Croatia in personal union with Hungary: Difference between revisions
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{{History of Croatia}} |
{{History of Croatia}} |
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| ⚫ | In 1097 the last Croatian national king was killed leaving the throne vacant. King Coloman of Hungary established the [[personal union]] of the [[Kingdom of Croatia (Medieval)|Kingdom of Croatia]] and the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]<ref>[http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=58576a72-3bb3-47bf-b159-23daa7dc1cd2&articleId=07451a0b-fbed-4269-a7cb-3883dfa477b5 Font, Marta:Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middle Age <!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> by an agreement called [[Pacta conventa (Croatia)|Pacta conventa]]. Although, the precise time and terms of [[Pacta conventa (Croatia)|Pacta Conventa]] later became a matter of dispute; nonetheless there was at least a non-written agreement that regulated the relations between Hungary and Croatia in approximately the same way. <ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143561/Croatia/223953/History#ref=ref476634 Britannica:History of Croatia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The official entering of Croatia into a personal union with Hungary, becoming part of the [[Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen]], had several important consequences. The two crowns were united in personal union until the end of the first world war in [[1918]]. |
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The concept of '''Croatia in personal union with Hungary''' is a source of a major historical controversy.<ref>Bellamy, p.36</ref> Croatian historians argue that the union was a personal one in the form of a shared king while modern Hungarian and Serbian historians insist that Croatia was conquered.<ref>Bellamy, p.37</ref> The significance of the debate lies in the Croatian claim to an unbroken heritage of historical statehood which is clearly compromised by the other claim.<ref>Bellamy, p.37</ref> The actual nature of the relationship is inexplicable in modern terms because it varied from time to time.<ref>Bellamy, p. 38</ref> Sometimes Croatia acted as an independent agent and at other times as a vassal of Hungary.<ref>Bellamy, p. 38</ref> However, Croatia retained a large degree of internal independence.<ref>Bellamy, p. 38</ref> The degree of Croatian autonomy fluctuated throughout the centuries as did its borders.<ref>Singleton, p. 29</ref> |
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During personal union with Hungary, institutions of separate Croatian statehood were maintained with the Sabor (parliament) and the ban (viceroy)<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143561/Croatia/223953/History#ref=ref476634 Britannica:History of Croatia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> in the name of the king. A single ban governed all Croatian provinces until 1225, when the authority was split between one ban of The Whole of [[Slavonia]] and one ban of [[Dalmatia]] and Croatia. The positions were intermittently held by the same person after 1345, and officially merged back into one by [[1476]]. |
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==Historical context, terms== |
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According to the research of the [[Library of Congress]] a faction of Croatian nobles contesting the succession after the death of Zvonimir offered the Croatian throne to King [[Ladislaus I of Hungary]].<ref name=Congress/> In 1091 Ladislaus accepted, and in 1094 he founded the Zagreb bishopric, which later became the ecclestictical center of Croatia.<ref name=Congress/> King [[Coloman of Hungary]] crushed opposition after the death of [[Ladislaus I of Hungary]] and won the crown of Dalmatia and Croatia in 1102.<ref name=Congress>{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/yutoc.html|title=A Country Study: Yugoslavia (Former) - The Croats and Their Territories |last=Curtis|first=Glenn E.|date=1992|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|accessdate=2009-03-16}}</ref> The crowning of Coloman forged a link between the Croatian and Hungarian crowns that lasted until the end of World War I.<ref name=Congress/> Croats have maintained for centuries that Croatia remained a sovereign state despite the voluntary union of the two crowns, but modern Hungarians claim that Hungary annexed Croatia outright in 1102.<ref name=Congress/> In either case, Hungarian culture permeated Croatia, the Croatian-Hungarian border shifted often, and at times Hungary treated Croatia as a vassal state.<ref name=Congress/> Croatia, however, had its own local governor, or ban; a privileged landowning nobility; and an assembly of nobles, the Sabor.<ref name=Congress/> |
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'''Kingdom of Croatia and Hungary''' was a [[personal union]] of two kingdoms, [[Kingdom of Croatia]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary]], united in a person of king. |
'''Kingdom of Croatia and Hungary''' was a [[personal union]] of two kingdoms, [[Kingdom of Croatia]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary]], united in a person of king. |
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== Feudalism == |
== Feudalism == |
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[[Image:Zlatna bula Bele IV.gif|thumb|200px|left|Golden Bull of [[Bela IV]]]] |
[[Image:Zlatna bula Bele IV.gif|thumb|200px|left|Golden Bull of [[Bela IV]]]] |
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{{History of Hungary}} |
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The Hungarian king also introduced a variant of the [[feudal system]]. Large fiefs were granted to individuals who would defend them against outside incursions thereby creating a system for the defence of the entire state. |
The Hungarian king also introduced a variant of the [[feudal system]]. Large fiefs were granted to individuals who would defend them against outside incursions thereby creating a system for the defence of the entire state. |
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However, by enabling the nobility to seize more and more economic and military power, the kingdom itself lost influence to the [[Frankopan]], [[Šubić]], [[Lacković]], Nelipčić, Kačić, Kurjaković, Drašković, Babonić and other families. During this period, the [[Knights Templar]] and the [[Knights Hospitaller]] also acquired considerable property and assets in Croatia. |
However, by enabling the nobility to seize more and more economic and military power, the kingdom itself lost influence to the [[Frankopan]], [[Šubić]], [[Lacković]], Nelipčić, Kačić, Kurjaković, Drašković, Babonić and other families. During this period, the [[Knights Templar]] and the [[Knights Hospitaller]] also acquired considerable property and assets in Croatia. |
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[[Image:Oton Ivekovic, Nikola Subic Zrinski.jpg|thumb|180px|left|[[Nikola Šubić Zrinski]]]] |
[[Image:Oton Ivekovic, Nikola Subic Zrinski.jpg|thumb|180px|left|[[Nikola Šubić Zrinski]]]] |
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As the [[Ottoman wars in Europe|Turkish incursion into Europe]] started, Croatia was once again a border area between two major forces in this part of the world. While Croats under [[Italia]]n [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] priest [[friar|fra]] [[Giovanni da Capistrano|John Capistrano]] contributed to the Christian victory over the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in the [[siege of Belgrade]] of 1456, they suffered a major defeat in the [[battle of Krbava field]] (in [[Lika]], Croatia) in 1493 and gradually lost increasing amounts of territory to the Ottoman Empire. |
As the [[Ottoman wars in Europe|Turkish incursion into Europe]] started, Croatia was once again a border area between two major forces in this part of the world. While Croats under [[Italia]]n [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] priest [[friar|fra]] [[Giovanni da Capistrano|John Capistrano]] contributed to the Christian victory over the {{History of Hungary}} [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in the [[siege of Belgrade]] of 1456, they suffered a major defeat in the [[battle of Krbava field]] (in [[Lika]], Croatia) in 1493 and gradually lost increasing amounts of territory to the Ottoman Empire. |
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[[Pope Leo X]] called Croatia the ''forefront of Christianity ([[Antemurale Christianitatis]])'' in 1519, given that several Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to the struggle against the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]]. Among them there were [[ban (title)|ban]] [[Petar Berislavić]] who won a victory at Dubica on the [[Una River|Una]] river in 1513, the captain of Senj [[Petar Kružić]] who defended the [[Klis]] fortress for 15 years, captain [[Nikola Jurišić]] who deterred by a magnitude larger Turkish force on their way to Vienna in 1532, or ban [[Nikola Šubić Zrinski]] who helped save [[Pest (city)|Pest]] from occupation in 1542 and fought in the [[Battle of Szigetvar]] in 1566. |
[[Pope Leo X]] called Croatia the ''forefront of Christianity ([[Antemurale Christianitatis]])'' in 1519, given that several Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to the struggle against the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]]. Among them there were [[ban (title)|ban]] [[Petar Berislavić]] who won a victory at Dubica on the [[Una River|Una]] river in 1513, the captain of Senj [[Petar Kružić]] who defended the [[Klis]] fortress for 15 years, captain [[Nikola Jurišić]] who deterred by a magnitude larger Turkish force on their way to Vienna in 1532, or ban [[Nikola Šubić Zrinski]] who helped save [[Pest (city)|Pest]] from occupation in 1542 and fought in the [[Battle of Szigetvar]] in 1566. |
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The 1526 [[Battle of Mohács]] was a crucial event in which the rule of the |
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The 1526 [[Battle of Mohács]] was a crucial event in which the rule of the [[Jagiellon dynasty]] was shattered by the death of King [[Louis II of Hungary|Louis II]]. The defeat emphasized the overall inability of the Christian feudal military to halt the Ottomans, who would remain a major threat for centuries. The Croatian historical narrative insists that the decision to join the Habsburg Empire was the result of a free choice made by the Sabor.<ref>Bellamy, p. 38</ref> Austrian historians never claimed they conquered Croatia by force and there appears to be little reason to doubt Croatian claims about the events of 1526.<ref>Bellamy, p. 39</ref> |
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[[Jagiellon dynasty]] was shattered by the death of King [[Louis II of Hungary|Louis II]]. The defeat emphasized the overall inability of the Christian feudal military to halt the Ottomans, who would remain a major threat for centuries. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen]] |
* [[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen]] |
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==Sources== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
{{reflist|2}} |
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==References== |
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*{{citation|last=Bellamy|first=Alex J. |title=The Formation of Croatian National Identity: A Centuries-old Dream|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|date=2003|isbn=9780719065026}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Singleton|first=Frederick Bernard|title=A short history of the Yugoslav peoples|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|date=1985|isbn=9780521274852}} |
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*{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/yutoc.html|title=A Country Study: Yugoslavia (Former) - The Croats and Their Territories |last=Curtis|first=Glenn E.|date=1992|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|accessdate=2009-03-16}} |
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[[Category:Kingdom of Hungary]] |
[[Category:Kingdom of Hungary]] |
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Revision as of 12:08, 22 March 2009
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2009) |
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In 1097 the last Croatian national king was killed leaving the throne vacant. King Coloman of Hungary established the personal union of the Kingdom of Croatia and the Kingdom of Hungary[1] by an agreement called Pacta conventa. Although, the precise time and terms of Pacta Conventa later became a matter of dispute; nonetheless there was at least a non-written agreement that regulated the relations between Hungary and Croatia in approximately the same way. [2] The official entering of Croatia into a personal union with Hungary, becoming part of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, had several important consequences. The two crowns were united in personal union until the end of the first world war in 1918.
During personal union with Hungary, institutions of separate Croatian statehood were maintained with the Sabor (parliament) and the ban (viceroy)[3] in the name of the king. A single ban governed all Croatian provinces until 1225, when the authority was split between one ban of The Whole of Slavonia and one ban of Dalmatia and Croatia. The positions were intermittently held by the same person after 1345, and officially merged back into one by 1476.
Feudalism
The Hungarian king also introduced a variant of the feudal system. Large fiefs were granted to individuals who would defend them against outside incursions thereby creating a system for the defence of the entire state. However, by enabling the nobility to seize more and more economic and military power, the kingdom itself lost influence to the Frankopan, Šubić, Lacković, Nelipčić, Kačić, Kurjaković, Drašković, Babonić and other families. During this period, the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller also acquired considerable property and assets in Croatia.
The later kings sought to restore their influence by giving certain privileges to the towns, making them Royal Boroughs or Free Royal Towns (similar to the Free Cities in the Holy Roman Empire), which the kings defended from the feudal lords in return for the town's support.
The princes of Bribir from the Šubić family became particularly influential during the time of Pavao Šubić Bribirski (1272-1312) who asserted control over large parts of Dalmatia, Slavonia and Bosnia during an internal conflict between the Árpád and Anjou ruling dynasties. Later, however, the Anjouvines intervened and scattered the Šubić and Babonić(1322 ad) families across the country (an important offspring being the Zrinski family).During that time,Angevian kings won a full control over Slavonia and Croatia. Hungarian power was restored in Dalmatia in 1358 ad by the treaty of Zadar( later,in the time of reign king Sigismund I Luxemourg this province was sold to the Republic of Venice in 1409.
The Ottoman wars
As the Turkish incursion into Europe started, Croatia was once again a border area between two major forces in this part of the world. While Croats under Italian Franciscan priest fra John Capistrano contributed to the Christian victory over the
| History of Hungary |
|---|
 |
 Hungary portal |
Ottomans in the siege of Belgrade of 1456, they suffered a major defeat in the battle of Krbava field (in Lika, Croatia) in 1493 and gradually lost increasing amounts of territory to the Ottoman Empire.
Pope Leo X called Croatia the forefront of Christianity (Antemurale Christianitatis) in 1519, given that several Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to the struggle against the Turks. Among them there were ban Petar Berislavić who won a victory at Dubica on the Una river in 1513, the captain of Senj Petar Kružić who defended the Klis fortress for 15 years, captain Nikola Jurišić who deterred by a magnitude larger Turkish force on their way to Vienna in 1532, or ban Nikola Šubić Zrinski who helped save Pest from occupation in 1542 and fought in the Battle of Szigetvar in 1566.
The 1526 Battle of Mohács was a crucial event in which the rule of the Jagiellon dynasty was shattered by the death of King Louis II. The defeat emphasized the overall inability of the Christian feudal military to halt the Ottomans, who would remain a major threat for centuries.