genovese
  • Museum Factory -by Istvan Horkay
  • History of Collage Excerpts from Nita Leland and Virginia Lee and from George F. Brommer
  • West, Shearer (1996). The Bullfinch Guide to Art. UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 0-8212-2137-X.

Notes

  1. ^ See Bridgeport Music, 6th Cir.
  2. ^ See the Fair Use Network for further explanations.
  3. ^ Blanch v. Koons, -- F.3d --, 2006 WL 3040666 (2d Cir. Oct. 26, 2006)
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