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Magyaron

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Magyaron also Magyarons[1][2][3] (Ukrainian: Мадярони, Belarusian: Мадзяроны[4], Slovak: Maďarón, Russian: Мадяроны[5], Rusyn: Мадяроны[6], Polish: Madziaroni[7][8]) is the name of a Transcarpathian ethno-cultural group,[9][10] which has a candid Hungarian orientation[11], renounced its own language, culture, religion, promotes Magyarization of Rusyn and Ukrainian population[12]. The Magyarons did not embrace the Ukrainian identity of the Ruthenians in Carpathian Ruthenia but maintained still their separate Rusyns identity[citation needed] and during the period of 1918–1940, the group defended the idea of re-joining Subcarpathian Rus' to Hungary.[13][14]

History

The term "Magyaron" and "Magyaronian" originated in the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century in Ruthenian environments. The term meant national treason and was used to Ruthenians.[15]

Assimilation and acculturation practices (magyarization) conducted by Hungarian authorities factored into the emergence of the Magyarons[16]. In the Hungarian kingdom, living conditions and a psychological climate were created which pressured minorities to adapt to new living conditions by renouncing their own national culture, language, political, religious, and other views.[citation needed] In Hungarian society, adherence to these acculturation practices made it possible to obtain education, occupy a high position and enjoy career advancement, or simply have means of subsistence.[17][18][13]

Not only the chauvinistic policy of the Hungarian authorities, but also the negative features of the mentality and the behavior of the Hungarians themselves, who at everyday level in communicating with the Ukrainians constantly tried to show their superiority, emphasize the simple-mindedness, ignorance of Transcarpathians, called them "not only", but also "savage Rushniaks", "stupid Rusyns",[19] "Smelly Ruthens", "pigs", and even did not consider people as a whole.[20] The supreme attitude of the Magyars was characteristic not only to Ukrainians, but also to other Slavic peoples, as well as Germans.[21] The famous Transcarpathian Magyaron Alexander Dukhnovich wrote: For them (Magyars), all people are sheeple, the unwashed, only one Magyar [nation] were [civilized] people, "he who is not Magyar, not a man".[22]

The children of the Magyarons usually became also the Magyarons. So, the sons of Ivan Kurtyak studied in the Magyar high school in Komárom (now Komárno, Slovakia), were educated in the Hungarian spirit and belonged to the Magyar chauvinistic youth organization «Levente».[23] One of the priests in Laborca, said: "I am only Rusyn in the church, but leaving the church – Magyar».[24]

In time of Ukrainian Revolution, the Magyarons conducted activities against the accession of Transcarpathia to West Ukrainian People's Republic.[25][better source needed]

During World War II, Magyarons worked closely with the Hungarian government, attacked the Sichovyks (soldiers of Carpathian Sich) [26][27] and participated in torture and shootings of them.[28][13]

Hungarian-Rusyn People's Council

On November 9, 1918 in Ungvár (now Uzhhorod, Ukraine), the "Hungarian-Rusyn People's Council" was formed by the Magyarons, headed by the canon of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Munkács, Simeon Sabov (1863–1929). The Hungarian-Rusyn People's Council adopted the "Memorandum", which stated that the Hungarian-Rusyn people would join their homeland, Hungary, and advocated for the integrity of its territory.[29][13]

The main Magyarons party in Transcarpathia was the Autonomous Agricultural Union, founded in 1924 by Kurtyak Ivan Fedorovich.[30] This party was called "Kurtyakiv", and its followers were called kurtyakivtsi.[31]

See also

References

  1. ^ Giuseppe Motta. Less than nations: Volume 1 and 2 : Central-Eastern European minorities after WWI. Cambridge Scholars Publishing; Unabridged edition (October 1, 2013)
  2. ^ Marek Wojnar. Department of Central and Eastern Europe, Institute of Political Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences A minor ally or a minor enemy? The Hungarian issue in the political thought and activity of Ukrainian integral nationalists (until 1941)
  3. ^ Martin Pekár et al. Ethnic minorities in Slovakia in the years 1918-1945. A survey ISBN 978-80-555-0442-1
  4. ^ Гісторыя Закарпацьця ў ХХ стагоддзі. Частка ІІ
  5. ^ R. Mayor, UKRAINIAN INTELLECTUALS AND CLERGY OF TRANSCARPATHIA AS OBJECTS OF THE MAGARIZATION POLICY IN THE LATE ХIХ – EARLY XX CENTURY
  6. ^ Анна Плїшкова. Русиньскый язык на Словеньску (Короткый нарис історії і сучасности). Світовый конґрес Русинів. Пряшів 2008
  7. ^ Mozgawa, Konrad. Relacje rusińsko-ukraińskie u progu XX wieku. Rusini – Ukraińcy, czy odrębny naród?. Kraków : Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego, 2019. - S. 469-487.
  8. ^ Czasy Nowożytne. Periodyk poświęcony dziejom polskim i europejskim od XV do XX wieku. Tom VIII (IX) / 2000 [Stanisław Salmonowicz, przewodn. kom. red.] Toruń [etc.] 2000
  9. ^ "Drahomanov_Avstro-ruski_spomyny_1867-1877.pdf" (PDF). docs.google.com. Retrieved 2018-10-28. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  10. ^ Olgerd Hippolyte Bochkovsky. Selected Works and Documents / Order: O. Hnatyuk, M. Chek. National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy; Center for the Study of the History and Culture of Eastern European Jews; Center for European Humanities Research. - Volume II. - K .: Ukraine Modern, SPIRIT AND LITERATURE, 2018. - 976 p. - (Ukraine: Europe: 1921-1939) ISBN 978-966-378-575-2
  11. ^ Jarnecki M. THE ROAD TO NATIONAL IDENTITY: SUBCARPATHIAN RUS ON THE EVE OF WWI AND IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD Sprawy Narodowościowe
  12. ^ Andrew Chutky. History of Ukraine. Kyiv: MAUP, 2006. ISBN 966-608-548-8.
  13. ^ a b c d Hungary – Social and economic developments". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  14. ^ Przemystaw Piotr Zurawski vel Grajewski. Sprawa ukrainska na konferencji pokojowej w Paryzu w roku 1919 ISBN 978-83-7507-202-0
  15. ^ Rostislav Mayor. Features of the mentality of Ukrainians in Transcarpathia (mid XIX - early XX centuries). Scientific works of the Kamyanets-Podilsky National University named after Ivan Ogienko. Historical sciences. Volume 24
  16. ^ Philip Lyon. After empire : ethnic Germans and minority nationalism in interwar Yugoslavia. 2008
  17. ^ Shandor, V. Transcarpathia: historical and legal essay from the XI century. till 1920. / Vikentii Shandor [uk]. — New York: Carpathian Union, 1992. — P. 97
  18. ^ Петро Сміян. Революційний та національно-визвольний рух на Закарпатті кінця ХІХ – початку XX ст. / П.К. Сміян. – Л.: Вид-во Львівського університету, 1968. – С. 67
  19. ^ З угорської Руси // Буковина. – Чернівці. – 1895. – Ч. 2.
  20. ^ Гнатюк В. Угроруська мізерія // Житє і слово. – Львів. – 1897. – Т. 6. Кн. 1. – С. 54.
  21. ^ Лихутин М.Д. Записки о походh въ Венгрію въ 1849 году / М.Д. Ли-хутин. – Москва: Типографія А.И. Мамонтова и К, 1875. – С. 85-86 (in Russian)
  22. ^ Гаврош, О. (2013). Загадковий Духнович. Polihraft︠s︡entr "Lira". p. 39. ISBN 9786175961315. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  23. ^ Petro Stercho. Carpatho-Ukrainian State: From the History of the Carpathian Ukrainian Liberation Struggle in 1919-1939.
  24. ^ «Изъ Угорской Руси» // Слово. – Львів. – 1862. – Ч. 3.
  25. ^ "Як Закарпаття приєднували до ЗУНР @ Закарпаття онлайн". zakarpattya.net.ua. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  26. ^ Pahiria, O. "The events of March 13-14, 1939 in Khust: coup, rebellion or armed conflict. (2019)". Retrieved 2020-06-29.
  27. ^ Сергій, Є.; Олександр, П.; Світлана, К.; Микола, М. (2009). Єфремов Сергій. Бої 14-15 березня 1939 року на Карпатській Україні. Graz͡hda. p. 50. ISBN 9789668924484. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  28. ^ Угорський терор в Карпатській Україні навесні 1939 року Archived 2017-11-11 at the Wayback Machine Museum «Terror Territory»  [uk]
  29. ^ Гай-Нижник П., Яремчук В. На шляху до Української державності в Закарпатті // Збірник наукових праць НДІ українознавства. Київ, 2008. Т. ХХІІ. С. 300—319.
  30. ^ Minority Hungarian Communities in the Twentieth Century. Social Science Monographs, Boulder, Colorado – Atlantic Research and Publications, Inc., Highland Lakes, New Jersey, 2011, 859. (Atlantic Studies on Society in Change 138.) Eds. Bárdi Nándor, Fedinec Csilla, Szarka László
  31. ^ Gyrya V. I. ACTIVATION OF THE PROHGORIAN INTERVIEW IN TRANSCARPATHY IN 1920s

Sources

Further reading

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