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'''Farrukhan the Great''' (in [[Persian language|Persian]]: فرخان بزرگ, ''Farrukhan-e Bozorg''; 712 - 728) was the independent ruler (''[[ispahbadh]]'') of [[Tabaristan]] in the early 8th century, until his death in 728. He is the first actually attested (through his coinage) member of the [[Dabuyid dynasty]], which is traditionally held to have ruled Tabaristan since the time of the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]]. He maintained his independence against the attacks of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], and was succeeded by his eldest son, [[Dadhburzmihr]]. |
'''Farrukhan the Great''' (in [[Persian language|Persian]]: فرخان بزرگ, ''Farrukhan-e Bozorg''; 712 - 728) was the independent ruler (''[[ispahbadh]]'') of [[Tabaristan]] in the early 8th century, until his death in 728. He is the first actually attested (through his coinage) member of the [[Dabuyid dynasty]], which is traditionally held to have ruled Tabaristan since the time of the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]]. He maintained his independence against the attacks of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], and was succeeded by his eldest son, [[Dadhburzmihr]]. |
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== Biography == |
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[[File:Tabaristan-EN.svg|thumb|right|250px| Map of Tabaristan and its neighbouring territories]] |
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Farrukhan was the son of [[Dabuya]], and grandson of [[Gil Gavbara]], a descendant of the [[Sasanian]] king [[Djamasp]].<ref>Pourshariati (2008), pp. 471</ref> Farrukhan may in reality be the true founder of Dabuyid rule in [[Tabaristan]]; more recent research places his assumption of power there in the 670s instead of the early 710s<ref>Pourshariati (2008), pp. 308–313</ref> During his early reign he expanded his kingdom as far as [[Nishapur]] and surrounding areas around [[Tabaristan]]. The [[House of Karen]] and the [[House of Ispahbudhan]] came under his suzerainty. In a sense, the Sasanian-Parthian confederacy was recreated, but in a much smaller size. Farrukhan also put an end to the invasions by the [[Turkic people|Turks]] of [[Dahae|Dihistan]].<ref>http://books.google.dk/books?id=6DYVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA299&lpg=PA299&dq=farrukhan+the+great&source=bl&ots=0UiXHEoj6l&sig=jyGk711Kq0GLceasD8Vr588Iv2w&hl=da&sa=X&ei=QpQTUsfCF6bZ0QW1_oCYCg&sqi=2&ved=0CG4Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=farrukhan%20the%20great&f=false</ref> |
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Farrukhan's kingdom was invaded by the Arab general Masqalah ibn Hubayrah al-Shaybani. Masqalah fought against Farrukhan with 4,000 men for two years until the Masqalah, along with his army, was defeated and massacred.<ref>Pourshariati (2008), pp. 309</ref> |
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After having conquered all of [[Tabaristan]], Qatari ibn al-Fuja'ah, an rebel and leader of the [[Kharijites]], together with the rest of the leaders of the [[Kharijites]], took refuge in [[Tabaristan]] with Farrukhan.<ref>Pourshariati (2008), pp. 309</ref> Throughout the winter Farrukhan supplied the forces of Qatari ibn al-Fuja'ah with provisions, fodder and gifts, until their horses became well fed and they themselves strengthened. However, the [[Kharijites]] sent a ungrateful letter to Farrukhan saying: "Convert to our religion for otherwise we will take control of your region and commence war against you."<ref>Pourshariati (2008), pp. 310</ref> |
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Meanwhile, an Arab general named Sufyan was sent to [[Tabaristan]] to capture Qatari ibn al-Fuja'ah and his men. When Sufyan reached [[Rey, Iran|Ray]], Farrukhan had already taken his army to [[Damavand]] waiting for him. He then sent a message to Sufyan proposing to him that he would aid him in defeating Qatari in exchange for not being harassed in his region. Sufyan agreed to these conditions.<ref>Pourshariati (2008), pp. 310</ref> The battle between Farrukhan's forces and Qatari's forces took place in [[Semnan (city)|Semnan]] where Farrukhan was victorious and the [[Kharijites|Kharijite]] leader was killed, according to a legendary report, by the [[Ispahbadh]] himself.<ref>http://books.google.dk/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA198&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> |
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[[Qutayba ibn Muslim]], the Arab commander who was notorious for being harsh in wars in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and [[Transoxiana]], respected Farrukhan and was supported by him in his rivalry against [[Yazid ibn al-Muhallab]].<ref>Pourshariati (2008), pp. 310–311</ref> |
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After [[Qutayba ibn Muslim]] had successfully conquered [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and [[Transoxiana]], [[Yazid ibn al-Muhallab]] rudely reminded him that he had |
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not been able to do the same with [[Tabaristan]]. According to [[Ibn Isfandiyar]], Qutaybah then recognized even more clearly that Yazid was his enemy and the [[Ispahbadh]] (Farrukhan) his friend. However the friendship of Farrukhan and Qutayba was not to last because in 715/716, [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]], ordered Qutaybah's murder. The [[caliph]] also encouraged [[Yazid ibn al-Muhallab]] to conquer [[Tabaristan]] himself.<ref>Pourshariati (2008), pp. 310–311</ref> |
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In 716-717, [[Yazid ibn al-Muhallab]] prepared an army and set out to conquer [[Tabaristan]]. He invaded [[Gurgan]] and successfully conquered the city, and ordered the death of so many Iranians that their blood mixed with water would energize the millstone to produce as much as one day meal for him.<ref name=tab>{{harvnb|Ibn Esfandiar|1941|p=120}}</ref> |
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After having lost [[Gurgan]], Farrukhan retreated to the mountains of [[Tabaristan]]. The Arab commander then captured [[Sari, Iran|Sari]], and took over the palace of the [[Ispahbadh]]. Farrukhan fled to [[Daylam]] where he appealed for help to the King of [[Daylam]] who sent him 10,000 men.<ref>http://books.google.dk/books?id=6DYVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA299&lpg=PA299&dq=farrukhan+the+great&source=bl&ots=0UiXHEoj6l&sig=jyGk711Kq0GLceasD8Vr588Iv2w&hl=da&sa=X&ei=QpQTUsfCF6bZ0QW1_oCYCg&sqi=2&ved=0CG4Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=farrukhan%20the%20great&f=false</ref> The [[Dailamites|Dailamite]] soldiers attacked the Arabs and surrounded them around the mountains and massacred 15,000 of them.<ref>Pourshariati (2008), pp. 312</ref> On the promise of booty, the [[Turkic people|Turks]] invaded [[Gurgan]] and massacred the Arab population of [[Gurgan]], including members of Muhallab's family.<ref>Pourshariati (2008), pp. 312</ref> After being defeated and repelled out of [[Tabaristan]], [[Yazid ibn al-Muhallab]] complained to Hayyan al-Nabati, a member of his own tribe, that: "It has been two years |
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that we have been engaged in this ghazwa and jihad, and we cannot conquer the land single-handedly, and our people have lost their patience. No one accepts conversion. [Pray] seek a solution so that we can leave this region intact. We can take our vengeance on the population of Gurgan [in the future] and prepare ourselves for this on another occasion."<ref>Pourshariati (2008), pp. 312</ref> Yazid was later dismissed and imprisoned by the caliph [[Umar II]].<ref>http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dabuyids-the-dynasty-of-espahbads-ruling-tabarestan-until-its-conquest-by-the-muslims-in-144-761</ref> |
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Farrukhan the Great died in 728 after sixteen years of rule and was succeeded by his son [[Dadhburzmihr]]. |
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==Family== |
==Family== |
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Revision as of 18:03, 4 February 2014
| Farrukhan the Great | |
|---|---|
| Ispahbadh of Tabaristan, Padashwargarshah (Shah of Patashwargar), Gīlgīlan | |
 Silver dirham issued by Farrukhan the Great. | |
| Reign | 712-728 |
| Predecessor | Dabuya |
| Successor | Dadhburzmihr |
| Born | Unknown Tabaristan |
| Died | 728 Sari |
| House | Dabuyid dynasty |
| Father | Dabuya |
| Religion | Zoroastrianism |
Farrukhan the Great (in Persian: فرخان بزرگ, Farrukhan-e Bozorg; 712 - 728) was the independent ruler (ispahbadh) of Tabaristan in the early 8th century, until his death in 728. He is the first actually attested (through his coinage) member of the Dabuyid dynasty, which is traditionally held to have ruled Tabaristan since the time of the Muslim conquest of Persia. He maintained his independence against the attacks of the Umayyad Caliphate, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Dadhburzmihr.
Family
Farrukhan had 3 sons, whom were named Saruyih, Farrukhan the Little and Dadhburzmihr.[1]
Contributions
During his early rule, he reconstructed the city of Zadracarta and made it his capital, and because his son's name was "Saruyih", he called it by this name, which later became known as Sari.
References
- ^ Pourshariati (2008), pp. 471
Sources
- Madelung, W. (1975). "The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran". In Frye, R.N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–249. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.
- Madelung, Wilferd (1993). "DABUYIDS". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 5. London et al.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 541–544. ISBN 1-56859-007-5.
- Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3.
