Cryptid

Not to be confused with crypsis.

Yowie

The Effingham Carcass, Vancouver Island, 1947. Supposed remains of 'Caddy'

In cryptozoology and sometimes in cryptobotany, both pseudoscience, a cryptid (from the Greek κρύπτω, krypto, meaning "hide") is an animal or plant whose existence has been suggested but has not been discovered or documented by the scientific community or by direct evidence. Cryptids often appear in folklore and mythology, leading to stories and unfounded belief about their existence. Well-known examples include the Yeti in the Himalayas, the Loch Ness Monster in Scotland, Sasquatch in North America, the Jersey Devil in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, and the Chupacabra in Latin America.

Overview

The term cryptid was coined by John E. Wall in a 1983 letter to the International Society of Cryptozoology newsletter. The prefix "crypt-" is Greek and means "hidden" or "secret".

Legendary creatures such as the unicorn and the dragon are sometimes described as cryptids, but many cryptozoologists avoid describing them as such.

Eberhart's classification

George M. Eberhart of the American Library Association, who has written for the Journal of Scientific Exploration on the difficulties of cataloging media materials about fringe science, classifies ten types of mystery animals under the cryptozoological umbrella:

1. Distribution anomalies [known animals reported outside their normal range, e.g. the anomalous big cats of the U.K.];
2. Undescribed, unusual, or outsized variations of known species [e.g. the giant anacondas reported from Amazonia or the spotted lions of East Africa];
3. Survivals of recently extinct species [e.g. ivory-billed woodpecker presumed extinct c. 1960, the Tasmanian Tiger (Thylacine), declared extinct in 1936, or the Steller's sea cow presumed extinct c. 1770, both of which are occasionally claimed to have survived to the present];
4. Survivals of species known only from the fossil record into modern times [e.g. the mokele-mbembe of central Africa, sometimes described as a living dinosaur];
5. Lingerlings, or survivals of species known from the fossil record much later into historical times than currently thought [e.g. the woolly mammoth, presumed extinct c. 12,000 BCE but occasionally purported surviving into later eras];
6. Animals not known from the fossil record but related to known species [e.g. the Andean wolf or the striped manta-ray reported by William Beebe in the 1930s];
7. Animals not known from the fossil record nor related to any known species [e.g. North America's Bigfoot or most sea serpents];
8. Mythical animals with a zoological basis [e.g. the griffin, partly inspired by dinosaur fossils of Central Asia];
9. Seemingly paranormal or supernatural entities with some animal-like characteristics [e.g. Mothman, black dogs or some fairies from folklore];
10. Known hoaxes or probable misidentifications (e.g. the jackalope, an antlered rabbit, a popular hoax in taxidermy).

Additionally, Eberhart argues for six exclusions from classification as a cryptid:

1. Insignificance. "Cryptids must be big, weird, dangerous or significant to humans in some way."
2. Lack of controversy. "Someone needs to observe a mystery animal and someone else needs to discredit the sighting. Cryptozoologists function as interventionists between witnesses and skeptical scientists."
3. Erratics. "The out-of-place alligator […] that turns up in an odd spot, undoubtedly through human agency, is not a zoological mystery […] [I]f someone discovers a new species of alligator that lives only in sewers, that is a different matter."
4. Bizarre humans [e.g. zombies]
5. Angels or demons […] "the paranormal or supernatural is admitted only if it has an animal shape (a werewolf sighting, which might involve a real dog or wolf, or a mystery canid)."
6. Aliens "[unless such extraterrestrials] arrived a long time ago and thus classify as residents."

See also

• Animalia Paradoxa
• Cryptobotany
• Cryptozoology
• List of cryptids

References

• Mackal, Roy P. (1980). Searching For Hidden Animals: An Inquiry into Zoological Mysteries. USA: Self published. ISBN 0-385-14897-6.

Further reading

• Eberhart, George M. (2002). Mysterious Creatures: A Guide to Cryptozoology. Vol. Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-283-5. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
• North American BioFortean Review, Index to issues.