Faith Freedom International: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
This too is problematic - no independent evaluation or description of the website is provided by the author of the book in the appendix. Just a listing of the URL, owner, and mission statement.
Tag: section blanking
revert to version with more sources, to show notability
Tag: Reverted
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Notability|Web|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox website
{{Infobox website
| name = Faith Freedom International
| name = Faith Freedom International
Line 18: Line 17:
}}
}}


'''Faith Freedom International''' ('''FFI''') is a [[website]] that is [[Criticism of Islam|critical of Islam]].<ref name="FPM">{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=16440|archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20090417195806/http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID%3D3DDB4AD9%2DF928%2D4EF8%2DADEC%2D8A9C90594254|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2009|title=Symposium: Gender Apartheid and Islam|accessdate=September 18, 2007|publisher=[[FrontPageMagazine.com]]|year=Dec 31, 2004|author=Jamie Glazov}}</ref> FFI identifies itself as "a grassroots worldwide movement of ex-Muslims and all those who are concerned about the rise of the Islamic threat".{{citation needed|date=April 2019|reason=Where does this quote come from? Every occurrence of it on Google seems to come from Wikipedia.}} According to the website, FFI was founded by an [[Iran]]ian residing in Canada, known as [[Ali Sina (activist)|Ali Sina]]. On the website, Ali Sina has issued a standing challenge that he will remove the FFI website if proven wrong on a number of issues.
'''Faith Freedom International''' ('''FFI''') is a website that is [[Criticism of Islam|critical of Islam]].


FFI is listed by [[Richard Dawkins]] in the Appendix of his book, ''[[The God Delusion]]'', as one of the few Islamic related "friendly address[es], for individuals needing support in escaping from religion"<ref name="GD">{{cite book | title=The God Delusion| url=https://archive.org/details/goddelusion00dawk| url-access=registration| last=Dawkins| first=Richard| authorlink=Richard Dawkins| year=2006| publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co.| location=Boston| isbn=0-618-68000-4| page=[https://archive.org/details/goddelusion00dawk/page/379 379]}}</ref> (although it was removed from the website following protest from other ex-Muslims and atheists).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071016220526/http://richarddawkins.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=17623&hilit= Internet Archive of relevant Richard Dawkins Page]</ref> FFI's mission statement is included in [[Ibn Warraq]]'s book ''[[Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out]]''.<ref name="Leaving Islam">{{cite book | title=Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out| last=Ibn Warraq| authorlink=Ibn Warraq| year=2003| pages=433–436| publisher=Prometheus Books| location=Amherst, NY| isbn=1-59102-068-9}}</ref> According to [[Internet Infidels]], FFI "echoes the voice of Muslim dissidents that strive for freedom of faith and freedom ''from'' faith in Islamic countries."<ref>[http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/theism/islam/related.html Islam - related sites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219210317/http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/theism/islam/related.html |date=2012-02-19 }} by [[Internet Infidels]]</ref>
==Website traffic and access==
[[Ranking.com]] lists faithfreedom.org among the top 70,000 as measured by traffic as of January 2016.<ref>[http://scripts.ranking.com/data/details.aspx?theurl=faithfreedom.org Faith Freedom at ranking.com]</ref> According to [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]], faithfreedom.org was among the top 650,000 websites as of June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/faithfreedom.org|title=Faithfreedom Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic - Alexa|website=www.alexa.com|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref>


==Website access and traffic==
[[Ali Sina (activist)|Ali Sina]], the founder of FFI, has remarked that the website received over 10 million readers in just over a 2.5-year time span while being banned in a number of countries including Iran and [[Internet censorship in Pakistan|Pakistan]].<ref name="J Post">[http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=104835 Muslim Mindset: 'The hatred is in Muhammad himself'] – [[Jerusalem post]] Interviews Ali Sina.</ref> A 2002 study on internet filtering in [[Saudi Arabia]] identified FFI as among the web pages that were blocked in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/saudiarabia/SA-F.html |title=URLs Blocked in Saudi Arabia – "F" Faith Freedom |access-date=2006-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204033516/http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/saudiarabia/SA-F.html |archive-date=2007-02-04 |url-status=live |df= }}</ref>
A 2002 study on internet filtering in [[Saudi Arabia]] identified FFI as among the web pages that were blocked in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/saudiarabia/SA-F.html |title=URLs Blocked in Saudi Arabia – "F" Faith Freedom |access-date=2006-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204033516/http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/saudiarabia/SA-F.html |archive-date=2007-02-04 |url-status=live |df= }}</ref> [[Ranking.com]] lists faithfreedom.org among the top 70,000 as measured by traffic as of January 2016.<ref>[http://scripts.ranking.com/data/details.aspx?theurl=faithfreedom.org Faith Freedom at ranking.com]</ref> According to [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]], faifthfreedom.org was among the top 650,000 websites as of June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/faithfreedom.org|title=Faithfreedom Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic - Alexa|website=www.alexa.com|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref>

==Alleged deaths threats and hacking attempts==
Because of the content of the site, Ali Sina claims to have received death threats from "two imams in India" who he alleges have offered a reward of US$20,000 (or 1 million Rupees) for anyone who kills him.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=104835 Muslim Mindset: 'The hatred is in Muhammad himself'] – [[Jerusalem post]] Interviews Ali Sina.
</ref><ref name="Recent Attacks On “Counter Jihad” Websites">{{cite web
|author = Miller, A
|url = http://www.internationalfreepresssociety.org/2010/01/recent-attacks-on-%E2%80%9Ccounter-jihad%E2%80%9D-websites/
|title = Recent Attacks On "Counter Jihad" Websites
|access-date = October 9, 2010
|publisher = [[International Free Press Society]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101216052427/http://www.internationalfreepresssociety.org/2010/01/recent-attacks-on-%E2%80%9Ccounter-jihad%E2%80%9D-websites/
|archive-date = December 16, 2010
|df =
}}</ref> The site itself has been hacked and subject to DDOS attacks several times since the website opened, most recently in January 2010.<ref name="Recent Attacks On “Counter Jihad” Websites"/><ref>[http://www.jihadwatch.org/2008/06/faith-freedom-hacked.html Faith Freedom hacked] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416054221/http://www.jihadwatch.org/2008/06/faith-freedom-hacked.html |date=2010-04-16 }}, June 7, 2008, Jihad Watch</ref>

==Notable content==

===Articles===
The website contains several articles authored by notable persons, including:

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Cherie Blair]]<ref>see [http://www.faithfreedom.org/op-ed/it-is-not-just-democracy-that-is-illegal-in-iran/ here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217043221/http://www.faithfreedom.org/op-ed/it-is-not-just-democracy-that-is-illegal-in-iran/ |date=2014-12-17 }} and [http://www.womenspeecharchive.org/women/profile/speech/index.cfm?ProfileID=172&SpeechID=788 here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020210617/http://www.womenspeecharchive.org/women/profile/speech/index.cfm?ProfileID=172&SpeechID=788 |date=2013-10-20 }}</ref>
*[[Steven Emerson]]<ref>see [http://www.faithfreedom.org/articles/islamic-jihad-articles/fighting-islamist-%E2%80%98lawfare%E2%80%99/ here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021141325/http://www.faithfreedom.org/articles/islamic-jihad-articles/fighting-islamist-%E2%80%98lawfare%E2%80%99/ |date=2012-10-21 }} and [http://www.investigativeproject.org/1858/combating-lawfare Emerson's own website] </ref>
*[[Fjordman]]<ref>See [http://www.faithfreedom.org/articles/op-ed/fjordman-on-the-illusion-of-a-moderate-islam/ here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011210332/http://www.faithfreedom.org/articles/op-ed/fjordman-on-the-illusion-of-a-moderate-islam/ |date=2012-10-11 }} and [http://www.jihadwatch.org/2010/08/this-essay-overlaps-to-some.html here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213083645/http://www.jihadwatch.org/2010/08/this-essay-overlaps-to-some.html |date=2013-02-13 }}</ref>
*[[Robert Spencer (author)|Robert Spencer]]<ref>see [http://www.faithfreedom.org/features/news/egypt-muslims-riot-over-appointment-of-christian-governor/ here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101160532/http://www.faithfreedom.org/features/news/egypt-muslims-riot-over-appointment-of-christian-governor/ |date=2012-11-01 }} and [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130227071602/http://frontpagemag.com/2011/robert%2Dspencer/egypt%2Dmuslims%2Driot%2Dover%2Dappointment%2Dof%2Dchristian%2Dgovernor/ here]</ref>
*[[Geert Wilders]]<ref>see [http://www.faithfreedom.org/articles/political-islam/wilders-in-defense-of-%E2%80%98hurtful%E2%80%99-speech/ here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023112412/http://www.faithfreedom.org/articles/political-islam/wilders-in-defense-of-%E2%80%98hurtful%E2%80%99-speech/ |date=2012-10-23 }} and [http://www.pvv.nl/index.php/component/content/article/36-geert-wilders/4462-in-defense-of-hurtful-speech-.html here] </ref>
*[[Eric Allen Bell]]<ref>see [http://www.faithfreedom.org/articles/political-islam/muhammad-islams-dirty-little-secret-by-eric-allen-bell/ here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227120719/http://www.faithfreedom.org/articles/political-islam/muhammad-islams-dirty-little-secret-by-eric-allen-bell/ |date=2012-12-27 }} and [https://archive.today/20130123233050/http://frontpagemag.com/2012/eric-allen-bell/when-the-first-amendment-died/ here]</ref>
{{Div col end}}

===Debates===
The website includes several debates between Ali Sina and Muslims, among them are prominent scholars such as [[Edip Yuksel]]<ref>''Peacemaker's Guide to Warmongers: Exposing Robert Spencer, David Horowitz, and other Enemies of Peace'' by Edip Yuksel, 2010, Published by Brainbow Press, {{ISBN|978-0-9796715-3-1}}; p. 145-267</ref> and Yamin Zakaria of the ICSSA.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050404220129/http://icssa.org/yameendebate.html ICSSA, Exposing Blindness of "Freethinkers" about Islam]; A Debate between YAMIN ZAKARIA and ALI SINA; Published: February 27, 2005]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faithfreedom.org/category/features/debates/ |title=Debates |publisher=FaithFreedom.org |date= |access-date=October 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016170648/http://www.faithfreedom.org/category/features/debates/ |archive-date=October 16, 2011 |df= }}</ref>

Sina's contention is that Islam promotes hate and disunity, and thus poses an impediment to peace. According to his website, he has issued a challenge that should anyone prove him wrong he will publicly acknowledge his error and withdraw his charges against Islam, and will pay $50,000 to that person.<ref>[http://m.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/Muslim-Mindset-The-hatred-is-in-Muhammad-himself#article=0QjM0QzQ0MTVBQUVFNEQ4QTc4MTdGNzNDQ0YwMDdGMjg= Sina's Challenge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204022026/http://m.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/Muslim-Mindset-The-hatred-is-in-Muhammad-himself#article=0QjM0QzQ0MTVBQUVFNEQ4QTc4MTdGNzNDQ0YwMDdGMjg= |date=2016-02-04 }}, Jerusalem Post</ref>

==WikiIslam==
[[Image:Wikiislam logo.png|right|thumb|upright|WikiIslam-logo]]
In September 2006, FFI launched<ref>On Monday Sept 4, 2006, [http://www.wikiislam.net/wiki/WikiIslam:About#History (WikiIslam) was opened to the public.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001032509/http://www.wikiislam.net/wiki/WikiIslam:About#History |date=2015-10-01 }}</ref> WikiIslam, a community-edited [[wiki]] collecting critical and often incorrect material about Islam.<ref name="CIWI">[https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11562-007-0002-2 ''Cyber-Islamophobia? The case of WikiIslam''], Journal: ''Contemporary Islam'', publisher ''Springer Netherlands'', ISSN 1872-0218 (Print) 1872-0226</ref> According to the FAQ section on the website, "the main difference between WikiIslam and Wikipedia is that opinions critical of Islam are not censored on WikiIslam for political correctness".<ref name="CIWI"/> Due to the controversial nature of the website, it has been subject to vandalism, due to which increased security measures have been employed.

WikiIslam was the subject of an article in the 7/2007 issue of the journal ''Contemporary Islam'', entitled "Cyber-Islamophobia? The case of WikiIslam",<ref name="CIWI"/> which argues that the website commits selection bias by collecting only negative or critical material.<ref name="CIWI"/><ref>"Compared to “Muslim homepages”, i.e. those set up by believing Muslims, WikiIslam contains only negative and critical examples. This bias is clearly represented in the section called “laughing with the prophet”, which presents stories and reports from the life of prophet Muhammad (i.e. hadith reports)." ibid.</ref> The article states that "In relation to the criteria set up by the [[Runnymede Trust]] ... it should be quite easy to label most of the material published on WikiIslam as expressions of [[Islamophobia]]." [[Göran Larsson (theologian)|Göran Larsson]] adds that "[m]y impression is that the stories reported by WikiIslam have merely been selected to show that Muslims are ignorant, backward or even stupid."<ref name="CIWI"/><ref>Islamophobia: A Challenge For Us All, p. 5, Runnymede Trust (1997).</ref> Because of the presence of material obtained from other websites, such as [[MEMRI]], the article notes that "it becomes much more difficult to argue that all information posted on WikiIslam is Islamophobic by nature".<ref name="CIWI"/>

In August 2008, the WikiIslam site was moved to a new server and since then it has been operating independently.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wikiislam.net/wiki/WikiIslam |title=WikiIslam |access-date=2016-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624085834/http://wikiislam.net/wiki/WikiIslam |archive-date=2016-06-24 |url-status=live |df= }}</ref> Since December 2015 EXMNA took over ownership and operation of WikiIslam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ex-Muslims of North America takes ownership and operation of WikiIslam|url=https://exmuslims.org/ex-muslims-north-america-takes-ownership-operation-wikiislam/|date=2015-12-03|website=Ex-Muslims of North America|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Islam|Internet}}
{{Portal|Islam|Internet}}
*[[Ali Sina (activist)]]
*[[Apostasy in Islam]]
*[[Apostasy in Islam]]
*[[Islamophobia]]
*[[Criticism of Islam]]
*[[Internet censorship in Pakistan]]
*[[WikiIslam]]
*[[List of former Muslims]]
*[[MANIFESTO: Together facing the new totalitarianism]]


==References==
==References==
Line 36: Line 79:
==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.faithfreedom.org/ Faith Freedom International] – Home Page
* [http://www.faithfreedom.org/ Faith Freedom International] – Home Page
* [http://www.alisina.org/ AliSina.org] Ali Sina Editorial - Home Page
* [https://wikiislam.net/wiki/Main_Page Wiki Islam] - Home Page


[[Category:Criticism of Islam|F]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islam|F]]
[[Category:Counter-jihad]]
[[Category:Counter-jihad]]
[[Category:Blogs critical of Islam]]

Revision as of 07:50, 17 November 2020

Faith Freedom International
File:Faith freedom international -screenshot.jpg
Screenshot of FFI
Type of site
Anti-Islam
Available inEnglish, Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Polish, Spanish
OwnerAli Sina
Created byAli Sina
RevenueDonations
URLhttp://www.faithfreedom.org
CommercialNo
RegistrationeNom, Inc. (R39-LROR)
LaunchedOctober 26, 2001

Faith Freedom International (FFI) is a website that is critical of Islam.[1] FFI identifies itself as "a grassroots worldwide movement of ex-Muslims and all those who are concerned about the rise of the Islamic threat".[citation needed] According to the website, FFI was founded by an Iranian residing in Canada, known as Ali Sina. On the website, Ali Sina has issued a standing challenge that he will remove the FFI website if proven wrong on a number of issues.

FFI is listed by Richard Dawkins in the Appendix of his book, The God Delusion, as one of the few Islamic related "friendly address[es], for individuals needing support in escaping from religion"[2] (although it was removed from the website following protest from other ex-Muslims and atheists).[3] FFI's mission statement is included in Ibn Warraq's book Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out.[4] According to Internet Infidels, FFI "echoes the voice of Muslim dissidents that strive for freedom of faith and freedom from faith in Islamic countries."[5]

Website access and traffic

A 2002 study on internet filtering in Saudi Arabia identified FFI as among the web pages that were blocked in the country.[6] Ranking.com lists faithfreedom.org among the top 70,000 as measured by traffic as of January 2016.[7] According to Alexa, faifthfreedom.org was among the top 650,000 websites as of June 2019.[8]

Alleged deaths threats and hacking attempts

Because of the content of the site, Ali Sina claims to have received death threats from "two imams in India" who he alleges have offered a reward of US$20,000 (or 1 million Rupees) for anyone who kills him.[9][10] The site itself has been hacked and subject to DDOS attacks several times since the website opened, most recently in January 2010.[10][11]

Notable content

Articles

The website contains several articles authored by notable persons, including:

Debates

The website includes several debates between Ali Sina and Muslims, among them are prominent scholars such as Edip Yuksel[18] and Yamin Zakaria of the ICSSA.[19][20]

Sina's contention is that Islam promotes hate and disunity, and thus poses an impediment to peace. According to his website, he has issued a challenge that should anyone prove him wrong he will publicly acknowledge his error and withdraw his charges against Islam, and will pay $50,000 to that person.[21]

WikiIslam

File:Wikiislam logo.png
WikiIslam-logo

In September 2006, FFI launched[22] WikiIslam, a community-edited wiki collecting critical and often incorrect material about Islam.[23] According to the FAQ section on the website, "the main difference between WikiIslam and Wikipedia is that opinions critical of Islam are not censored on WikiIslam for political correctness".[23] Due to the controversial nature of the website, it has been subject to vandalism, due to which increased security measures have been employed.

WikiIslam was the subject of an article in the 7/2007 issue of the journal Contemporary Islam, entitled "Cyber-Islamophobia? The case of WikiIslam",[23] which argues that the website commits selection bias by collecting only negative or critical material.[23][24] The article states that "In relation to the criteria set up by the Runnymede Trust ... it should be quite easy to label most of the material published on WikiIslam as expressions of Islamophobia." Göran Larsson adds that "[m]y impression is that the stories reported by WikiIslam have merely been selected to show that Muslims are ignorant, backward or even stupid."[23][25] Because of the presence of material obtained from other websites, such as MEMRI, the article notes that "it becomes much more difficult to argue that all information posted on WikiIslam is Islamophobic by nature".[23]

In August 2008, the WikiIslam site was moved to a new server and since then it has been operating independently.[26] Since December 2015 EXMNA took over ownership and operation of WikiIslam.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ Jamie Glazov (Dec 31, 2004). "Symposium: Gender Apartheid and Islam". FrontPageMagazine.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  2. ^ Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 379. ISBN 0-618-68000-4.
  3. ^ Internet Archive of relevant Richard Dawkins Page
  4. ^ Ibn Warraq (2003). Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. pp. 433–436. ISBN 1-59102-068-9.
  5. ^ Islam - related sites Archived 2012-02-19 at the Wayback Machine by Internet Infidels
  6. ^ "URLs Blocked in Saudi Arabia – "F" Faith Freedom". Archived from the original on 2007-02-04. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
  7. ^ Faith Freedom at ranking.com
  8. ^ "Faithfreedom Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic - Alexa". www.alexa.com. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
  9. ^ Muslim Mindset: 'The hatred is in Muhammad himself'Jerusalem post Interviews Ali Sina.
  10. ^ a b Miller, A. "Recent Attacks On "Counter Jihad" Websites". International Free Press Society. Archived from the original on December 16, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
  11. ^ Faith Freedom hacked Archived 2010-04-16 at the Wayback Machine, June 7, 2008, Jihad Watch
  12. ^ see here Archived 2014-12-17 at the Wayback Machine and here Archived 2013-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ see here Archived 2012-10-21 at the Wayback Machine and Emerson's own website
  14. ^ See here Archived 2012-10-11 at the Wayback Machine and here Archived 2013-02-13 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ see here Archived 2012-11-01 at the Wayback Machine and here
  16. ^ see here Archived 2012-10-23 at the Wayback Machine and here
  17. ^ see here Archived 2012-12-27 at the Wayback Machine and here
  18. ^ Peacemaker's Guide to Warmongers: Exposing Robert Spencer, David Horowitz, and other Enemies of Peace by Edip Yuksel, 2010, Published by Brainbow Press, ISBN 978-0-9796715-3-1; p. 145-267
  19. ^ ICSSA, Exposing Blindness of "Freethinkers" about Islam; A Debate between YAMIN ZAKARIA and ALI SINA; Published: February 27, 2005]
  20. ^ "Debates". FaithFreedom.org. Archived from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
  21. ^ Sina's Challenge Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine, Jerusalem Post
  22. ^ On Monday Sept 4, 2006, (WikiIslam) was opened to the public. Archived 2015-10-01 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ a b c d e f Cyber-Islamophobia? The case of WikiIslam, Journal: Contemporary Islam, publisher Springer Netherlands, ISSN 1872-0218 (Print) 1872-0226
  24. ^ "Compared to “Muslim homepages”, i.e. those set up by believing Muslims, WikiIslam contains only negative and critical examples. This bias is clearly represented in the section called “laughing with the prophet”, which presents stories and reports from the life of prophet Muhammad (i.e. hadith reports)." ibid.
  25. ^ Islamophobia: A Challenge For Us All, p. 5, Runnymede Trust (1997).
  26. ^ "WikiIslam". Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
  27. ^ "Ex-Muslims of North America takes ownership and operation of WikiIslam". Ex-Muslims of North America. 2015-12-03. Retrieved 2020-05-26.

External links