Kingdom of Judah: Difference between revisions

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When the disruption took place at [[Shechem]], at first only the [[tribe of Judah]] followed the house of David. But very soon after the [[tribe of Benjamin]] joined the tribe of Judah, and [[Jerusalem]] became the capital of the new kingdom ([[Book of Joshua|Joshua]] 18:28), which was called the kingdom of Judah.
When the disruption took place at [[Shechem]], at first only the [[tribe of Judah]] followed the house of David. But very soon after the [[tribe of Benjamin]] joined the tribe of Judah, and [[Jerusalem]] became the capital of the new kingdom ([[Book of Joshua|Joshua]] 18:28), which was called the kingdom of Judah.


For the first sixty years the kings of Judah aimed at re-establishing their authority over the kingdom of the other ten tribes, so that there was a state of perpetual war between them. For the following eighty years there was no open war between them. For the most part they were in friendly alliance, co-operating against their common enemies, especially against [[Damascus]]. For about another century and a half Judah had a somewhat checkered existence after the termination of the kingdom of Israel till its final overthrow in the destruction of the temple ([[586 BCE]]) by Nebuzar-adan, who was captain of [[Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon|Nebuchadnezzar]]'s body-guard ([[Books of Kings|2 Kings]] 25:8-21).
For the first sixty years the kings of Judah aimed at re-establishing their authority over the kingdom of the other ten tribes, so that there was a state of perpetual war between them. For the following eighty years there was no open war between them. For the most part they were in friendly alliance, co-operating against their common enemies, especially against [[Damascus]]. For about another century and a half Judah had a somewhat checkered existence after the termination of the kingdom of Israel till its final overthrow in the destruction of the temple ([[586 BC]]) by Nebuzar-adan, who was captain of [[Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon|Nebuchadnezzar]]'s body-guard ([[Books of Kings|2 Kings]] 25:8-21).


The kingdom maintained a separate existence for three hundred and eighty-nine years. It occupied an area of about [[1 E9 m²|8,900 km²]] (3,435 square miles).
The kingdom maintained a separate existence for three hundred and eighty-nine years. It occupied an area of about [[1 E9 m²|8,900 km²]] (3,435 square miles).


==The Kings of Judah==
==The Kings of Judah==
For this period, most historians follow the chronology established by [[William F. Albright]], by [[Edwin R. Thiele]], or by [[Gershon Galil]], all of which are shown below. All dates are [[BCE]].
For this period, most historians follow the chronology established by [[William F. Albright]], by [[Edwin R. Thiele]], or by [[Gershon Galil]], all of which are shown below. All dates are BC.


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#'''Hezekiah''': contemporary with [[Sennacherib]] of Assyria, and [[Merodach-baladan]] of Babylon.
#'''Hezekiah''': contemporary with [[Sennacherib]] of Assyria, and [[Merodach-baladan]] of Babylon.
#'''Zedekiah''': rebelled twice - in the first rebellion ([[597 BCE]]), [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] captured Jerusalem, and took most of its leaders into [[Babylonian captivity of Judah|exile]]. In the second rebellion ([[588 BC|588]]–[[586 BCE]]), Jerusalem was captured after a lengthy siege, the temple burnt, Zedekiah taken into exile and Judah was reduced to a province. Nebuchadnezzar had left [[Gedaliah]] as his governor, who was killed in one last revolt, and the few members of the ruling classes left from the kingdom of Judah took the prophets [[Jeremiah (prophet)|Jeremiah]] and [[Baruch]] with them as they fled to sanctuary in Egypt.
#'''Zedekiah''': rebelled twice - in the first rebellion ([[597 BC]]), [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] captured Jerusalem, and took most of its leaders into [[Babylonian captivity of Judah|exile]]. In the second rebellion ([[588 BC|588]]–[[586 BC]]), Jerusalem was captured after a lengthy siege, the temple burnt, Zedekiah taken into exile and Judah was reduced to a province. Nebuchadnezzar had left [[Gedaliah]] as his governor, who was killed in one last revolt, and the few members of the ruling classes left from the kingdom of Judah took the prophets [[Jeremiah (prophet)|Jeremiah]] and [[Baruch]] with them as they fled to sanctuary in Egypt.


==From the end of the Kingdom to Present Time==
==From the end of the Kingdom to Present Time==


After the end of the ancient kingdom the area passed into foreign rule, apart from brief periods, under the following powers:
After the end of the ancient kingdom the area passed into foreign rule, apart from brief periods, under the following powers:-


[[587 BC|587 BCE]]–c. [[539 BC|539 BCE]]: [[Babylonian Empire]]
[[587 BC]]–c. [[539 BC]]: [[Babylonian Empire]]


[[539 BC|539 BCE]]–c. [[332 BC|332 BCE]]: [[Persian Empire]]
[[539 BC]]–c. [[332 BC]]: [[Persian Empire]]


[[332 BC|332 BCE]]–[[305 BC|305 BCE]]: [[Alexander the Great|Greek Empire]]
[[332 BC]]–[[305 BC]]: [[Alexander the Great|Greek Empire]]


[[305 BC|305 BCE]]–[[141 BC|BCE]]: [[Seleucid]]s
[[305 BC]]–[[141 BC]]: [[Seleucid]]s


[[141 BC|141 BCE]]–[[63 BC|63 BCE]]: The [[Hasmonean State]] established by the [[Maccabees]]
[[141 BC]]–[[63 BC]]: The [[Hasmonean State]] in [[Israel (region)|Israel]] established by the Maccabees


The area was not known as Palestine at this time.
The area was not known as Palestine at this time.


[[63 BC|63 BCE]]–[[31 BC|31 BCE]]: [[Roman province]] of [[Judaea]]
[[63 BC]]–[[31 BC]]: [[Roman province]] of [[Judaea]]


[[37 BC|37 BCE]]–[[100|100 CE]]: The [[Herodian Kingdom]] of [[Judaea]], an autonomous realm within the Roman Empire. The last Herodian King, Agrippa II (c. 48 - 100), sided with the Romans in the [[First Jewish-Roman War]] of 66 - 73, which saw the Temple destroyed in [[70|70 CE]]. ''See also [[Jewish-Roman wars]]''
[[37 BC]]–[[100|AD 100]]: The [[Herodian Kingdom]] of [[Judaea]], an autonomous realm within the Roman Empire. The last Herodian King, Agrippa II (c. 48 - 100), sided with the Romans in the first [[Jewish Revolt]] of 66 - 73, which saw the Temple destroyed in [[70|AD 70]].


[[31 BC|31 BCE]]–[[395|395 CE]]: [[Roman Empire]] (which, after 395, was split in two as the Western Roman Empire - ultimately giving its name to modernity as "Western Society" - and the Eastern Roman Empire, later called "Byzantine Empire," especially after the last Western Roman Emperor was deposed in 476
[[31 BC]]–[[395|AD 395]]: [[Roman Empire]] (which, after 395, was split in two as the Western Roman Empire - ultimately giving its name to modernity as "Western Society" - and the Eastern Roman Empire, later called "Byzantine Empire," especially after the last Western Roman Emperor is deposed in 476


[[395]]–[[634]]: Eastern Roman or [[Byzantine Empire]]
[[395]]–[[634]]: Eastern Roman or [[Byzantine Empire]]
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[[1516]]–[[1917]]: [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Turks]], having previously conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453
[[1516]]–[[1917]]: [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Turks]], having previously conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453


[[1918]]–[[1948]]: [[British Mandate of Palestine]] under, first, the [[League of Nations]], then, successor [[United Nations]]; the Emirate of [[Trans-Jordan]] was separated from the rest of Palestine in [[1922]], and the [[Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan]] became independent upon the expiration of the League of Nations Mandate in 1946.
[[1918]]–[[1948]]: [[British Empire|British]] mandate of Palestine under, first, [[League of Nations]], then, successor [[United Nations]]; the Emirate of Trans-Jordan was separated from the rest of Palestine in 1922, and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan became independent upon the expiration of the League of Nations Mandate in 1946.


[[May]] [[1948]] to present: independent [[Israel|State of Israel]], and
[[May]] [[1948]] to present: independent [[Israel|State of Israel]], and
[[1994]] to present: semi-autonomous [[Palestinian Authority]], governing certain territories in the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]] that otherwise have been occupied by Egypt and Jordan (1948-1967) and Israel since the [[Six Day War]] of [[1967]].
[[1994]] to present: semi-autonomous Palestinian Authority, governing territories in the West Bank and Gaza Strip that otherwise have been occupied by Israel since the [[Six Day War]] of [[1967]]


==See Also==
==See Also==

Revision as of 05:32, 1 October 2005

The Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew מַלְכוּת יְהוּדָה, Standard Hebrew Malḫut Yəhuda, Tiberian Hebrew Malḵûṯ Yəhûḏāh) in the times of the Hebrew Bible, was the nation formed from the territories of the tribes of Judah, Simeon and Benjamin after the Kingdom of Israel was divided, and was named after Judah, son of Jacob (Israel). The name Judah itself means Praise of God.

Judah is often referred to as the Southern Kingdom to distinguish it from the Northern Kingdom (being the Kingdom of Israel) after the division of the Kingdom. Its capital was Jerusalem. See History of ancient Israel and Judah.

When the disruption took place at Shechem, at first only the tribe of Judah followed the house of David. But very soon after the tribe of Benjamin joined the tribe of Judah, and Jerusalem became the capital of the new kingdom (Joshua 18:28), which was called the kingdom of Judah.

For the first sixty years the kings of Judah aimed at re-establishing their authority over the kingdom of the other ten tribes, so that there was a state of perpetual war between them. For the following eighty years there was no open war between them. For the most part they were in friendly alliance, co-operating against their common enemies, especially against Damascus. For about another century and a half Judah had a somewhat checkered existence after the termination of the kingdom of Israel till its final overthrow in the destruction of the temple (586 BC) by Nebuzar-adan, who was captain of Nebuchadnezzar's body-guard (2 Kings 25:8-21).

The kingdom maintained a separate existence for three hundred and eighty-nine years. It occupied an area of about 8,900 km² (3,435 square miles).

The Kings of Judah

For this period, most historians follow the chronology established by William F. Albright, by Edwin R. Thiele, or by Gershon Galil, all of which are shown below. All dates are BC.

Albright dates Thiele dates Galil dates Common/Biblical Name Regnal name and style Notes
922–915 931–913 931–914 Rehoboam רחבעם בן-שלמה מלך יהודה
Rehav’am ben Shlomoh, Melekh Yehudah 		Hitherto king of Israel
915–913 913–911 914–911 Abijam אבים בן-רחבעם מלך יהודה
’Aviyam ben Rehav’am, Melekh Yehudah 		 
913–873 911–870 911–870 Asah אסא בן-אבים מלך יהודה
’As’a ben ’Aviyam, Melekh Yehudah 		 
873–849 870–848 870–845 Jehoshaphat יהושפט בן-אסא מלך יהודה
Yehoshafat ben ’As’a, Melekh Yahudah 		 
849–842 848–841 851–843 Jehoram יהורם בן-יהושפט מלך יהודה
Yehoram ben Yehoshafat, Melekh Yahudah 		Killed
842–842 841–841 843–842 Ahaziah אחזיהו בן-יהורם מלך יהודה
’Ahazyahu ben Yehoram, Melekh Yehudah 		Killed by Yehu, King of Israel
842–837 841–835 842–835 Athaliah עתליה בת-עמרי מלכת יהודה
‘Atalyah bat ‘Omri, Malkat Yehudah 		Queen Mother, wife of Jehoram; died in a coup
837–800 835–796 842–802 Jehoash יהואש בן-אחזיהו מלך יהודה
Yehoash ben ’Ahazyahu, Melekh Yehudah 		Killed by his servants
800–783 796–767 805–776 Amaziah אמציה בן-יהואש מלך יהודה
’Amatzyah ben Yehoash, Melekh Yehudah 		Assassinated
783–742 767–740 788–736 Uzziah
(Azariah) 		עזיה בן-אמציה מלך יהודה
‘Uziyah ben ’Amatzyah, Melekh Yehudah
עזריה בן-אמציה מלך יהודה
‘Azaryah ben ’Amatzyah, Melekh Yehudah 		George Syncellus wrote that the First Olympiad took place in Uzziah's 48th regnal year
742–735 740–732 758–742 Jotham יותם בן-עזיה מלך יהודה
Yotam ben ‘Uziyah, Melekh Yehudah 		 
735–715 732–716 742–726 Ahaz אחז בן-יותם מלך יהודה
’Ahaz ben Yotam, Melekh Yehudah 		The Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III records he received tribute from Ahaz; compare 2 Kings 16:7-9; Fate unknown
715–687 716–687 726–697 Hezekiah חזקיה בן-אחז מלך יהודה
Hizqiyah ben ’Ahaz, Melekh Yehudah 		Contemporary with Sennacherib of Assyria, and Merodach-baladan of Babylon (but see note 1, below)
687–642 687–643 697–642 Manasseh מנשה בן-חזקיה מלך יהודה
Menasheh ben Hizqiyah, Melekh Yehudah 		 
642–640 643–641 642–640 Amon אמון בן-מנשה מלך יהודה
’Amon ben Menasheh, Melekh Yehudah 		Assassinated
640–609 641–609 640–609 Josiah יאשיהו בן-אמון מלך יהודה
Yo’shiyahu ben ’Amon, Melekh Yehudah 		Died in battle at Megiddo against Necho II of Egypt.
609 609 609 Jehoahaz
(Ahaz) 		יהואחז בן-יאשיהו מלך יהודה
Yeho’ahaz ben Yo’shiyahu, Melekh Yehudah
אחז בן-יאשיהו מלך יהודה
’Ahaz ben Yo’shiyahu, Melekh Yehudah 		 
609–598 609–598 609–598 Jehoiakim יהויקים בן-יהואחז מלך יהודה
Yehoyaqim ben Yeho’ahaz, Melekh Yehudah 		The Battle of Carchemish occurred in the fourth year of his reign (Jeremiah 46:2)
598 598 598–597 Jehoiachin
(Jeconiah) 		יהויכין בן-יהויקים מלך יהודה
Yehoyakhin ben Yehoyaqim, Melekh Yehudah
יכניהו בן-יהויקים מלך יהודה
Yekhonyahu ben Yehoyaqim, Melekh Yehudah 		Perhaps reigned from March to May as 2 Chronicles 36:10 suggests. Called 'Jeconiah' in Jeremiah and Esther
597–587 597–586 597–586 Zedekiah צדקיהו בן-יהויכין מלך יהודה
Tzidqiyahu ben Yo’shiyahu, Melekh Yehudah 		The last king of Judah. Deposed, blinded and sent into exile; fate unknown. See note 2, below.


Notes

  1. Hezekiah: contemporary with Sennacherib of Assyria, and Merodach-baladan of Babylon.
  2. Zedekiah: rebelled twice - in the first rebellion (597 BC), Nebuchadnezzar II captured Jerusalem, and took most of its leaders into exile. In the second rebellion (588–586 BC), Jerusalem was captured after a lengthy siege, the temple burnt, Zedekiah taken into exile and Judah was reduced to a province. Nebuchadnezzar had left Gedaliah as his governor, who was killed in one last revolt, and the few members of the ruling classes left from the kingdom of Judah took the prophets Jeremiah and Baruch with them as they fled to sanctuary in Egypt.

From the end of the Kingdom to Present Time

After the end of the ancient kingdom the area passed into foreign rule, apart from brief periods, under the following powers:-

587 BC–c. 539 BC: Babylonian Empire

539 BC–c. 332 BC: Persian Empire

332 BC–305 BC: Greek Empire

305 BC–141 BC: Seleucids

141 BC–63 BC: The Hasmonean State in Israel established by the Maccabees

The area was not known as Palestine at this time.

63 BC–31 BC: Roman province of Judaea

37 BC–AD 100: The Herodian Kingdom of Judaea, an autonomous realm within the Roman Empire. The last Herodian King, Agrippa II (c. 48 - 100), sided with the Romans in the first Jewish Revolt of 66 - 73, which saw the Temple destroyed in AD 70.

31 BC–AD 395: Roman Empire (which, after 395, was split in two as the Western Roman Empire - ultimately giving its name to modernity as "Western Society" - and the Eastern Roman Empire, later called "Byzantine Empire," especially after the last Western Roman Emperor is deposed in 476

395–634: Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire

634–1516: Arab Caliphates with Crusader state intervals; period of the Arab Empire

1516–1917: Ottoman Turks, having previously conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453

1918–1948: British mandate of Palestine under, first, League of Nations, then, successor United Nations; the Emirate of Trans-Jordan was separated from the rest of Palestine in 1922, and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan became independent upon the expiration of the League of Nations Mandate in 1946.

May 1948 to present: independent State of Israel, and 1994 to present: semi-autonomous Palestinian Authority, governing territories in the West Bank and Gaza Strip that otherwise have been occupied by Israel since the Six Day War of 1967

See Also

External links

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