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{{Kambojas}}
{{Kambojas}}
[[Kamboja]] (or [[Kambuja]]) is the name of an ancient [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] [[tribe]] whose spoken language belongs in the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family of languages. They are believed to have been located originally in [[Pamirs]] and [[Badakshan]] in [[Central Asia]]. The [[Sanskrit]] name ''Kamboja'' is also sometimes found written as ''Kambuja'', ''e.g.'' in [[Vedas|Vedic texts]] like ''Paraskara Grhya Sutra'' <ref>Grhya Sutra verse 2.1.23.</ref>.
[[Kambojas|Kamboja]] or [[Kambuja]]<ref>Grhya Sutra verse 2.1.23.</ref> is the name of an ancient [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] kingdom.
They are believed to have been located originally in [[Pamirs]] and [[Badakshan]] in [[Central Asia]].


''Most scholars of repute including A. Kuhn (1856), F. Windischmann (1857), F. Spiegal (1858, 1871), J. H. Moulton (1892), J. Marquart (1907), A. Hoffmann-Kutschke (1908), J. Charpentier (1923), Hoffmann (1940), Eilers (1964), Abayev (1965 & 71), Ernst Herzfeld, Gerold Walser (1968), J Harmatta (1969), H. W. Bailey (1970), Mayrhofer (1979), Michael Witzel (1980) etc etc have connected [[Sanskrit]] name Kamboja with Old Persian royal name [[Kambujiya]] (or perhaps Kambaujiya)''. F. Spigal, J. Marquart, J. Charpentier etc consider Kambujiya (or Kambaujiya) as an adjectival form of Kamboja <ref>Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, 2007, p 19,Jan Tavernier; Early Zoroastrianism‎, 2005 edition, p 45, fn 2, James Hope Moulton; See also: The Thinker; 1892, p 490, fn 1.</ref>.
The name has a long history of attestation, both in the [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] and the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] spheres.
*In Sanskrit literature, it appears from the middle [[Vedic period]] ([[Iron Age India|Iron Age]]). While not reflected in the [[Vedas|Vedic samhitas]], it is attested in the later Brahmana stage (ca. 7th century BCE) in the [[Vamsa Brahmana]], as well as in [[Yaska]]'s ''[[Nirukta]]''. '''Kamboja''' becomes tangible as a [[Mahajanapada]] kingdom in the Hindukush from the [[Epic Sanskrit]] stage. Kambojas enter India proper with the [[Indo-Scythian]] invasion and the name becomes established as the dynastic name of a number of ancient and medieval kingdoms of [[Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal|Bengal]], Tibet, South India, [[Ancient history of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] and [[name of Cambodia|Indochina]]
*In Iranian, ''Kambuj'' is reflected in the name of [[Cambyses of Anshan]] in the early 6th century BCE. The name appears in [[Old Persian]] as ''C-n-b-n-z-y'' in [[Aramaic]], ''Kambuzia'' in [[Assyria]]n, ''Kambythet'' in [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]], ''Kam-bu-zi-ia'' in [[Akkadian language|Assyrian]], ''Kan-bu-zi-ia'' in [[Elamite]], ''Kanpuziya''.


==Etymology of Kamboja, Kambuja or Kambujiya==
The '''[[etymology]] of Kamboja''' (or "Kambuja" , "Kambujiya") is unclear. There are several suggestions, most scholars favouring [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] origin (visible in the de-aspiration of the ''b'', from an Indo-Iranian ''bhuj''). Inspired by the proper name ''Cambyses'',
The '''[[etymology]] of Kamboja''' (or "Kambuja" , "Kambujiya") is unclear. There are several views regarding how the name may have originated.
[[Michael Witzel]] proposes that the name may originate as a title given to the Persian crown prince.


*[[Yaska]] (seventh century BCE) attempted to trace "Kamboja" by etymologyzing it as both ''Kambal.bhojah'' and ''Kamaniya.bhojah''. According to Nirukta<ref>
<ref> 'Kamboja may have been the title of the Persian crown prince, whence he perhaps got the name ''Cambyses'' (Old Pers. ''Kambaujiya'').' This speculation had already been proposed by Charpantier and criticized by La Vallée Poussin. ... The Manava [[Dharmaśāstra|Dharma Shastra]] mentions the Yavanas and the Kambojas ... -- along with the Dravidas, the Shakas, the Chinese and others -- as being Kshatriyas who gradually went down to reach the level of Shudras because they did not observe Brahmanical law."
:Sanskrit:
Johannes Bronkhorst, ''Greater Magadha: studies in the culture of early India'', BRILL, 2007, ISBN 9789004157194 p. 358.</ref>
:Shavtirgatikarma Kambojesveva bhasyate........
:Kambojah kambal.bhojah kamaniya.bhoja va
:kambalaha kamaniyo bhavati
:vikaramasy. Aryesu bhasyante shava iti
:(Nirukta II.2.</ref>, the Kambojas enjoy ''kambalah'' (blankets) i.e. they are ''Kambal.bhojah'', and also they enjoy beautiful (''kamaniya'') things, hence they are 'kamaniya.bhojah'. Therefore they are called "''Kambojas''" <ref>Some Ksatriya Tribes of Ancient India, 1975, p 233, Dr B. C. Law.</ref>.


*According to scholars like Dr. Moti Chandra, the ''Kamaniya.bhoja'' of Yasaka literally means ''Handsome Bhoja'' <ref>Geographical and Economical Studies, J.U.P.H.S., Part II, 1943, p 39.</ref>. The word ''Bhoja'' is an aspirated [[Sanskrit]] equivalent of [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] ''Boja'', and means 'king' <ref> Ancient Kamboja, Iran and Islam, 1971, p 68-71, [[H. W. Bailey]]; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian, 2007, pp 18-19, J. Tavernier - History; Historicité des forces du mal dans la Rgvedasamhita, Journal Asiatique 286.2, 1998, p.542, Eric Pirart; Linguistic aspects of the Aryan non-invasion theory, Part 1, Dr. Koenraad ELST etc.</ref>. This suggests that the Kambojas may have been so called because they were a very handsome race, or at least because their kings were very handsome. This view is abundantly reinforced by [[Valmiki]] [[Ramayana]] <ref>Ramayana of Valmiki, v 1/55/2</ref>, as well as by several verses of the [[Mahabharata]] <ref>MBH 7/23/43; 7/82/74; 8/56/113-114</ref> etc., which strongly testify that the ancient Kambojas and their princes were very handsome.
==Royal title==
H. W. Bailey analyzes the name Kamboja as ''Kam-bauja-'' or ''Kan-bauja-'' and focuses on the second part -bauja. This should be the form belonging to the three Iranian roots *Baug-: (1) "to bend", (2) "to free, loose, deliver, save", (3) "to possess, be lord, rule".
The same root appears as ''bhuj'' "use, possess; rule, govern".
The first part of the compound would then be ''kam'', which Bailey interprets as Avestan ''kan'' "to long, want", related to Sanskrit ''[[kama]]'' "desire, lust".
The Old Indian lexeme occurs in compounds where it means "at will" i.e ''Kama-krta, kama-cara, Kama-vritti''. Avestan has vaso-xsathro, "ruling at will".
Bailey's interpretation for Kambujiya or Kamboja is "king ruling at will" or ultimately, "king at will" <ref>Ancient Kamboja, Iran and Islam, 1971, p 67-71, H. W. Bailey; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian, 2007, p 19, J. Tavernier.</ref>.


*H. W. Bailey analyzes the name Kamboja as ''Kam-bauja-'' or ''Kan-bauja-'' and focuses on the second part -bauja. This should be the form belonging to the three Iranian roots *Baug-: (1) "to bend", (2) "to free, loose, deliver, save", (3) "to possess, be lord, rule". According to Bailey, the last root is the good one for Kamboja. Simultanously he also refers to Old Indian Bhoja- "lord, king". The first part Kam has a relation with Avestan Kan "to long, want" (OldInd Kama-). The Old Indian lexeme occurs in compounds where it means "at will" i.e ''Kama-krta, kama-cara, Kama-vritti''. Avestan has vaso-xsathro, "ruling at will" <ref> Yasna , 9.17.</ref>. Bailey's interpretation for Kambujiya or Kamboja is "king ruling at will" or ultimately, "king at will" <ref>Ancient Kamboja, Iran and Islam, 1971, p 67-71, H. W. Bailey; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian, 2007, p 19, J. Tavernier.</ref>.
Another interpretation (Seth 1937) accept's ''bhuj'' as the root of the second element, but takes the ''kam'' as the name of a particular region, thus "ruler of Kam", ''Kam'' being interpreted as referring to the territory of [[Sogdia]].<ref>HC Seth in Central Asiatic Provinces of the Maurya Empire in Indian Historical Quarterly, XIII (1937), No. 3, p. 403.
"The etymology of the word Kamboja (Kam + bhuj) suggests that it refers to a people who were the masters (enjoyers) of the country known as Kum or Kam (Rai & Dev). This line of thought suggests a possible identification of the country of Kambojas with mountainous regions between the Oxus and the Jaxartes (i.e. the old Sogdian strapy). [...] The mountainous highlands where Jaxartes and many other rivers which meet this great river arise, are called by Ptolemy as the "the Highlands of Komdei". Ammianus Marcellinus also call these Sogdian mountains as Komedas. The word Komedai and Komedas suggest Kom-desa or land of Kome. We learn from Ptolemy that a tribe variously called by him as Komaroi, Komedai, Khomaroi, Komoi and Tambyzoi was wide spread in the Highlands of Bactriana, Sogdiana and Sakai. It is difficult to say, at present, how far the vast tracts of land on either side of Oxus called as Kyzyl Kum or Kizil Kum, Kok-kum and Kara Kum may yet bear the traces of the name of this once a great and powerful people"
</ref>


*According to another view, the name ''Kamboja'' is derived from expression ''Kam + Bhuj'', where ''Kam'' implies "region" and ''Bhuj'' or ''Bhoja'' (Iranian Boja) implies owner, lord or king <ref>Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian ..., 2007, p 19, J. Tavernier - History - 2007; Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan Inscriptions, 1908, p 80, Herbert Cushing Tolman - Old Persian language; Historicité des forces du mal dans la Rgvedasamhita, Journal Asiatique 286.2, 1998, p.542, Eric Pirart.</ref>. Thus the Kambojas are thought of as the ''Owners'', ''Kings'' or ''Lords'' of a certain region or country called ''Kam'' <ref>Central Asiatic provinces of the Maurya Empire, p403, Dr H.C. Seth; See also: The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 403; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian ..., 2007, p 19, J. Tavernier - History - 2007; Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan Inscriptions, 1908, p 80, Herbert Cushing Tolman - Old Persian language.</ref> <ref>; Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India, 1993 (edition), p 122, Dr Sylvain Lévi, Jules Bloch, Jean Przyluski, Asian Educational Services - Indo-Aryan philology; Die Sprache, 1949, p 215, Wiener Sprachgesellschaft - Philology.</ref>. The element ''Kam'' is also reflected in the Kama valley lying between the [[Khyber Pass]] and [[Jalalabad]]; in place names like Kama-daka, Kamma-Shilman, Kama-bela of [[Kabol]]; the [[Kamoz|Kamdesh/Kambrom]], Kamich, Kama and Kamu of the [[Kunar Valley|Kunar]] and [[Bashgul Valley|Bashgul]] valleys; as also the vast expanses of region called Kazal-''Kam'' and Kara-''Kam'' lying on either side of the [[Oxus]], north of [[Afghanistan]]. The [[Ptolemy|Ptolemian]] names ''Kamoi'' and ''Komdei'' also refer to these territories. It is also important to note that ancient Kamboja was located precisely in, and contiguous to, these ''Kam'' localities <ref>Cf: ''"The etymology of the word Kamboja (Kam + bhuj) suggests that it refers to a people who were the masters (enjoyers) of the country known as Kum or Kam (Rai & Dev). This line of thought suggests a possible identification of the country of Kambojas with mountainous regions between the Oxus and the Jaxartes (i.e. the old [[Sogdian]] strapy)...... The mountainous highlands where Jaxartes and many other rivers which meet this great river arise, are called by [[Ptolemy]] as the "the Highlands of Komdei". [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] also call these Sogdian mountains as Komedas. The word Komedai and Komedas suggest Kom-desa or land of Kome. We learn from Ptolemy that a tribe variously called by him as Komaroi, Komedai, Khomaroi, Komoi and Tambyzoi was wide spread in the Highlands of Bactriana, Sogdiana and Sakai. It is difficult to say, at present, how far the vast tracts of land on either side of Oxus called as Kyzyl Kum or Kizil Kum, Kok-kum and Kara Kum may yet bear the traces of the name of this once a great and powerful people"'' (Ref: Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 403; Central Asiatic provinces of the Maurya Empire, p403, Dr H.C. Seth; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, pp 48-49, Dr J. L. Kamboj; cf: History and Archaeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries, from Earliest Times to 300 B.C., 1976, p 152, Shashi Asthana) .</ref> <ref>Cf: ''"Parts of Baktriane in the north towards the river Oxus are inhabited by the Salaterai and the Zariaspai, and to the south of these up towards Salaterai the Khomaroi, and below these are the Komoi, then the Akinakai, then the Tambyzoi and below the Zariaspai the Tokharoi a great people and below them the Marykaioi and the Skordai and the Ouranoi (Varnoi) and still below those are the Sabadioi and the Oreisitoi and the Amareis"'' (See: Ancient India as Described by Ptolemy: Being a Translation of the Chapters, 1885, pp 268-69, (Alexandrinus Claudius Ptolemy), Trans. John Watson McCrindle; Indian Studies, V-7, p 386, Indo-Aryan philology).</ref> <ref>On Kamboja or Kambujia etymology compare also: Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan Inscriptions Transliterated and... 1908, p 80, Herbert Cushing Tolman.</ref> <ref>cf also: ''"The Town of Darwaz in Badakshan is sill called Khum (Kum) or Kala-i-Khum. It stands for the valley of Basht. The name Khum or Kum (=Kam) conceals the relics of ancient Kamboja (Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1956, p 256, Dr Buddha Prakash (Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India), Asiatic Society of Bengal); Studies in Indian History and Civilization, 1962, p 351, Dr Buddha Prakash).</ref> <ref> ''"The etymology of the word Kamboja indicates that they originated in the country known as Kum " '' (History and Archaeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries, from Earliest Times to 300 B.C., Edition 1976, p 152, Shashi Asthana; Mahabharata, Myth and Reality, 1976, p 232, S. P. Gupta, K.S. Ramachandran).</ref> <ref>cf: ''"... the root Kam continually occurs in Kafiristan and a more specific use of it is to be sought. There is a tribe called the Kamoz (=Kamboj), and one of the affluents of the Indus is the Khama..."'' (Primitive Aryans of American: Origin of the Aztecs and Kindred Tribes, 2003, p 141, T. S. Denison, Kessinger Publishing).</ref>.
==Anthroponym "Kambu"==
Scholars like Casey suppose that [[Kambuja]] lineage of the ruling family of ancient [[Cambodia]] originated from their legendary patriarch figure called [[Sage Kambu Swayambhuva|Svayambhuva Kambu]]. According to Casey, "Kambuja" is etymologically deived from ''Kambu+ja'', where ''ja'' in Sanskrit is said to mean "son or descendant". Hence, Kambujas means "descendants of Kambu" <ref>Casey, Robert. Four Faces of Siva. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1934, p 88-100.</ref>. On similar lines, some argue that the name of the Indo-Iranian ''Kambojas'' may have eponymously originated from some ancient patriarchal figure known as ''Kambo''. The ''Kambu'' as a name of an [[Asura]] (Iranian) clan is attested in ancient [[Hindu]] texts like ''[[Markandeya Purana|Markendeya Purana]]'' <ref> verse 8.1-6</ref> and ''Devi Mahatam'' <ref>verse 5.28.1-12</ref>, where the ''Kambu'' (Kamboja) [[clan]] is portrayed "in clash with" the [[Indo-Aryans]].
It is notable that King [[Ashoka]]'s Rock Edicts (3rd century BCE) located in [[Peshawar]] also write ''Kamboy'' (i.e. ''Kambo'') for Sanskrit ''Kamboj''. It is also notable that the terms ''Kambo'' and ''Kambu'' were used in medieval [[Muslim]] writings for the [[Kamboj]] population of greater [[Punjab region|Panjab]].


*Scholars like Casey suppose that [[Kambuja]] lineage of the ruling family of ancient [[Cambodia]] originated from their legendary patriarch figure called [[Sage Kambu Swayambhuva|Svayambhuva Kambu]]. According to Casey, "Kambuja" is etymologically deived from ''Kambu+ja'', where ''ja'' in Sanskrit is said to mean "son or descendant". Hence, Kambujas means "descendants of Kambu" <ref>Casey, Robert. Four Faces of Siva. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1934, p 88-100.</ref>. On similar lines, some argue that the name of the Indo-Iranian ''Kambojas'' may have eponymously originated from some ancient patriarchal figure known as ''Kambo''. The ''Kambu'' as a name of an [[Asura]] (Iranian) clan is attested in ancient [[Hindu]] texts like ''[[Markandeya Purana|Markendeya Purana]]'' <ref> verse 8.1-6</ref> and ''Devi Mahatam'' <ref>verse 5.28.1-12</ref>, where the ''Kambu'' (Kamboja) [[clan]] is portrayed "in clash with" the [[Indo-Aryans]]. It is notable that King [[Ashoka]]'s Rock Edicts (3rd century BCE) located in [[Peshawar]] also write ''Kamboy'' (i.e. ''Kambo'') for Sanskrit ''Kamboj''. It is also notable that the terms ''Kambo'' and ''Kambu'' were used in medieval [[Muslim]] writings for the [[Kamboj]] population of greater [[Punjab region|Panjab]].
==Exonym==
J. Harmatta considers Old Persian ''"Kambaujiya- as an apotropaic name meaning "weak", to [[Avestan]] ''Kambishta''-, "the least" a name which, he says, was given to the [[Kambojas]] by their enemies. The same scholar adds that the name is a remainder of an [[archaic]] name giving habit. This is shown by the alleged disappearance of the name after the death of [[Cambyses]] (Kambaujiya) in 522 BC. Unfortunately for Harmatta, the name still occurred in the three [[Elamite]] tablets <ref>Achaemenid History, 13 110-111; PF 302 and PFNN 2350.</ref> dated 498-497 and 501-500 BCE "'' <ref>Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, 2007, p 18, Jan Tavernier - History.</ref>. Prof Wojciech Skalmowski rejected Harmatta's etymology on the basis that Herodotus attests that "their (i.e the Persians) names agree with the nature of their persons and their nobility"<ref> History, I, 139, Herodotus; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, 2007, p 18, Jan Tavernier - History.</ref>.


*J. Harmatta considers Old Persian ''"Kambaujiya- as an apotropaic name meaning "weak", to [[Avestan]] ''Kambishta''-, "the least" a name which, he says, was given to the [[Kambojas]] by their enemies. The same scholar adds that the name is a remainder of an [[archaic]] name giving habit. This is shown by the alleged disappearance of the name after the death of [[Cambyses]] (Kambaujiya) in 522 BC. Unfortunately for Harmatta, the name still occurred in the three [[Elamite]] tablets <ref>Achaemenid History, 13 110-111; PF 302 and PFNN 2350.</ref> dated 498-497 and 501-500 BCE "'' <ref>Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, 2007, p 18, Jan Tavernier - History.</ref>. Prof Wojciech Skalmowski rejected Harmatta's etymology on the basis that Herodotus attests that "their (i.e the Persians) names agree with the nature of their persons and their nobility"<ref> History, I, 139, Herodotus; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, 2007, p 18, Jan Tavernier - History.</ref>.
Prof Wojciech Skalmowski who rejected Harmatta's etymology of Kambaujiya has suggested that the name Kambaujiya ( and Kamboja) is an adjectival form from a compound like ''*kamp + auj-ias-'' (cf. [[Sanskrit]] ''kampate'' " = he trembles", [[Avestan]] *auj, as in ''aojvah'', "stronger than"), meaning ''"unshaken, stronger than trembling, undaunted, intrepid (intrepidus)"'' <ref>Refs: Two old Persian names, 1993, OLP 24, pp 74-75, W Skalmowski; Studies in Iranian Linguistics and Philology‎, 2004, p 268, Wojciech Skalmowski - Iranian languages; Birth of the [[Persian Empire]]: The Idea of Iran, Volume I, 2005, p 21, Pierre Briant, John Curtis, Albert de Jong, Frantz Grenet, Daniel Potts, Shapur Shabazi, Vesta Sarkhoush Curtis, and Sarah Stewart; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian, 2007, p 19, J. Tavernier; Pakistan Archaeology, 1991, p 122, Pakistan Dept. of Archaeology, Pakistan Dept. of Archaeology & Museums - Pakistan; Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae‎, 1951, p 7, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia - Classical philology.</ref>. Therefore, this would give the name Kamboja a meaning like ''powerful, mighty, fearful, undaunted, valiant'' etc.


*Prof Wojciech Skalmowski who rejected Harmatta's etymology of Kambaujiya has suggested that the name Kambaujiya ( and Kamboja) is an adjectival form from a compound like ''*kamp + auj-ias-'' (cf. [[Sanskrit]] ''kampate'' " = he trembles", [[Avestan]] *auj, as in ''aojvah'', "stronger than"), meaning ''"unshaken, stronger than trembling, undaunted, intrepid (intrepidus)"'' <ref>Refs: Two old Persian names, 1993, OLP 24, pp 74-75, W Skalmowski; Studies in Iranian Linguistics and Philology‎, 2004, p 268, Wojciech Skalmowski - Iranian languages; Birth of the [[Persian Empire]]: The Idea of Iran, Volume I, 2005, p 21, Pierre Briant, John Curtis, Albert de Jong, Frantz Grenet, Daniel Potts, Shapur Shabazi, Vesta Sarkhoush Curtis, and Sarah Stewart; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian, 2007, p 19, J. Tavernier; Pakistan Archaeology, 1991, p 122, Pakistan Dept. of Archaeology, Pakistan Dept. of Archaeology & Museums - Pakistan; Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae‎, 1951, p 7, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia - Classical philology.</ref>. Therefore, this would give the name Kamboja a meaning like ''powerful, mighty, fearful, undaunted, valiant'' etc.
==Toponym "Kamba"==
{{See|Cambay}}
According to Dr Wilson, part of the name Kamboja (i.e Kambi) is in the Cambistholi of [[Arrian]]: the last two syllables, no doubt, represent the Sanscrit Sthala, 'place,' 'district;' and the word denotes the dwellers in the ''Kamba'' or ''Kambis'' country: so Kamboja may be explained as those born in Kamba or Kambas <ref>Ref: Vishnu Purana, p 194, fn 146, Dr H. H Wilson.</ref>. [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp061.htm]. In the like manner, the name Kambavati or Kambhavati or Khambavati (''-vati means residence, pura'') has also been connected with the Kambojas. In English, the name Kambavati or Kambhavati appears as [[Cambay]]<ref> Name "Kambaya" of Arab Geographers' stands for Cambay; Kambaet; Khambat; Khambayat; Khambavati'' (located in Gujerat) (See: Die Reise des Arabers Ibn Batūta durch Indien und China (14. Jahrhundert), 1911, p 471, Ibn Batuta); cf: ''Ancient name of Cambay (Khambat) was Kamboj (i.e Kamboja)'' (Asiatick Researches: Or, Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for Inquiring Into the... 1801, p 129, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India); cf: ''A trtace of their (i.e Kambojas') settlement in Saurashtra/Gujarat still survives in the name of Cambay'' (See: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, p 232, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; cf: “The ancient name of Camaby in Gujarat was Kambhoj'' (See: Sharad Keskar's notes on Kim, Chapter XI, Macmillan Uniform Edition, 1901, Rudyard Kipling). ''There are numerous other scholars who have also connected Cambay/Kambay or Kambhavati with the Kambojas of north-west'' (See: Glossary of tribes, pp 443-444, H. A. Rose; The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 416, S Kirpal Singh; Vanger Jatya Itihaas, (Bangla), Rajyakanda, Nagendra Nath; Epigraphia Indica, XXIV, pp 45-46; Punjabi Mahankosh, Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 332, Dr J. L. Kamboj); Asiatick Researches: Or, Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for Inquiring Into the...1801, p 129, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India)</ref>


*According to Dr Wilson, part of the name Kamboja (i.e Kambi) is in the Cambistholi of [[Arrian]]: the last two syllables, no doubt, represent the Sanscrit Sthala, 'place,' 'district;' and the word denotes the dwellers in the ''Kamba'' or ''Kambis'' country: so Kamboja may be explained as those born in Kamba or Kambas <ref>Ref: Vishnu Purana, p 194, fn 146, Dr H. H Wilson.</ref>. [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp061.htm]. In the like manner, the name Kambavati or Kambhavati or Khambavati (''-vati means residence, pura'') has also been connected with the Kambojas. In English, the name Kambavati or Kambhavati appears as [[Cambay]]<ref> Name "Kambaya" of Arab Geographers' stands for Cambay; Kambaet; Khambat; Khambayat; Khambavati'' (located in Gujerat) (See: Die Reise des Arabers Ibn Batūta durch Indien und China(14. Jahrhundert), 1911, p 471, Ibn Batuta); cf: ''Ancient name of Cambay (Khambat) was Kamboj (i.e Kamboja)'' (Asiatick Researches: Or, Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for Inquiring Into the... 1801, p 129, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India); cf: ''A trtace of their (i.e Kambojas') settlement in Saurashtra/Gujarat still survives in the name of Cambay'' (See: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, p 232, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; cf: “The ancient name of Camaby in Gujarat was Kambhoj'' (See: Sharad Keskar's notes on Kim, Chapter XI, Macmillan Uniform Edition, 1901, Rudyard Kipling). ''There are numerous other scholars who have also connected Cambay/Kambay or Kambhavati with the Kambojas of north-west'' (See: Glossary of tribes, pp 443-444, H. A. Rose; The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 416, S Kirpal Singh; Vanger Jatya Itihaas, (Bangla), Rajyakanda, Nagendra Nath; Epigraphia Indica, XXIV, pp 45-46; Punjabi Mahankosh, Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 332, Dr J. L. Kamboj); Asiatick Researches: Or, Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for Inquiring Into the...1801, p 129, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India)</ref>
==Cambysene==
Bordering on the [[Caucasus]] mountains west of [[Armenia]], there was an ancient region which [[Strabo]] attests as Kambysēnē <ref>Strabo Geog., 11.14.4</ref>. It comprised a rugged region through which a road connecting [[Caucasian Albania]] and [[Caucasian Iberia]] passed <ref>Strabo Geog., 11.4.5; cf. 11.3.5; see also Fabricius, pp. 146, 160, and map; Trever, p. 113 and map</ref>. The [[Greek language|Greek]] form of the name i.e Kambysēnē, must have been derived in the [[Hellenistic]] period from an indigenous name, corresponding to [[Armenia]]n ''Kʿambēčan'', with the common ending -ēnē. In [[Georgian language|Georgian]] it is written ''Kambečovani'', in [[Arabic]] ''Qambīzān'' <ref>The Persian Empire: Studies in Geography and Ethnography of the Ancient Near East, 1968, p 345, Ernst Herzfeld, Gerold Walser.</ref>. In [[Sanskrit]], it is believed to have been transliterated as ''[[Kamboja Kingdom|Kamboja]]''. Though not attested prior to Strabo, the region Cambysene and the rivers Cyrus and Cambyses are believed to have born these name since remote antiquity. The tribal people living around this region were also called [[Kambojas|by the same name]]. Strabo also attests two rivers viz: Cyrus (modern Kura) and Cambyses or Kambyses (modern Jori or Jora),<ref>A. Herrmann, in Pauly-Wissowa, X/2, col. 1810, s.v. Kambysene; See also: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Standard Work of Reference in Art, Literature..., 1907, p 648.</ref> the latter was a tributary of the former. These territorial and river names Kambysene and Cambyses which occurred north of [[Iran]] have been linked to ethno-geographical name Kambuja/Kamboja of Sanskrit tradition <ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Standard Work of Reference in Art, Literature..., 1907, p 648 .</ref>. According to [[Ernst Herzfeld]], the names of Cyrus and Cambyses rivers, as well as the [[Achaemenid]] names [[Cyrus (name)|Kurush]] and [[Cambysis|Kambujiya]], were derived from two [[ethnic]]s Kuru and Kamboja <ref>The Persian Empire' Studies in Geography and Ethnography of the Ancient Near East, Ernst Herzfeld, ed. G. Walser, Wiesbaden, 1968, esp. pp. 344-46); Literary History of Ancient India in Relation to Its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations – 1950, p 149, 165, Chandra Chakraberty; Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Standard Work of Reference in Art, Literature..., 1907, p 648; Eranische Alterthumskunde, Vol II, p 294; Die altpersischen Keilinschriften: Im Grundtexte mit Uebersetzung, Grammatik..., 1881, p 86, [[Friedrich Spiegel]] - Old Persian inscriptions.</ref><ref>Cf: entry Cambysene by Marie Louise Chaumont, in online Encyclopedia Iranica---'''See link:''' [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v4f7/v4f7a011.html]</ref>. The name Kambujiya occurs in [[Egypt]] as Kambuza, Kambatet (rather Kambuzia ) as well as Kambunza <ref> Ein neuer Kambyses text, p 5; op. cit, 1907, p 548.</ref>. Dr Chandra Chakravarty states that the hordes, who had participated in the ancient invasion of Iran along with Yautiyas were the [[Norsemen|Nordic]] [[Scythian]]s (''Kuru-Kambojas'') from around the Kambysene region near [[Caucasus|Mt Caucasus]]. A branch of these Kambysene Scythians later mixed with the ''Xsatyatia Parsas'' (=Puru Khattis) thus giving birth to the well known [[Achaemenian]]s <ref>Literary History of Ancient India in Relation to Its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations – 1952, p 32-33, 149, 165, Chandra Chakraberty; The Racial History of India, 1944, p 225, Chandra Chakraberty; Paradise of Gods, 1966, p 330, Qamarud Din Ahmed.</ref>. However, a section of them also settled on north-west of India. These Kambysene hordes later came to be known as [[Kambojas]] and their province as [[Kamboja]] in ancient Indian traditions <ref>The Racial History of India – 1944, p 810, Chandra Chakraberty</ref>. A section of these Scythianised Kambojas is believed to have reached [[Tibet]]an [[plateau]] where they mixed with the locals; as a result some Tibetans are still called Kambojas <ref>op cit, p 165, Dr C. Chakravarty.</ref>. Through Tibet, they went further to [[Mekong]] valley where they were called [[Kambujas]] ([[Cambodia]]ns), now represented by the [[Cham people|Cham]]s, still a tall, fair, dolichocephelic people with non-mongoloid eyes, of the Mon-Khmers <ref>op cit, p 165, Dr C. Chakravarty.</ref>. In [[Zend|Zend Avestan]], Kambyses or Kambujiya takes the form of Kavaus and in modern [[Persian language|Persian]] as Kavus and Kaus <ref> Op cit., 1987, p 646.</ref><ref> While discussing Kambujiya of the old Persian Inscriptions (Cambyses/Kambyses of the Greeks, Kamboja of Sanskrit or Kamoj of Kafirstan/Nurestan), Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1990, observes as under: "Kambujiya, Kabujiya, Cambyses is the true vernacular orthography of name which was written Kambyses by the Greeks and Kauvays in Zend....From the name of a king Kambyses was derived the geographical title of Kamboja (Sanskrit), which is retained to present days in the Kamoj of Cafferstan....the Persian historians do not seem to be aware that the name "Kabus", which was born by the Dilemite sovereigns is the same with the Kaus of Romance; yet the more ancient form is Kaubus or Kabuj, for latter name renders the identification also most certain. The Georgians, even to the present day, name the hero of romance Kapus, still retaining the labial which has merged in the Persian…." (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Published 1990, p 97, Cambridge University, Press for the Royal Asiatic Society [etc.], By Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Cf: Reisen im indischen Archipel, Singapore, Batavia, Manilla und Japan, 1869, p 216; Die Voelker des Oestlichen Asien: Studien und Reisen, 1869, p 216, Dr Philip Wilhelm Adolf Bastian).</ref>. In modern times, the name appears as [[Kamoz|Kamoj]] in [[Kafiristan]] and [[Kamboj]]/[[Kamboh]] in Punjab. [[Friedrich von Spiegel|Spiegel]] regards the personal name Kambujiya as originally an adjective, meaning belonging to the Kambuja or Kamboja <ref>Eranische Alterthumskunde, Vol II, p 294; Die altpersischen Keilinschriften: Im Grundtexte mit Uebersetzung, Grammatik..., 1881, p 86, [[Friedrich Spiegel]] - Old Persian inscriptions '''See Link:''' [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC03557512&id=a8Qg_N_uGAsC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86&dq=Kamoj+Kamboja&as_brr=1]; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1907, p 648.</ref>.


*Bordering on the [[Caucasus]] mountains west of [[Armenia]], there was an ancient region which [[Strabo]] attests as Kambysēnē <ref>Strabo Geog., 11.14.4</ref>. It comprised a rugged region through which a road connecting [[Caucasian Albania]] and [[Caucasian Iberia]] passed <ref>Strabo Geog., 11.4.5; cf. 11.3.5; see also Fabricius, pp. 146, 160, and map; Trever, p. 113 and map</ref>. The [[Greek language|Greek]] form of the name i.e Kambysēnē, must have been derived in the [[Hellenistic]] period from an indigenous name, corresponding to [[Armenia]]n ''Kʿambēčan'', with the common ending -ēnē. In [[Georgian language|Georgian]] it is written ''Kambečovani'', in [[Arabic]] ''Qambīzān'' <ref>The Persian Empire: Studies in Geography and Ethnography of the Ancient Near East, 1968, p 345, Ernst Herzfeld, Gerold Walser.</ref>. In [[Sanskrit]], it is believed to have been transliterated as ''[[Kamboja]]''. Though not attested prior to Strabo, the region Cambysene and the rivers Cyrus and Cambyses are believed to have born these name since remote antiquity. The tribal people living around this region were also called by the same name. Strabo also attests two rivers viz: Cyrus (modern Kura) and Cambyses or Kambyses (modern Jori or Jora),<ref>A. Herrmann, in Pauly-Wissowa, X/2, col. 1810, s.v. Kambysene; See also: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Standard Work of Reference in Art, Literature..., 1907, p 648.</ref> the latter was a tributary of the former. These territorial and river names Kambysene and Cambyses which occurred north of [[Iran]] have been linked to ethno-geographical name Kambuja/Kamboja of Sanskrit tradition <ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Standard Work of Reference in Art, Literature..., 1907, p 648 .</ref>. According to [[Ernst Herzfeld]], the names of Cyrus and Cambyses rivers, as well as the [[Achaemenid]] names [[Cyrus|Kurush]] and [[Cambysis|Kambujiya]], were derived from two [[ethnic]]s Kuru and Kamboja <ref>The Persian Empire' Studies in Geography and Ethnography of the Ancient Near East, Ernst Herzfeld, ed. G. Walser, Wiesbaden, 1968, esp. pp. 344-46); Literary History of Ancient India in Relation to Its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations – 1950, p 149, 165, Chandra Chakraberty; Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Standard Work of Reference in Art, Literature..., 1907, p 648; Eranische Alterthumskunde, Vol II, p 294; Die altpersischen Keilinschriften: Im Grundtexte mit Uebersetzung, Grammatik..., 1881, p 86, [[Friedrich Spiegel]] - Old Persian inscriptions.</ref> <ref>Cf: entry Cambysene by Marie Louise Chaumont, in online Encylopedia Iranica---'''See link:''' [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v4f7/v4f7a011.html] </ref>. The name Kambujiya occurs in [[Egypt]] as Kambuza, Kambatet (rather Kambuzia ) as well as Kambunza <ref> Ein neuer Kambyses text, p 5; op. cit, 1907, p 548.</ref>. Dr Chandra Chakravarty states that the hordes, who had participated in the ancient invasion of Iran along with Yautiyas were the [[Norsemen|Nordic]] [[Scythian]]s (''Kuru-Kambojas'') from around the Kambysene region near [[Caucasus|Mt Caucasus]]. A branch of these Kambysene Scythians later mixed with the ''Xsatyatia Parsas'' (=Puru Khattis) thus giving birth to the well known [[Achaemenian]]s <ref>Literary History of Ancient India in Relation to Its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations – 1952, p 32-33, 149, 165, Chandra Chakraberty; The Racial History of India, 1944, p 225, Chandra Chakraberty; Paradise of Gods, 1966, p 330, Qamarud Din Ahmed.</ref>. However, a section of them also settled on north-west of India. These Kambysene hordes later came to be known as [[Kambojas]] and their province as [[Kamboja]] in ancient Indian traditions <ref>The Racial History of India – 1944, p 810, Chandra Chakraberty</ref>. A section of these Scythianised Kambojas is believed to have reached [[Tibet]]an [[plateau]] where they mixed with the locals; as a result some Tibetans are still called Kambojas <ref>op cit, p 165, Dr C. Chakravarty.</ref>. Through Tibet, they went further to [[Mekong]] valley where they were called [[Kambujas]] ([[Cambodia]]ns), now represented by the [[Cham people|Cham]]s, still a tall, fair, dolichocephelic people with non-mongoloid eyes, of the Mon-Khmers <ref>op cit, p 165, Dr C. Chakravarty. </ref>. In [[Zend|Zend Avestan]], Kambyses or Kambujiya takes the form of Kavaus and in modern [[Persian language|Persian]] as Kavus and Kaus <ref> Op cit., 1987, p 646.</ref> <ref> While discussing Kambujiya of the old Persian Inscriptions (Cambyses/Kambyses of the Greeks, Kamboja of Sanskrit or Kamoj of Kafirstan/Nurestan), Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1990, observes as under: "Kambujiya, Kabujiya, Cambyses is the true vernacular orthography of name which was written Kambyses by the Greeks and Kauvays in Zend....From the name of a king Kambyses was derived the geographical title of Kamboja (Sanskrit), which is retained to present days in the Kamoj of Cafferstan....the Persian historians do not seem to be aware that the name "Kabus", which was born by the Dilemite sovereigns is the same with the Kaus of Romance; yet the more ancient form is Kaubus or Kabuj, for latter name renders the identification also most certain. The Georgians, even to the present day, name the hero of romance Kapus, still retaining the labial which has merged in the Persian…." (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Published 1990, p 97, Cambridge University, Press for the Royal Asiatic Society [etc.], By Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Cf: Reisen im indischen Archipel, Singapore, Batavia, Manilla und Japan, 1869, p 216; Die Voelker des Oestlichen Asien: Studien und Reisen, 1869, p 216, Dr Philip Wilhelm Adolf Bastian).</ref>. In modern times, the name appears as [[Kamoz|Kamoj]] in [[Kafiristan]] and [[Kamboj]]/[[Kamboh]] in Punjab. [[Friedrich von Spiegel|Spiegel]] regards the personal name Kambujiya as originally an adjective, meaning belonging to the Kambuja or Kamboja <ref>Eranische Alterthumskunde, Vol II, p 294; Die altpersischen Keilinschriften: Im Grundtexte mit Uebersetzung, Grammatik..., 1881, p 86, [[Friedrich Spiegel]] - Old Persian inscriptions '''See Link:''' [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC03557512&id=a8Qg_N_uGAsC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86&dq=Kamoj+Kamboja&as_brr=1]; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1907, p 648.</ref>.
==Sanskrit literature==


*Probably a more acceptable, and similar view is that the name of the [[tribe]] and their country had originated eponymously from their illustrious ancient [[warrior]] [[Monarch|king]] called ''Kamboja''. This legendary Kamboja warrior had won the prized ''[[Daivi Khadga]]'' or ([[Divine Sword]]) from the celebrated king [[Kuvalashava]] of [[Kosala]] <ref>MBH 12/166/77.</ref>. The [[sword]] legend of the ''Mahabharata'' points to very remote antiquity, since the same king Kuvalashava who is a contemporary of this Kamboja, has been placed at the twelfth generation after Swayambhuva [[Manu]] of [[Hindu]] traditions <ref>Ancient Indian Historical Traditions, pp. 114 ff., Dr. P. E. Pargiter</ref>. It is now accepted that the royal name [[Kambujiya]] (or ''Kamboujiya'') is the [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] version of [[Sanskrit]] ''Kamboja'' and [[Greek language|Greek]] [[Cambyses]], and it was a very popular name among ancient [[Iran]]ians. It is probable that the legendary warrior ''Kamboja'' referenced in ''Shantiparva'' (''Mahabharata'') was some earlier ''Kambujiya'' from the royal line of ancient Iranian [[Achaemenid]]s, who had given his name to his [[clan]].
[[Yaska]] (seventh century BCE) etymologizied the name as both ''Kambal.bhojah'' and ''Kamaniya.bhojah''. According to [[Nirukta]]<ref>
:Sanskrit:
:Shavtirgatikarma Kambojesveva bhasyate........
:Kambojah kambal.bhojah kamaniya.bhoja va
:kambalaha kamaniyo bhavati
:vikaramasy. Aryesu bhasyante shava iti
:(Nirukta II.2.</ref>, the Kambojas enjoy ''kambalah'' (blankets) i.e. they are ''Kambal.bhojah'', and also they enjoy beautiful (''kamaniya'') things, hence they are 'kamaniya.bhojah'. Therefore they are called "''Kambojas''" <ref>Some Ksatriya Tribes of Ancient India, 1975, p 233, Dr B. C. Law.</ref>.


==References==
[[Panini (grammarian)|Pāṇini]], the 4th century BC [[Sanskrit grammarian]] a native to [[Gandhara]] in his ''Aṣṭādhyāyī'' mentions many terms pertaining to the geography and ethnology of pre-[[Mauryan]] India.
<references />
In his sutras (4.1.168-177) <ref>
:[4.01.168] Janapada.shabdat.kshatriyad aÑ
:[4.01.169] Salveya. Gandhari.bhyan cha
:[4.01.170] dvinaC.Magadha. Kalinga. Surama.sadn
:[4.01.171] vrddhait. Kosala. Ajada.Ñyan
:[4.01.172] Kuru.nadi.bhyo.rayah
:[4.01.173] Salvaavayava. Pratyagratha. Kalakuta. Asmakad iÑ
:[4.01.174] te tadrajah
:[4.01.175] Kambojal.luK
:[4.01.176] striyam Avanti. Kunti.kurubhyas.cha
:[4.01.177] aTascha
:&mdash; ''(Panini's Ashtadhyayi, 4.1.168-177)'' .</ref> Panini references the a number of [[Kshatriya]] [[janapadas]] and notes it as one of the fifteen prominent Kshatriya [[monarchy|monarchies]] of the times.


==Epigraphy==
==See also==
[[Kambojas]], [[Cambyses]]


==See also==
==Books & Articles==
*[[name of Cambodia]]
*[[Kambojas]]
*[[Cambyses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}


*Mahabharata
*Valmiki Ramayana
*Yaska’s Nirukta II.2
*Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963
*Central Asiatic provinces of the Maurya Empire, Dr H.C. Seth
*History and Archaeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries, from Earliest Times to 300 B.C., 1976, Shashi Asthana
*Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan *Inscriptions Transliterated and... 1908, Herbert Cushing Tolman
*Central Asiatic provinces of the Maurya Empire, Dr H.C. Seth
*History and Archaeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries, from Earliest Times to 300 B.C., 1976, Shashi Asthana
*History and Archaeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries, from Earliest Times to 300 B.C., 1976, Shashi Asthana
*Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan *Inscriptions Transliterated and... 1908, Herbert Cushing Tolman
*Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan *Inscriptions Transliterated and... 1908, Herbert Cushing Tolman
*Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian, 2007, J. Tavernier
*Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian, 2007, J. Tavernier
*Ancient Kamboja, Iran and Islam, 1971, p 68-71, Dr H. W. Bailey;
*Ancient Kamboja, Iran and Islam, 1971, p 68-71, Dr H. W. Bailey;
*Historicité des forces du mal dans la Rgvedasamhita, Journal Asiatique 286.2, 1998, p.542, Eric Pirart;
*Linguistic aspects of the Aryan non-invasion theory, Part 1, Dr. Koenraad ELST
*Some Ksatriya Tribes of Ancient India, 1975, Dr B. C. Law
*Some Ksatriya Tribes of Ancient India, 1975, Dr B. C. Law
*Sharad Keskar's notes on Kim, Chapter XI, Macmillan Uniform Edition, 1901, Rudyard Kipling
*The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, S Kirpal Singh{{Verify credibility|date=October 2009}}
*Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and *Ireland, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
*Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, Dr J. L. Kamboj{{Verify credibility|date=October 2009}}
*Asiatick Researches: Or, Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for Inquiring Into the... 1801, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India)
*Birth of the Persian Empire: The Idea of Iran, Volume I (Idea of Iran)(2005), I. B. Tauris
*Casey, Robert. Four Faces of Siva. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1934,
*Geographical and Economical Studies, J.U.P.H.S., Part II, 1943
*Vishnu Purana, p 194, fn 146, Dr H. H Wilson
*Glossary of tribes, pp 443-444, H. A. Rose
*The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, S Kirpal Singh
*Vanger Jatya Itihaas, (Bangla), Rajyakanda, Nagendra Nath
*Epigraphia Indica, XXIV, pp 45-46
*Punjabi Mahankosh, Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha
*Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, Dr J. L. Kamboj
*Ancient Indian Historical Traditions, Dr. P. E. Pargiter

==See Link==
*'''Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords''' [http://books.google.com/books?id=kQ6zTASmo6kC&pg=PA18&dq=Harmatta+two+most+cited+readings&sig=MLzfVWvuYZFnaS6BN3wnFurlKhc]


[[Category:South Asia]]
[[Category:South Asia]]
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[[Category:Kambojas|Name]]
[[Category:Kambojas|Name]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan]]
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[[ru:Камбоджа (Гиндукуш)]]

Revision as of 00:31, 31 October 2009

Template:Kambojas Kamboja (or Kambuja) is the name of an ancient Indo-Iranian tribe whose spoken language belongs in the Indo-European family of languages. They are believed to have been located originally in Pamirs and Badakshan in Central Asia. The Sanskrit name Kamboja is also sometimes found written as Kambuja, e.g. in Vedic texts like Paraskara Grhya Sutra [1].

Most scholars of repute including A. Kuhn (1856), F. Windischmann (1857), F. Spiegal (1858, 1871), J. H. Moulton (1892), J. Marquart (1907), A. Hoffmann-Kutschke (1908), J. Charpentier (1923), Hoffmann (1940), Eilers (1964), Abayev (1965 & 71), Ernst Herzfeld, Gerold Walser (1968), J Harmatta (1969), H. W. Bailey (1970), Mayrhofer (1979), Michael Witzel (1980) etc etc have connected Sanskrit name Kamboja with Old Persian royal name Kambujiya (or perhaps Kambaujiya). F. Spigal, J. Marquart, J. Charpentier etc consider Kambujiya (or Kambaujiya) as an adjectival form of Kamboja [2].

Etymology of Kamboja, Kambuja or Kambujiya

The etymology of Kamboja (or "Kambuja" , "Kambujiya") is unclear. There are several views regarding how the name may have originated.

  • Yaska (seventh century BCE) attempted to trace "Kamboja" by etymologyzing it as both Kambal.bhojah and Kamaniya.bhojah. According to Nirukta[3], the Kambojas enjoy kambalah (blankets) i.e. they are Kambal.bhojah, and also they enjoy beautiful (kamaniya) things, hence they are 'kamaniya.bhojah'. Therefore they are called "Kambojas" [4].
  • According to scholars like Dr. Moti Chandra, the Kamaniya.bhoja of Yasaka literally means Handsome Bhoja [5]. The word Bhoja is an aspirated Sanskrit equivalent of Iranian Boja, and means 'king' [6]. This suggests that the Kambojas may have been so called because they were a very handsome race, or at least because their kings were very handsome. This view is abundantly reinforced by Valmiki Ramayana [7], as well as by several verses of the Mahabharata [8] etc., which strongly testify that the ancient Kambojas and their princes were very handsome.
  • H. W. Bailey analyzes the name Kamboja as Kam-bauja- or Kan-bauja- and focuses on the second part -bauja. This should be the form belonging to the three Iranian roots *Baug-: (1) "to bend", (2) "to free, loose, deliver, save", (3) "to possess, be lord, rule". According to Bailey, the last root is the good one for Kamboja. Simultanously he also refers to Old Indian Bhoja- "lord, king". The first part Kam has a relation with Avestan Kan "to long, want" (OldInd Kama-). The Old Indian lexeme occurs in compounds where it means "at will" i.e Kama-krta, kama-cara, Kama-vritti. Avestan has vaso-xsathro, "ruling at will" [9]. Bailey's interpretation for Kambujiya or Kamboja is "king ruling at will" or ultimately, "king at will" [10].
  • According to another view, the name Kamboja is derived from expression Kam + Bhuj, where Kam implies "region" and Bhuj or Bhoja (Iranian Boja) implies owner, lord or king [11]. Thus the Kambojas are thought of as the Owners, Kings or Lords of a certain region or country called Kam [12] [13]. The element Kam is also reflected in the Kama valley lying between the Khyber Pass and Jalalabad; in place names like Kama-daka, Kamma-Shilman, Kama-bela of Kabol; the Kamdesh/Kambrom, Kamich, Kama and Kamu of the Kunar and Bashgul valleys; as also the vast expanses of region called Kazal-Kam and Kara-Kam lying on either side of the Oxus, north of Afghanistan. The Ptolemian names Kamoi and Komdei also refer to these territories. It is also important to note that ancient Kamboja was located precisely in, and contiguous to, these Kam localities [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19].
  • Scholars like Casey suppose that Kambuja lineage of the ruling family of ancient Cambodia originated from their legendary patriarch figure called Svayambhuva Kambu. According to Casey, "Kambuja" is etymologically deived from Kambu+ja, where ja in Sanskrit is said to mean "son or descendant". Hence, Kambujas means "descendants of Kambu" [20]. On similar lines, some argue that the name of the Indo-Iranian Kambojas may have eponymously originated from some ancient patriarchal figure known as Kambo. The Kambu as a name of an Asura (Iranian) clan is attested in ancient Hindu texts like Markendeya Purana [21] and Devi Mahatam [22], where the Kambu (Kamboja) clan is portrayed "in clash with" the Indo-Aryans. It is notable that King Ashoka's Rock Edicts (3rd century BCE) located in Peshawar also write Kamboy (i.e. Kambo) for Sanskrit Kamboj. It is also notable that the terms Kambo and Kambu were used in medieval Muslim writings for the Kamboj population of greater Panjab.
  • J. Harmatta considers Old Persian "Kambaujiya- as an apotropaic name meaning "weak", to Avestan Kambishta-, "the least" a name which, he says, was given to the Kambojas by their enemies. The same scholar adds that the name is a remainder of an archaic name giving habit. This is shown by the alleged disappearance of the name after the death of Cambyses (Kambaujiya) in 522 BC. Unfortunately for Harmatta, the name still occurred in the three Elamite tablets [23] dated 498-497 and 501-500 BCE " [24]. Prof Wojciech Skalmowski rejected Harmatta's etymology on the basis that Herodotus attests that "their (i.e the Persians) names agree with the nature of their persons and their nobility"[25].
  • Prof Wojciech Skalmowski who rejected Harmatta's etymology of Kambaujiya has suggested that the name Kambaujiya ( and Kamboja) is an adjectival form from a compound like *kamp + auj-ias- (cf. Sanskrit kampate " = he trembles", Avestan *auj, as in aojvah, "stronger than"), meaning "unshaken, stronger than trembling, undaunted, intrepid (intrepidus)" [26]. Therefore, this would give the name Kamboja a meaning like powerful, mighty, fearful, undaunted, valiant etc.
  • According to Dr Wilson, part of the name Kamboja (i.e Kambi) is in the Cambistholi of Arrian: the last two syllables, no doubt, represent the Sanscrit Sthala, 'place,' 'district;' and the word denotes the dwellers in the Kamba or Kambis country: so Kamboja may be explained as those born in Kamba or Kambas [27]. [3]. In the like manner, the name Kambavati or Kambhavati or Khambavati (-vati means residence, pura) has also been connected with the Kambojas. In English, the name Kambavati or Kambhavati appears as Cambay[28]
  • Bordering on the Caucasus mountains west of Armenia, there was an ancient region which Strabo attests as Kambysēnē [29]. It comprised a rugged region through which a road connecting Caucasian Albania and Caucasian Iberia passed [30]. The Greek form of the name i.e Kambysēnē, must have been derived in the Hellenistic period from an indigenous name, corresponding to Armenian Kʿambēčan, with the common ending -ēnē. In Georgian it is written Kambečovani, in Arabic Qambīzān [31]. In Sanskrit, it is believed to have been transliterated as Kamboja. Though not attested prior to Strabo, the region Cambysene and the rivers Cyrus and Cambyses are believed to have born these name since remote antiquity. The tribal people living around this region were also called by the same name. Strabo also attests two rivers viz: Cyrus (modern Kura) and Cambyses or Kambyses (modern Jori or Jora),[32] the latter was a tributary of the former. These territorial and river names Kambysene and Cambyses which occurred north of Iran have been linked to ethno-geographical name Kambuja/Kamboja of Sanskrit tradition [33]. According to Ernst Herzfeld, the names of Cyrus and Cambyses rivers, as well as the Achaemenid names Kurush and Kambujiya, were derived from two ethnics Kuru and Kamboja [34] [35]. The name Kambujiya occurs in Egypt as Kambuza, Kambatet (rather Kambuzia ) as well as Kambunza [36]. Dr Chandra Chakravarty states that the hordes, who had participated in the ancient invasion of Iran along with Yautiyas were the Nordic Scythians (Kuru-Kambojas) from around the Kambysene region near Mt Caucasus. A branch of these Kambysene Scythians later mixed with the Xsatyatia Parsas (=Puru Khattis) thus giving birth to the well known Achaemenians [37]. However, a section of them also settled on north-west of India. These Kambysene hordes later came to be known as Kambojas and their province as Kamboja in ancient Indian traditions [38]. A section of these Scythianised Kambojas is believed to have reached Tibetan plateau where they mixed with the locals; as a result some Tibetans are still called Kambojas [39]. Through Tibet, they went further to Mekong valley where they were called Kambujas (Cambodians), now represented by the Chams, still a tall, fair, dolichocephelic people with non-mongoloid eyes, of the Mon-Khmers [40]. In Zend Avestan, Kambyses or Kambujiya takes the form of Kavaus and in modern Persian as Kavus and Kaus [41] [42]. In modern times, the name appears as Kamoj in Kafiristan and Kamboj/Kamboh in Punjab. Spiegel regards the personal name Kambujiya as originally an adjective, meaning belonging to the Kambuja or Kamboja [43].
  • Probably a more acceptable, and similar view is that the name of the tribe and their country had originated eponymously from their illustrious ancient warrior king called Kamboja. This legendary Kamboja warrior had won the prized Daivi Khadga or (Divine Sword) from the celebrated king Kuvalashava of Kosala [44]. The sword legend of the Mahabharata points to very remote antiquity, since the same king Kuvalashava who is a contemporary of this Kamboja, has been placed at the twelfth generation after Swayambhuva Manu of Hindu traditions [45]. It is now accepted that the royal name Kambujiya (or Kamboujiya) is the Iranian version of Sanskrit Kamboja and Greek Cambyses, and it was a very popular name among ancient Iranians. It is probable that the legendary warrior Kamboja referenced in Shantiparva (Mahabharata) was some earlier Kambujiya from the royal line of ancient Iranian Achaemenids, who had given his name to his clan.

References

  1. ^ Grhya Sutra verse 2.1.23.
  2. ^ Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, 2007, p 19,Jan Tavernier; Early Zoroastrianism‎, 2005 edition, p 45, fn 2, James Hope Moulton; See also: The Thinker; 1892, p 490, fn 1.
  3. ^
    Sanskrit:
    Shavtirgatikarma Kambojesveva bhasyate........
    Kambojah kambal.bhojah kamaniya.bhoja va
    kambalaha kamaniyo bhavati
    vikaramasy. Aryesu bhasyante shava iti
    (Nirukta II.2.
  4. ^ Some Ksatriya Tribes of Ancient India, 1975, p 233, Dr B. C. Law.
  5. ^ Geographical and Economical Studies, J.U.P.H.S., Part II, 1943, p 39.
  6. ^ Ancient Kamboja, Iran and Islam, 1971, p 68-71, H. W. Bailey; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian, 2007, pp 18-19, J. Tavernier - History; Historicité des forces du mal dans la Rgvedasamhita, Journal Asiatique 286.2, 1998, p.542, Eric Pirart; Linguistic aspects of the Aryan non-invasion theory, Part 1, Dr. Koenraad ELST etc.
  7. ^ Ramayana of Valmiki, v 1/55/2
  8. ^ MBH 7/23/43; 7/82/74; 8/56/113-114
  9. ^ Yasna , 9.17.
  10. ^ Ancient Kamboja, Iran and Islam, 1971, p 67-71, H. W. Bailey; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian, 2007, p 19, J. Tavernier.
  11. ^ Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian ..., 2007, p 19, J. Tavernier - History - 2007; Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan Inscriptions, 1908, p 80, Herbert Cushing Tolman - Old Persian language; Historicité des forces du mal dans la Rgvedasamhita, Journal Asiatique 286.2, 1998, p.542, Eric Pirart.
  12. ^ Central Asiatic provinces of the Maurya Empire, p403, Dr H.C. Seth; See also: The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 403; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian ..., 2007, p 19, J. Tavernier - History - 2007; Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan Inscriptions, 1908, p 80, Herbert Cushing Tolman - Old Persian language.
  13. ^ ; Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India, 1993 (edition), p 122, Dr Sylvain Lévi, Jules Bloch, Jean Przyluski, Asian Educational Services - Indo-Aryan philology; Die Sprache, 1949, p 215, Wiener Sprachgesellschaft - Philology.
  14. ^ Cf: "The etymology of the word Kamboja (Kam + bhuj) suggests that it refers to a people who were the masters (enjoyers) of the country known as Kum or Kam (Rai & Dev). This line of thought suggests a possible identification of the country of Kambojas with mountainous regions between the Oxus and the Jaxartes (i.e. the old Sogdian strapy)...... The mountainous highlands where Jaxartes and many other rivers which meet this great river arise, are called by Ptolemy as the "the Highlands of Komdei". Ammianus Marcellinus also call these Sogdian mountains as Komedas. The word Komedai and Komedas suggest Kom-desa or land of Kome. We learn from Ptolemy that a tribe variously called by him as Komaroi, Komedai, Khomaroi, Komoi and Tambyzoi was wide spread in the Highlands of Bactriana, Sogdiana and Sakai. It is difficult to say, at present, how far the vast tracts of land on either side of Oxus called as Kyzyl Kum or Kizil Kum, Kok-kum and Kara Kum may yet bear the traces of the name of this once a great and powerful people" (Ref: Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 403; Central Asiatic provinces of the Maurya Empire, p403, Dr H.C. Seth; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, pp 48-49, Dr J. L. Kamboj; cf: History and Archaeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries, from Earliest Times to 300 B.C., 1976, p 152, Shashi Asthana) .
  15. ^ Cf: "Parts of Baktriane in the north towards the river Oxus are inhabited by the Salaterai and the Zariaspai, and to the south of these up towards Salaterai the Khomaroi, and below these are the Komoi, then the Akinakai, then the Tambyzoi and below the Zariaspai the Tokharoi a great people and below them the Marykaioi and the Skordai and the Ouranoi (Varnoi) and still below those are the Sabadioi and the Oreisitoi and the Amareis" (See: Ancient India as Described by Ptolemy: Being a Translation of the Chapters, 1885, pp 268-69, (Alexandrinus Claudius Ptolemy), Trans. John Watson McCrindle; Indian Studies, V-7, p 386, Indo-Aryan philology).
  16. ^ On Kamboja or Kambujia etymology compare also: Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan Inscriptions Transliterated and... 1908, p 80, Herbert Cushing Tolman.
  17. ^ cf also: "The Town of Darwaz in Badakshan is sill called Khum (Kum) or Kala-i-Khum. It stands for the valley of Basht. The name Khum or Kum (=Kam) conceals the relics of ancient Kamboja (Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1956, p 256, Dr Buddha Prakash (Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India), Asiatic Society of Bengal); Studies in Indian History and Civilization, 1962, p 351, Dr Buddha Prakash).
  18. ^ "The etymology of the word Kamboja indicates that they originated in the country known as Kum " (History and Archaeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries, from Earliest Times to 300 B.C., Edition 1976, p 152, Shashi Asthana; Mahabharata, Myth and Reality, 1976, p 232, S. P. Gupta, K.S. Ramachandran).
  19. ^ cf: "... the root Kam continually occurs in Kafiristan and a more specific use of it is to be sought. There is a tribe called the Kamoz (=Kamboj), and one of the affluents of the Indus is the Khama..." (Primitive Aryans of American: Origin of the Aztecs and Kindred Tribes, 2003, p 141, T. S. Denison, Kessinger Publishing).
  20. ^ Casey, Robert. Four Faces of Siva. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1934, p 88-100.
  21. ^ verse 8.1-6
  22. ^ verse 5.28.1-12
  23. ^ Achaemenid History, 13 110-111; PF 302 and PFNN 2350.
  24. ^ Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, 2007, p 18, Jan Tavernier - History.
  25. ^ History, I, 139, Herodotus; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, 2007, p 18, Jan Tavernier - History.
  26. ^ Refs: Two old Persian names, 1993, OLP 24, pp 74-75, W Skalmowski; Studies in Iranian Linguistics and Philology‎, 2004, p 268, Wojciech Skalmowski - Iranian languages; Birth of the Persian Empire: The Idea of Iran, Volume I, 2005, p 21, Pierre Briant, John Curtis, Albert de Jong, Frantz Grenet, Daniel Potts, Shapur Shabazi, Vesta Sarkhoush Curtis, and Sarah Stewart; Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian, 2007, p 19, J. Tavernier; Pakistan Archaeology, 1991, p 122, Pakistan Dept. of Archaeology, Pakistan Dept. of Archaeology & Museums - Pakistan; Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae‎, 1951, p 7, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia - Classical philology.
  27. ^ Ref: Vishnu Purana, p 194, fn 146, Dr H. H Wilson.
  28. ^ Name "Kambaya" of Arab Geographers' stands for Cambay; Kambaet; Khambat; Khambayat; Khambavati (located in Gujerat) (See: Die Reise des Arabers Ibn Batūta durch Indien und China(14. Jahrhundert), 1911, p 471, Ibn Batuta); cf: Ancient name of Cambay (Khambat) was Kamboj (i.e Kamboja) (Asiatick Researches: Or, Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for Inquiring Into the... 1801, p 129, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India); cf: A trtace of their (i.e Kambojas') settlement in Saurashtra/Gujarat still survives in the name of Cambay (See: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, p 232, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; cf: “The ancient name of Camaby in Gujarat was Kambhoj (See: Sharad Keskar's notes on Kim, Chapter XI, Macmillan Uniform Edition, 1901, Rudyard Kipling). There are numerous other scholars who have also connected Cambay/Kambay or Kambhavati with the Kambojas of north-west (See: Glossary of tribes, pp 443-444, H. A. Rose; The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 416, S Kirpal Singh; Vanger Jatya Itihaas, (Bangla), Rajyakanda, Nagendra Nath; Epigraphia Indica, XXIV, pp 45-46; Punjabi Mahankosh, Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 332, Dr J. L. Kamboj); Asiatick Researches: Or, Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for Inquiring Into the...1801, p 129, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India)
  29. ^ Strabo Geog., 11.14.4
  30. ^ Strabo Geog., 11.4.5; cf. 11.3.5; see also Fabricius, pp. 146, 160, and map; Trever, p. 113 and map
  31. ^ The Persian Empire: Studies in Geography and Ethnography of the Ancient Near East, 1968, p 345, Ernst Herzfeld, Gerold Walser.
  32. ^ A. Herrmann, in Pauly-Wissowa, X/2, col. 1810, s.v. Kambysene; See also: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Standard Work of Reference in Art, Literature..., 1907, p 648.
  33. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Standard Work of Reference in Art, Literature..., 1907, p 648 .
  34. ^ The Persian Empire' Studies in Geography and Ethnography of the Ancient Near East, Ernst Herzfeld, ed. G. Walser, Wiesbaden, 1968, esp. pp. 344-46); Literary History of Ancient India in Relation to Its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations – 1950, p 149, 165, Chandra Chakraberty; Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Standard Work of Reference in Art, Literature..., 1907, p 648; Eranische Alterthumskunde, Vol II, p 294; Die altpersischen Keilinschriften: Im Grundtexte mit Uebersetzung, Grammatik..., 1881, p 86, Friedrich Spiegel - Old Persian inscriptions.
  35. ^ Cf: entry Cambysene by Marie Louise Chaumont, in online Encylopedia Iranica---See link: [1]
  36. ^ Ein neuer Kambyses text, p 5; op. cit, 1907, p 548.
  37. ^ Literary History of Ancient India in Relation to Its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations – 1952, p 32-33, 149, 165, Chandra Chakraberty; The Racial History of India, 1944, p 225, Chandra Chakraberty; Paradise of Gods, 1966, p 330, Qamarud Din Ahmed.
  38. ^ The Racial History of India – 1944, p 810, Chandra Chakraberty
  39. ^ op cit, p 165, Dr C. Chakravarty.
  40. ^ op cit, p 165, Dr C. Chakravarty.
  41. ^ Op cit., 1987, p 646.
  42. ^ While discussing Kambujiya of the old Persian Inscriptions (Cambyses/Kambyses of the Greeks, Kamboja of Sanskrit or Kamoj of Kafirstan/Nurestan), Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1990, observes as under: "Kambujiya, Kabujiya, Cambyses is the true vernacular orthography of name which was written Kambyses by the Greeks and Kauvays in Zend....From the name of a king Kambyses was derived the geographical title of Kamboja (Sanskrit), which is retained to present days in the Kamoj of Cafferstan....the Persian historians do not seem to be aware that the name "Kabus", which was born by the Dilemite sovereigns is the same with the Kaus of Romance; yet the more ancient form is Kaubus or Kabuj, for latter name renders the identification also most certain. The Georgians, even to the present day, name the hero of romance Kapus, still retaining the labial which has merged in the Persian…." (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Published 1990, p 97, Cambridge University, Press for the Royal Asiatic Society [etc.], By Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Cf: Reisen im indischen Archipel, Singapore, Batavia, Manilla und Japan, 1869, p 216; Die Voelker des Oestlichen Asien: Studien und Reisen, 1869, p 216, Dr Philip Wilhelm Adolf Bastian).
  43. ^ Eranische Alterthumskunde, Vol II, p 294; Die altpersischen Keilinschriften: Im Grundtexte mit Uebersetzung, Grammatik..., 1881, p 86, Friedrich Spiegel - Old Persian inscriptions See Link: [2]; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1907, p 648.
  44. ^ MBH 12/166/77.
  45. ^ Ancient Indian Historical Traditions, pp. 114 ff., Dr. P. E. Pargiter

See also

Kambojas, Cambyses

Books & Articles

  • Mahabharata
  • Valmiki Ramayana
  • Yaska’s Nirukta II.2
  • Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963
  • Central Asiatic provinces of the Maurya Empire, Dr H.C. Seth
  • History and Archaeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries, from Earliest Times to 300 B.C., 1976, Shashi Asthana
  • Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan *Inscriptions Transliterated and... 1908, Herbert Cushing Tolman
  • Central Asiatic provinces of the Maurya Empire, Dr H.C. Seth
  • History and Archaeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries, from Earliest Times to 300 B.C., 1976, Shashi Asthana
  • Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan *Inscriptions Transliterated and... 1908, Herbert Cushing Tolman
  • Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian, 2007, J. Tavernier
  • Ancient Kamboja, Iran and Islam, 1971, p 68-71, Dr H. W. Bailey;
  • Historicité des forces du mal dans la Rgvedasamhita, Journal Asiatique 286.2, 1998, p.542, Eric Pirart;
  • Linguistic aspects of the Aryan non-invasion theory, Part 1, Dr. Koenraad ELST
  • Some Ksatriya Tribes of Ancient India, 1975, Dr B. C. Law
  • Sharad Keskar's notes on Kim, Chapter XI, Macmillan Uniform Edition, 1901, Rudyard Kipling
  • Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and *Ireland, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
  • Asiatick Researches: Or, Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for Inquiring Into the... 1801, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India)
  • Birth of the Persian Empire: The Idea of Iran, Volume I (Idea of Iran)(2005), I. B. Tauris
  • Casey, Robert. Four Faces of Siva. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1934,
  • Geographical and Economical Studies, J.U.P.H.S., Part II, 1943
  • Vishnu Purana, p 194, fn 146, Dr H. H Wilson
  • Glossary of tribes, pp 443-444, H. A. Rose
  • The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, S Kirpal Singh
  • Vanger Jatya Itihaas, (Bangla), Rajyakanda, Nagendra Nath
  • Epigraphia Indica, XXIV, pp 45-46
  • Punjabi Mahankosh, Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha
  • Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, Dr J. L. Kamboj
  • Ancient Indian Historical Traditions, Dr. P. E. Pargiter

See Link

  • Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords [4]
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