Applied kinesiology

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This article is about a chiropractic or an alternative medicine method. For other uses, see Kinesiology (disambiguation).
Applied kinesiology
MeSHD018953
Applied kinesiology
ClaimsSubjective measurements by those trained in the ideas of applied kinesiology show the positive effects of alternative medicine ideas.
Related scientific disciplinesPhysics, Biology, Psychology
Year proposed1964
Original proponentsGeorge J. Goodheart
Subsequent proponentsInternational College of Applied Kinesiology, American Chiropractic Association
(Overview of pseudoscientific concepts)

Applied kinesiology (AK) is an alternative medicine method used for diagnosis and determination of therapy. According to practitioners using Applied Kinesiology techniques, it provides feedback on the functional status of the body. AK is a practice within the realm of alternative medicine and is different from "kinesiology," which is the scientific study of human movement. AK has been criticized on theoretical and empirical grounds,[1] and characterized as pseudoscience[2] and quackery.[1] In Britain, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence recently ruled that it is unproven and advised against its use in allergy diagnosis.[3]


History and current use

In 1964, George J. Goodheart invented Applied Kinesiology through his unique interpretation and application of Muscles: Testing and Function written by two physical therapists Kendall and Kendall.[4]

George J. Goodheart, a chiropractor, originated AK in 1964[5] and began teaching it to other chiropractors.[6] An organization of Goodheart Study Group Leaders began meeting in 1973, selected the name "The International College of Applied Kinesiology" (ICAK) in 1974, adopted bylaws in 1975, elected officers in 1975, and "certified" its charter members, called "diplomates" in 1976.[7] ICAK now considers 1976 to be the date it was founded and 1973 to be the date that its first chairman took office.[8]

While it is primarily used by chiropractors, it is now also used by a number of other practitioners.[9] In 2003 it was the 10th most frequently used chiropractic technique in the United States, with 37.6% of chiropractors employing this method and 12.9% of patients being treated with it,[10] and has also been used by naturopaths, medical doctors, dentists, nutritionists, physical therapists, massage therapists, and nurse practitioners. Some basic AK based techniques have also been used/misused by nutritional supplement distributors, including multilevel distributors.[9][11]

Basics

Applied kinesiologist (right) practising

Applied kinesiology is presented as a system that evaluates structural, chemical, and mental aspects of health by using a method referred to as manual muscle testing alongside conventional diagnostic methods. The essential premise of applied kinesiology that is not shared by mainstream medical theory is that every organ dysfunction is accompanied by a weakness in a specific corresponding muscle, the viscerosomatic relationship.[11][12] Treatment modalities relied upon by practitioners include joint manipulation and mobilization, myofascial, cranial and meridian therapies, clinical nutrition, and dietary counseling.[13]

A manual muscle test in AK is conducted by having the patient resist using the target muscle or muscle group while the practitioner applies a force. A smooth response is sometimes referred to as a "strong muscle" and a response that was not appropriate is sometimes called a "weak response". This is not a raw test of strength, but rather a subjective evaluation of tension in the muscle and smoothness of response, taken to be indicative of a difference in spindle cell response during contraction. These differences in muscle response can be indicative of various stresses and imbalances in the body.[14] A weak muscle test is equated to dysfunction and chemical or structural imbalance or mental stress, indicative of suboptimal functioning.[15] It may be suboptimal functioning of the tested target muscle, or a normally optimally functioning muscle can be used as an indicator muscle for other physiological testing. A commonly known and very basic test is the arm-pull-down test, or "Delta test," where the patient resists as the practitioner exerts a downward force on an extended arm.[4] Proper positioning is paramount to ensure that the muscle in question is isolated or positioned as the prime mover, minimizing interference from adjacent muscle groups.[12]

"Nutrient testing" is used to examine the response of various of a patient's muscles to assorted chemicals. Gustatory and olfactory stimulation are said to alter the outcome of a manual muscle test, with previously weak muscles being strengthened by application of the correct nutritional supplement, and previously strong muscles being weakened by exposure to harmful or imbalancing substances or allergens.[12][14][16] Though its use is deprecated by the ICAK,[17] stimulation to test muscle response to a certain chemical is also done by contact or proximity (for instance, testing while the patient holds a bottle of pills). Studies of AK for nutrient or allergy testing have had positive and negative conclusions (see "Scientific Research" below.)

"Therapy localization" is another diagnostic technique using manual muscle testing which is unique to applied kinesiology. The patient places a hand which is not being tested on the skin over an area suspected to be in need of therapeutic attention. This fingertip contact may lead to a change in muscle response from strong to weak or vice versa when therapeutic intervention is indicated. If the area touched is not associated with a need for such intervention, the muscle response is unaffected.[15]

Scientific research

As with many concepts considered pseudoscientific, there is debate around the nature and quality of evidence supporting applied kinesiology, with proponents claiming support from some published papers and critics noting other research which fails to show efficacy. One review of the literature identified methodological problems with previous AK studies[18]

Studies supporting AK have been published in respect of food allergies and antibodies for those foods,[19] and a blinded study where the response of a calf muscle to an inhibitory reflex technique used in AK was studied using graphical recordings of electromyography and mechanical parameters, finding that with good coordination between the examiner and subject, muscle inhibition was easily recorded.[20]

Other studies have failed to show clinical efficacy. For example, in some studies muscle testing has not been shown to distinguish a test substance from a placebo under double-blind conditions, and the use of applied kinesiology to evaluate nutrient status was not shown to be more effective than random guessing. Some scientific studies have shown that applied kinesiology tests were not reproducible.[21][22][23][24][25]

A review of several scientific studies of AK-specific procedures and diagnostic tests concluded that "When AK is disentangled from standard orthopedic muscle testing, the few studies evaluating unique AK procedures either refute or cannot support the validity of AK procedures as diagnostic tests. The evidence to date does not support the use of [manual muscle testing] for the diagnosis of organic disease or pre/subclinical conditions."[26] Another concluded that "There is little or no scientific rationale for these methods. Results are not reproducible when subject to rigorous testing and do not correlate with clinical evidence of allergy."[27] A double-blind study was conducted by the ALTA Foundation for Sports Medicine Research in Santa Monica, California and published in the June 1988 Journal of the American Dietetic Association. The study used 3 experienced AK practitioners and concluded that, "The results of this study indicated that the use of Applied Kinesiology to evaluate nutrient status is no more useful than random guessing."[28]

Despite more than four decades of review, RCT (random control trials) and other evaluative methods, even invested researchers delivered the following opinion;

One shortcoming is the lack of RCTs to substantiate (or refute) the clinical utility (efficacy, effectiveness) of chiropractic interventions based on MMT findings. Also, because the etiology of a muscle weakness may be multifactorial, any RCT that employs only one mode of therapy to only one area of the body may produce outcomes that are poor due to these limitations.[29]

Some of the studies, research and reviews of applied kinesiology mentioned above are listed at the National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health.[23][24][28][30][31][32][33]

Criticism

Nearly all AK tests are subjective, relying solely on practitioner assessment of muscle response. Specifically, some studies have shown test-retest reliability, inter-tester reliability, and accuracy to have no better than chance correlations.[11][24][34] Some skeptics have argued that there is no scientific understanding of the proposed underlying theory of a viscerosomatic relationship, and the efficacy of the modality is unestablished in some cases and doubtful in others.[11][16] Skeptics have also dismissed AK as "quackery," "magical thinking," and a misinterpretation of the ideomotor effect.[1][35] It has also been criticized on theoretical and empirical grounds,[1] and characterized as pseudoscience.[2] With only anecdotal accounts providing positive evidence for the efficacy of the practice, a review of peer-reviewed studies concluded that the "evidence to date does not support the use of [AK] for the diagnosis of organic disease or pre/subclinical conditions."[26]

Position statements

American Chiropractic Association

According to the American Chiropractic Association, in 2003 Applied Kinesiology was the 10th most frequently used chiropractic technique in the United States, with 37.6% of chiropractors employing this method and 12.9% of patients being treated with it.[10]

"This is an approach to chiropractic treatment in which several specific procedures may be combined. Diversified/manipulative adjusting techniques may be used with nutritional interventions, together with light massage of various points referred to as neurolymphatic and neurovascular points. Clinical decision-making is often based on testing and evaluating muscle strength."[6]

Note that "testing and evaluating muscle strength" is a basic practice in physical medical examination and that "testing and evaluating muscle strength" neither means the same as practicing Applied Kinesiology nor does Applied Kinesiology use testing and evaluating muscle strength as such, but as an assumed means of diagnostics not directed at muscle strength in itself at all. The citation therefore shows that citing legitimate chiropractics in favor of Applied Kinesiology is questionable in itself.

Danish Chiropractic Association

According to a March 26, 1998 letter from the DKF (Dansk Kiropraktor Forening – Danish Chiropractic Association), following public complaints from patients receiving homeopathic care and/or AK instead of standard (DKF defined) chiropractic care, the DKF has determined that applied kinesiology is not a form of chiropractic care and must not be presented to the public as such. AK and homeopathy can continue to be practiced by chiropractors as long as it is noted to be alternative and adjunctive to chiropractic care and is not performed in a chiropractic clinic. Chiropractors may not infer or imply that the Danish chiropractic profession endorses AK to be legitimate or effective, nor may the word/title chiropractic/chiropractor be used or associated with the practice of AK.[36]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Carroll, Robert Todd "These are empirical claims and have been tested and shown to be false". "Applied Kinesiology". The Skeptics Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-07-26.
  2. ^ a b Atwood KC (2004). "Naturopathy, Pseudoscience, and Medicine: Myths and Fallacies vs Truth". MedGenMed. 6 (1): 33. PMC 1140750. PMID 15208545.
  3. ^ NICE consults on draft guideline on food allergies in children
  4. ^ a b Frost, Robert, Applied Kinesiology: A Training Manual and Reference Book of Basic Principles and Practices', p. 4, North Atlantic Books, 2002. available online
  5. ^ Profile of Goodheart
  6. ^ a b Chiropractic Techniques. American Chiropractic Association.
  7. ^ John Thie, D.C. – 1973 to 1976
  8. ^ What is the International College of Applied Kinesiology (ICAK)?
  9. ^ a b Applied Kinesiology: Phony Muscle-Testing for "Allergies" and "Nutrient Deficiencies", by Stephen Barrett, MD
  10. ^ a b Job Analysis of Chiropractic (PDF). National Board of Chiropractic Examiners. 2005. p. 135. ISBN 1884457053.
  11. ^ a b c d Applied Kinesiology, American Cancer Society, May 23, 2007. available online
  12. ^ a b c "Applied Kinesiology Status Statement". International College of Applied Kinesiology – USA. Archived from the original on 2008-03-22. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
  13. ^ "What is Applied Kinesiology?". ICAK-USA. Retrieved 12/05/07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  14. ^ a b Sims, Judith. "Applied Kinesiology". Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. Retrieved 2008-02-13. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  15. ^ a b "Applied Kinesiology: In Retrospect". International College of Applied Kinesiology – USA. Retrieved 2008-02-13. [dead link]
  16. ^ a b "Applied Kinesiology". InteliHealth. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
  17. ^ "International College of Applied Kinesiology – FAQ". International College of Applied Kinesiology – USA. Archived from the original on 2007-08-29. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
  18. ^ Motyka TM, Yanuck SF (1999). "Expanding the neurological examination using functional neurologic assessment part I: methodological considerations". Int. J. Neurosci. 97 (1–2): 61–76. doi:10.3109/00207459908994303. PMID 10681118. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ^ Schmitt WH, Leisman G (1998). "Correlation of applied kinesiology muscle testing findings with serum immunoglobulin levels for food allergies". Int. J. Neurosci. 96 (3–4): 237–44. doi:10.3109/00207459808986471. PMID 10069623. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ^ Perot C, Meldener R, Goubel F (1991). "Objective measurement of proprioceptive technique consequences on muscular maximal voluntary contraction during manual muscle testing". Agressologie. 32 (10 Spec No): 471–4. PMID 1844106.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Friedman MH, Weisberg J (1981). "Applied kinesiology--double-blind pilot study". J Prosthet Dent. 45 (3): 321–3. doi:10.1016/0022-3913(81)90398-X. PMID 6938675. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  22. ^ Garrow JS (1988). "Kinesiology and food allergy". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 296 (6636): 1573–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.296.6636.1573. PMC 1833519. PMID 3135014. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ^ a b Haas M, Peterson D, Hoyer D, Ross G (1994). "Muscle testing response to provocative vertebral challenge and spinal manipulation: a randomized controlled trial of construct validity". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 17 (3): 141–8. PMID 8006528.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ a b c Lüdtke R, Kunz B, Seeber N, Ring J (2001). "Test-retest-reliability and validity of the Kinesiology muscle test". Complement Ther Med. 9 (3): 141–5. doi:10.1054/ctim.2001.0455. PMID 11926427. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Pothmann R,Evaluation of applied kinesiology in nutritional intolerance of childhood,Forsch komplementärmed klass Naturheilkunde,2001,9:115
  26. ^ a b Haas, Mitchell (2007-08). "Disentangling manual muscle testing and Applied Kinesiology: critique and reinterpretation of a literature review". Chiropractic & Osteopathy. 15 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-15-11. PMC 2000870. PMID 17716373. Retrieved 2007-11-30. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  27. ^ Wurlich, B. (2005). "Unproven techniques in allergy diagnosis". Journal of investigational allergology and clinical immunology. 15 (2): 86–90. PMID 16047707. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  28. ^ a b Kenney JJ, Clemens R, Forsythe KD (1988). "Applied kinesiology unreliable for assessing nutrient status". J Am Diet Assoc. 88 (6): 698–704. PMID 3372923. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Cuthbert, S C, Goodheart, G J (2007). "On the reliability and validity of manual muscle testing: a literature review" (PDF). Chiropractic & Osteopathy 2007. 15 (4). doi:10.1186/1746-1340-15-4. PMID 17341308. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  30. ^ Staehle HJ, Koch MJ, Pioch T (2005). "Double-blind study on materials testing with applied kinesiology". J. Dent. Res. 84 (11): 1066–9. doi:10.1177/154405910508401119. PMID 16246943. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Wüthrich B (2005). "Unproven techniques in allergy diagnosis". J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 15 (2): 86–90. PMID 16047707.
  32. ^ Tschernitschek H, Fink M (2005). "["Applied kinesiology" in medicine and dentistry—a critical review]". Wien Med Wochenschr (in German). 155 (3–4): 59–64. doi:10.1007/s10354-004-0113-9. PMID 15791778. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  33. ^ Teuber SS, Porch-Curren C (2003). "Unproved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to food allergy and intolerance". Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 3 (3): 217–21. doi:10.1097/00130832-200306000-00011. PMID 12840706. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  34. ^ Hyman, Ray (1999). "Psychology and 'Alternative Medicine': the mischief-making of ideomotor action". The Scientific review of Alternative Medicine. 3 (2). Retrieved 2008-02-25. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  35. ^ Magical Thinking. Skeptic's Dictionary
  36. ^ Danish Chiropractic Association position

External links

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Skeptical evaluations

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