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Falun Gong (simplified Chinese: 法轮功; traditional Chinese: 法輪功; pinyin: Fǎlún Gōng; literally "Practice of the Wheel of Law"), also known as Falun Dafa, (simplified Chinese: 法轮大法; traditional Chinese: 法輪大法; pinyin: Fǎlún dàfǎ; lit. "Great Law of the Wheel of Law") is a system of mind and body cultivation introduced by Li Hongzhi in 1992. Central to Falun Gong are the teachings of "Truthfulness, Compassion and Forbearance" and five sets of meditation exercises (four standing, and one sitting meditation).)

Falun Gong has been the focus of international controversy since the government of the People's Republic of China began a nationwide suppression of Falun Gong on July 20, 1999. The Chinese government claims to have banned the group for its illegal activities.^[1] The Falun Gong claims the ban was a result of President of the People's Republic of China Jiang Zemin’s personal jealousy of the group’s popularity.^[2] The suppression of Falun Gong is considered a human rights violation mainly by western human rights groups and politicians.

The exact number of Falun Gong practitioners is not known. A figure of 70 million practitioners was quoted in a NY Times article published April 27, 1999. According to the article, this figure was the estimate of Chinese government.^[3] According to a statement posted on November 1, 1999 the membership estimated by Beijing was 2.1 million.^[4] A main Falun Gong website states a figure of 100 million practitioners worldwide, including 70 million in China.^[2]

Origins

Falun Gong (Falun Dafa) was introduced to the public by Li Hongzhi on May 13, 1992 in Changchun, China. According to Li, Falun Gong is an advanced cultivation system in the "Buddha School" which, in the past, was handed down to chosen disciples and served as an intensive cultivation method that required practitioners with extremely high “Xinxing” (mind-nature; heart-nature; character) or “great inborn quality.” Li taught the practice for three years and since then Falun Gong has also been promoted by practitioners themselves voluntarily. Falun Gong quickly grew in popularity in China, and starting in 1996 Li has introduced the practice to other countries.

At the beginning, Li introduced himself to the public as a Qigong master. In “A Short Biography of Mr. Li Hongzhi” which appeared as an appendix in Chinese Zhuan Falun before 1996, it is claimed that Li was guided by more than 20 masters in Buddhism and Taoism since the age of four. Li’s first teacher introduced him to the cultivation of truth, compassion and forbearance (zhen, shan, ren). At age of eight, he acquired supernatural powers. He could levitate off the ground and become invisible simply by thinking "Nobody can see me.” Two other supernatural powers were his ability to control people’s movements by thoughts and to move himself anywhere he wanted by thought alone. The biography also claimed Li has discovered the truth of the universe…the origin of humankind and foresaw the development and future of the humankind.^[5]

In Li Hongzhi’s Canadian lectures held on 23 May 1999 in Toronto, a question was asked to Mr. Li: "I want to recommend to a newspaper that they publish the Master’s biography. Is this appropriate?" and he answered:

No. I don’t want to speak about my own situation. Nobody should. Because everybody wanted to find out about me there was a very, very simple biography in Zhuan falun. Now I had asked them to take it out. What I tell you about is the Law (Dharma), everyone should study this Law. Have no interest in my circumstances! Just study the Law and that will lead you to consummation.

Interviewed by Time magazine in May 1999, Li Hongzhi was asked to name his teachers. In response Li stated, "I do not wish to have their names known. I had masters in two schools."^[6]

History and timeline

Falun Gong was introduced to the public by Li Hongzhi on May 13, 1992, in Changchun, China. Invited by Qigong organizations from each area, Mr. Li traveled to almost all major Chinese cities from 1992 to 1994 to teach the practice. From 1995 to 1999, Mr. Li Hongzhi introduced the practice to other countries. Since then, Falun Gong has been voluntarily promoted by practitioners themselves.

Beliefs and teachings

The foundation of Falun Dafa are teachings known in traditional Chinese culture as the "Fa" (Dharma), or "Dharma and principles" – that are set forth in the book Zhuan Falun. Falun Gong teaches that what it calls the "Buddha Law" can be summarized in three words – Zhen 真, Shan 善 and Ren 忍, which translate approximately as 'truthfulness, benevolence (or compassion), and forbearance'. The process of cultivation is thought of to be one in which the practitioner assimilates himself or herself to Zhen 真, Shan 善 and Ren 忍.

The teachings and priciples of Falun Gong are captured in two main books written by Li Hongzhi: Falun Gong ( Law Wheel Qi Gong) and Zhuan Falun (Turning the Law Wheel). Falun Gong is an introductory book that discusses qigong, introduces the principles and provides illustrations and explanations of the exercises. Zhuan Falun is the core text of Falun Dafa practice.

Research into Health Benefits

Surveys conducted on practitioners show improvements in health, the most extensive being a Falun Gong health survey^[7] conducted on 12,731 Beijing practitioners in 1998. Research Conducted by Quan Zhen Li, Richard Johnson et al also suggests improvements in health.

Criticism and Controversies

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Criticism and controversies about Falun Gong abound.

Differences between Falun Gong, Buddhism, Qigong and other beliefs

Whether Falun Gong cultivation practice derives legitimacy from the ancient teachings of Buddhism is a matter of some controversy. Supporters say that traditional Chinese teachings called the Fa (Dharma) or “Dharma and principles” form the foundation for their Falun Dafa. In Zhuan Falun, Li states “the Falun Dafa is one of 84,000 cultivation ways in the Buddha’s School, which has never been made public during the historical period of this human civilization.” However, as reported by Benjamin Penny (2005), Falun Gong’s earliest critics stated that by dramatically changing the meanings of traditional Buddhist terms, Li misrepresents the basic tenets of Buddhism and should not claim to be part of that tradition.

Li as a savior or supernatural entity

Although Li has never directly said he is God, critics point out that he assumes the role of a divinity by virtue of his claimed supernatural powers. (Chang, 2004) In addition to being the exclusive savior of mankind during this "Dharma ending period," Li promises his disciples that they themselves will become gods some day. He has numerous fashen (law bodies) which also exercise "great supernatural power," cure illnesses and know what the practitioners are thinking at all times.

Fa-rectification: Li’s version of the apocalypse?

Whether Li’s teaching that his Dafa (great law) is judging all sentient beings amounts to an apocalyptic prediction is a matter of some debate. Practitioners strongly reject the apocalyptic label, while commentators generally come to an opposite conclusion. Maria Chang (2004) writes: "Just as human civilizations had been destroyed in the past because of immorality.l.. Li is convinced that the moral decadence of our times is leading to another apocalypse. His writings and speeches are replete with references to the 'Dharma-ending period' of 'the apocalypse,' the 'Great Havoc,' and the 'end times' (mojie). With the end days approaching, Li has set about disseminating Falun Dafa so as 'to provide salvation to mankind….in this final period of the Last Havoc.'"

Debatable significance of Falun Gong awards and recognitions

There is some controversy about how meaningful Falun Gong’s many municipal awards and recognitions are and how they are used to promote the Falun Gong. Falun Gong expert Patsy Rahn (2000), states they “are documents routinely obtained by groups from public officials in the US for public relations purposes” and may be used to mislead people in China into believing “that the American government supports Master Li and his Falun Gong practitioners.”^[8] Noah Porter (2003) argues that these awards are not always easy to get, citing one example from Tampa, Florida.^[9]

Falun Gong and sexual orientation

Li has made statements condemning homosexuality, suggesting a homosexual has a "dark heart, turning demonic."^[10] However, homosexuals can practice Falun Gong if they "correct this bad behavior".^[11] The teachings of Falun Gong are seen as homophobic by critics, while defenders of the Falun Gong dispute whether statements made by Falun Gong's founder are fairly interpreted.

Ethics

Falun Gong lays emphasis on its interpretation of good moral nature. Practitioners are required to emphasize virtue (de), be a good person in all environments, and always think of others before doing things.

According to Li Hongzhi, the sole criterion that distinguishes good from bad is the unchanging characteristic of the universe: Zhen-Shan-Ren (Truthfulness, Benevolence and Forbearance). In Zhuan Falun, Li states:

“As a practitioner, one must follow this characteristic of the universe to conduct himself instead of the standard of ordinary people….As a human being, if you can follow this universe’s characteristic of Zhen-Shan-Ren, you are a good person.”^[12]

In a speech in Los Angeles (2006), Li Hongzhi spoke for the first time about what he sees as a big problem—cultivators not accepting criticism well. He also suggested that practitioners may be too focused on making judgments about others:

"As cultivators, think about it--I've talked about this in Zhuan Falun and in my earlier teachings on Fa--I have said, "Don't hit back when hit, don't talk back when insulted." When others mistreat you, you should respond with just a smile and let that be the end of it. And when others are embroiled in conflict and you are just an onlooker, you should think about it, "How can I do better? If I were in that position, would I be able to control my xinxing and face the criticism and disapproval like a cultivator?" Cultivation is about looking inside yourself. Whether you are right or wrong, you should examine yourself. Cultivation is about getting rid of human attachments. If you always reject reproaches and criticism, always point your fingers at others, and always refute others' disapproval and criticism, is that cultivating? How is that cultivating? You have grown used to focusing on other people's shortcomings, and never take examining your own self seriously. When others' cultivation one day meets with success, what about you? Isn't Master hoping that you are cultivating well? Why won't you accept criticism, and why do you keep focusing on other people? Why not cultivate inward and examine your own self? Why do you get agitated when you are criticized? How many of you seated here can keep at ease when someone points at you out of the blue and berates you? How many of you can stay unruffled and search for the reason on your part when faced with others' criticism and chiding?"^[13]

Falun Gong also believes in the act of retribution, and all good and evil deeds will be paid in return in the due time. Because of this, they see the Chinese government crackdown as an act of "evil", and some pro-Falun Gong groups have reported claims of a number of people dying or suffering spontaneously after their alleged involvement in the crackdown of Falun Gong

Persecution of Falun Gong

In July 1999, the Chinese government declared the practice of Falun Gong illegal. Several weeks earlier, for 12 hours on April 25, about 10,000 people gathered at the Central Appeal Office at Foyou street,^[14] outside Zhongnanhai, the headquarters of Chinese Communist Government and lined up along a 2 km stretch. The practitioners dispersed peacefully after they received word that Premier of the People's Republic of China Zhu Rongji had agreed to their requests.[2] Nevertheless, it was widely reported by the Chinese media that Falun Gong practitioners organizing a protest in the heart of the Chinese Communist Party alarmed many senior leaders, particularly Jiang Zemin.^[14]

There has been international response to the suppression. The United States Congress Resolution 188 states:

"Falun Gong is a peaceful and nonviolent form of personal belief and practice with millions of adherents in the People's Republic of China and elsewhere."

"the Government of the People's Republic of China has forbidden Falun Gong practitioners to practice their beliefs, and has systematically attempted to eradicate the practice and those who follow it"

Jiang Zemin's regime has created notorious government `610' offices throughout the People's Republic of China with the special task of overseeing the persecution of Falun Gong members through organized brainwashing, torture, and murder;

According to the Falun Dafa Information Center (FDI), there are, as of March 12, 2006, 2,840 reported cases of Falun Gong practitioners dying in police and government custody in mainland China[3], giving rise to allegations of torture and police brutality [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The report also alleges that hundreds of thousands of Falun Gong practitioners have been detained, with more than 100,000 sentenced to forced-labor camps. Moreover, there are more than 30,000 documented cases of persecution.

Theoretical and Epistemological Studies

The content of Li Hongzhi's books include commentaries on questions that have been raised in China's qigong community. Falun Gong's teachings tap into a wide array of phenomena and cultural heritage that has been debated for ages. It is noteworthy that the definitions of many terms usually differ somewhat from Buddhist and Daoist traditions.

Falun Gong outside China

The persecution of Falun Gong practitioners has been regarded by most Western governments as a major international human rights issue. As of December 2005, 61 lawsuits have been filed in about 30 countries charging Jiang and several other senior officials with genocide, torture, and crimes against humanity for their roles in the treatment of Falun Gong in mainland China. [13] The Chinese government is accused by Falun Gong and many human rights groups of violating the United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT), also ratified by China.

Falun Gong practitioners are often seen on the streets in major metropolitan areas, directly informing the public of the pesecution of practitioners in China.

References

^ (July 22, 1999) "China Bans Falun Gong", People's Daily Online, retrieved June 14, 2006
^ ^a ^b Falun Dafa Clearwisdom.net "Answers to Commonly Asked Questions about Falun Gong", retreived June 10, 2006
^ Faison, Seth (April 27, 1999) "In Beijing: A Roar of Silent Protesters" New York Times, retrieved June 10, 2006
^ Embassy of the People's Republic of China (November 1, 1999) "Falun Gong Is a Cult", retreived June 10, 2006
^ "Master Li Hongzhi: A Short Biography of Mr. Li Hongzhi", retreived June 10, 2006
^ Dowell, William (May 10, 1999) "Interview with Li Hongzhi", retreived June 10, 2006
^ Autralia Falun Dafa Information Centre "Survey of Ten Thousand Cases in Beijing 1998", retrieved June 12, 2006
^ Rahn, Patsy (2000) "The Falun Gong: Beyond the Headlines", Cultic Studies Journal, volume 17 pages 168-188[1]
^ Porter, Noah (2003) "Falun Gong in the United States: An Ethnographic Study", (Dissertation.com) paperback ISBN 1-58112-190-3
^ Hongzhi, Li (July 7, 1998) "The World's Ten Evils" Hong Yin (English Translation Version B) retrieved Jun 12, 2006
^ Hongzhi, Li (May 30 & 31, 1998) "Falun Buddha Fa:Teaching the Fa at the Conference in Europe", retreived June 12, 2006
^ Hongzhi, Li Zhuan Falun: The Complete Teachings of Falun Gong (Yih Chyun, Fair Winds Press edition 2001) ISBN 1931412537
^ Hongzhi, Li (February 6, 2006) "Teaching the Fa in the City of Los Angeles", retrieved June 13, 2006
^ ^a ^b Reid, Graham (2006) Nothing left to lose, New Zealand Listener, retrieved June 13, 2006

External links

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 '''Falun Gong''' ({{zh-tsp |t=[[wiktionary:法|法]][[wiktionary:輪|輪]][[wiktionary:功|功]] |s=法轮功 |p=Fǎlún Gōng}}; literally "Practice of the Wheel of Law"), also known as '''Falun Dafa''', ({{zh-tsp |t=法輪大法 |s=法轮大法 |p=Fǎlún dàfǎ}}; lit. "Great Law of the Wheel of Law") is a system of mind and body cultivation introduced by [[Li Hongzhi]] in 1992. Central to Falun Gong are the teachings of "Truthfulness, Compassion and Forbearance" and five sets of [[meditation]] exercises ([http://www.falundafa.org/eng/exercises.htm four standing], and one [http://www.falundafa.org/eng/exercises.htm#EX5 sitting meditation]).)
-Falun Gong has been the focus of international controversy since the government of the People's Republic of China began a nationwide suppression of Falun Gong on July 20, 1999.  The Chinese government claims to have banned the group after deeming it to be illegal.<ref>(July 22, 1999) [http://english.people.com.cn/special/fagong/1999072200A101.html "China Bans Falun Gong"], ''People's Daily Online'', retrieved June 14, 2006</ref>  The Falun Gong claims the ban was a result of President of the People's Republic of China Jiang Zemin’s personal jealousy of the group’s popularity.<ref name="CW FAQ">Falun Dafa Clearwisdom.net [http://clearwisdom.net/emh/articles/2004/9/1/52070.html "Answers to Commonly Asked Questions about Falun Gong"], retreived June 10, 2006</ref> The suppression of Falun Gong is considered a human rights violation mainly by human rights groups and politicians.
+Falun Gong has been the focus of international controversy since the government of the People's Republic of China began a nationwide suppression of Falun Gong on July 20, 1999.  The Chinese government claims to have banned the group for its illegal activities.<ref>(July 22, 1999) [http://english.people.com.cn/special/fagong/1999072200A101.html "China Bans Falun Gong"], ''People's Daily Online'', retrieved June 14, 2006</ref>  The Falun Gong claims the ban was a result of President of the People's Republic of China Jiang Zemin’s personal jealousy of the group’s popularity.<ref name="CW FAQ">Falun Dafa Clearwisdom.net [http://clearwisdom.net/emh/articles/2004/9/1/52070.html "Answers to Commonly Asked Questions about Falun Gong"], retreived June 10, 2006</ref> The suppression of Falun Gong is considered a human rights violation mainly by western human rights groups and politicians.
 The exact number of Falun Gong practitioners is not known. A figure of 70 million practitioners was quoted in a NY Times article published April 27, 1999. According to the article, this figure was the estimate of Chinese government.<ref>Faison, Seth (April 27, 1999) [http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/asia/042799china-protest.html "In Beijing: A Roar of Silent Protesters"] ''New York Times'', retrieved June 10, 2006</ref> According to a statement posted on November 1, 1999 the membership estimated by Beijing was 2.1 million.<ref>Embassy of the People's Republic of China (November 1, 1999) [http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/ppflg/t36570.htm "Falun Gong Is a Cult"], retreived June 10, 2006</ref> A main Falun Gong website states a figure of 100 million practitioners worldwide, including 70 million in China.<ref name="CW FAQ" />
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 The foundation of Falun Dafa are teachings known in traditional Chinese culture as the "Fa" (Dharma), or "Dharma and principles" – that are set forth in the book Zhuan Falun. Falun Gong teaches that what it calls the "Buddha Law" can be summarized in three words – Zhen [[Wiktionary:真|真]], Shan [[Wiktionary:善|善]] and Ren [[Wiktionary:忍|忍]], which translate approximately as 'truthfulness, benevolence (or compassion), and forbearance'. The process of cultivation is thought of to be one in which the practitioner assimilates himself or herself to Zhen 真, Shan 善 and Ren 忍.
-The teachings and priciples of Falun Gong are captured in two main books written by Li Hongzhi: ''Falun Gong'' ( Law Wheel Qi Gong) and ''Zhuan Falun'' (Turning the Law Wheel). ''Falun Gong'' is an introductory book that discusses qigong, introduces the principles and provides illustrations and explanations of the exercises. ''Zhuan Falun'' is the core text of Falun Dafa practice. "As a matter of fact, no matter how many more articles we publish, they are merely complementary materials to Zhuan Falun. Only Zhuan Falun can truly guide a person's cultivation. It contains inner meanings that go from the level of ordinary people to incomparable heights. As long as you continue to cultivate, Zhuan Falun will always guide your elevation in cultivation." said by Li Hongzhi[http://www.falundafa.org/book/eng/north_america.htm]
+The teachings and priciples of Falun Gong are captured in two main books written by Li Hongzhi: ''Falun Gong'' ( Law Wheel Qi Gong) and ''Zhuan Falun'' (Turning the Law Wheel). ''Falun Gong'' is an introductory book that discusses qigong, introduces the principles and provides illustrations and explanations of the exercises. ''Zhuan Falun'' is the core text of Falun Dafa practice.
 ==Research into Health Benefits==
@@ Line 114: / Line 114: @@
 {{Main article|Falun Gong outside China}}
 <!--- How is this different from the Persecution section? That has the US Resolution in it, so what is this about? --->
-The persecution of Falun Gong practitioners has been regarded by most governments as a major international [[human rights]] issue. As of [[December 2005]], 61 [[lawsuit]]s have been filed in about 30 countries charging Jiang and several other senior officials with [[genocide]], torture, and [[crimes against humanity]] for their roles in the treatment of Falun Gong in mainland China. [http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=14787&sec=25&cont=5]  The Chinese government is accused by Falun Gong and many human rights groups of violating the [[United Nations Convention Against Torture]] (UNCAT), also ratified by China.
+The persecution of Falun Gong practitioners has been regarded by most Western governments as a major international [[human rights]] issue. As of [[December 2005]], 61 [[lawsuit]]s have been filed in about 30 countries charging Jiang and several other senior officials with [[genocide]], torture, and [[crimes against humanity]] for their roles in the treatment of Falun Gong in mainland China. [http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=14787&sec=25&cont=5]  The Chinese government is accused by Falun Gong and many human rights groups of violating the [[United Nations Convention Against Torture]] (UNCAT), also ratified by China.
 Falun Gong practitioners are often seen on the streets in major metropolitan areas, directly informing the public of the pesecution of practitioners in China.