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rvt undiscuss non-AGF eidit --> get consensus first, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad&diff=485993047&oldid=485985604
not synthesis, pages fr libya (for which this is directly related), syria, yemen all indiate accusations of being al qaeda/"terrorist" affiliated (bahrain too)
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'''National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad''' or '''Azawad National Liberation Movement'''<ref>{{Citation|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|title=Mali rebels seize Timbuktu |newspaper=The Telegraph|date=1 April 2012|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9179392/Mali-rebels-seize-Timbuktu.html}}<br>{{Citation|title=Tuareg rebellion sparks crisis in Mali|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=18 February 2012|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/02/20122188513342701.html}}</ref> ([[Tamasheq language|Tamasheq]]-[[Berber language|Berber]]: {{unicode|ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵍⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ}} / Amussu Anamur n Usellelli n Azawad, {{lang-fr|Mouvement National pour la Libération de l'Azawad}}; '''MNLA'''), formerly '''National Movement of Azawad'''<ref name="Africa"/> ({{lang-fr|Mouvement national de l'Azawad}}; '''MNA''') is a political and military organisation based in [[Azawad]]. The movement is made up of [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] [[Berber people|Berbers]], and some of them are believed to have previously fought in the Libyan army,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hMSOBkx7DTl29wj-3y5u-439CxXw?docId=80cfb271010b4a499761b797dc31eb62|title=Tuareg rebels attack 6th town in Mali|date=31 January 2012|agency=[[Associated Press]]|work=Google News|last=Vogl|first=Martin|accessdate=2012-02-04}}</ref> during the 2011 [[Libyan civil war]] (though other Tuareg fighters were also on the side of the [[National Transitional Council]]), who returned after the 2011 Libyan civil war. The movement was founded in October 2011 and had stated that it includes other Saharan peoples. The Malian government has accused the movement of having links to [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]], a claim denied by the MNLA.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/mali-government-official-says-al-qaida-fighters-among-those-attacking-northern-towns/2012/01/27/gIQANfYCVQ_story.html|title=Mali government official says al-Qaida fighters among those attacking northern towns|date=27 january 2012|publisher=The Washington Post|work=washingtonpost.com|accessdate=2012-02-04}}</ref> By 1 April, the MNLA, along with [[Ansar Dine]], were in control of virtually all of northern Mali, including the three biggest cities of [[Kidal]], [[Gao]] and [[Timbuktu]]. On 6 April, the MNLA [[Azawad Declaration of Independence |unilaterally declared the independence]] of Azawad.
'''National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad''' or '''Azawad National Liberation Movement'''<ref>{{Citation|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|title=Mali rebels seize Timbuktu |newspaper=The Telegraph|date=1 April 2012|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9179392/Mali-rebels-seize-Timbuktu.html}}<br>{{Citation|title=Tuareg rebellion sparks crisis in Mali|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=18 February 2012|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/02/20122188513342701.html}}</ref> ([[Tamasheq language|Tamasheq]]-[[Berber language|Berber]]: {{unicode|ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵍⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ}} / Amussu Anamur n Usellelli n Azawad, {{lang-fr|Mouvement National pour la Libération de l'Azawad}}; '''MNLA'''), formerly '''National Movement of Azawad'''<ref name="Africa"/> ({{lang-fr|Mouvement national de l'Azawad}}; '''MNA''') is a political and military organisation based in [[Azawad]]. The movement is made up of [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] [[Berber people|Berbers]], and some of them are believed to have previously fought in the Libyan army,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hMSOBkx7DTl29wj-3y5u-439CxXw?docId=80cfb271010b4a499761b797dc31eb62|title=Tuareg rebels attack 6th town in Mali|date=31 January 2012|agency=[[Associated Press]]|work=Google News|last=Vogl|first=Martin|accessdate=2012-02-04}}</ref> during the 2011 [[Libyan civil war]] (though other Tuareg fighters were also on the side of the [[National Transitional Council]]), who returned after the 2011 Libyan civil war. The movement was founded in October 2011 and had stated that it includes other Saharan peoples. The Malian government has accused the movement of having links to [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/mali-government-official-says-al-qaida-fighters-among-those-attacking-northern-towns/2012/01/27/gIQANfYCVQ_story.html|title=Mali government official says al-Qaida fighters among those attacking northern towns|date=27 january 2012|publisher=The Washington Post|work=washingtonpost.com|accessdate=2012-02-04}}</ref> similarly to other state reactions during the [[Arab Spring]]. However, the MNLA deny the claims. By 1 April, the MNLA, along with [[Ansar Dine]], were in control of virtually all of northern Mali, including the three biggest cities of [[Kidal]], [[Gao]] and [[Timbuktu]]. On 6 April, the MNLA [[Azawad Declaration of Independence |unilaterally declared the independence]] of Azawad.


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 05:25, 7 April 2012

National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵍⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ
Amussu Anamur n Usellelli n Azawad
الحركة الوطنية لتحرير أزاواد
LeadersIbrahim Ag Bahanga
Moussa Ag Acharatoumane
Ag Mohamed Najem (head of military operations)
Bilal Ag Acherif[1] (General Secretary)
Dates of operationOctober 2011 – present
Active regionsAzawad
IdeologyBerber nationalism,
>Secularism[2]
Part of Azawad
Allies Libya (under Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)
 Libya (under National Transitional Council)
Opponents Mali
 Algeria
Battles and wars2012 insurgency in the Azawad

Template:Contains Tifinagh text

National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad or Azawad National Liberation Movement[3] (Tamasheq-Berber:

ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵍⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⴷ / Amussu Anamur n Usellelli n Azawad, French: Mouvement National pour la Libération de l'Azawad; MNLA), formerly National Movement of Azawad[4] (French: Mouvement national de l'Azawad; MNA) is a political and military organisation based in Azawad. The movement is made up of Tuareg Berbers, and some of them are believed to have previously fought in the Libyan army,[5] during the 2011 Libyan civil war (though other Tuareg fighters were also on the side of the National Transitional Council), who returned after the 2011 Libyan civil war. The movement was founded in October 2011 and had stated that it includes other Saharan peoples. The Malian government has accused the movement of having links to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb,[6] similarly to other state reactions during the Arab Spring. However, the MNLA deny the claims. By 1 April, the MNLA, along with Ansar Dine, were in control of virtually all of northern Mali, including the three biggest cities of Kidal, Gao and Timbuktu. On 6 April, the MNLA unilaterally declared the independence of Azawad.

History

Further information: Tuareg rebellions

Since 1916 there have been at least five Tuareg rebellions. After the failure of the previous rebellion, Tuareg fighters left for Libya where they were integrated into the Libyan Army.[7] At the end of 2011, following the defeat of Libyan Arab Jamahiriya several Tuareg from the Libyan Army returned to the Azawad regions of northern Mali[8] (though many also fought for the rebel National Transitional Council[9]).Many fighters returned from Libya for either financial reasons, such as losing their savings, or due to the alleged racism of NTC fighters and militias.[10]

The MNLA was said to have been formed after a fusion of such groups as the Northern Mali Tuareg Movement. An alleged influx of arms intended for rebels in Libya led to a huge cache in the largely ungoverned desert areas around where the Tuareg live and causing concern that much of the heavy weaponry remains unaccounted for and could be sold to the highest bidder.[11][12] Though some analysis has denied the connections to either AQIM or Gaddafi and the Libyan civil war, although the potency of this rebellion was still read as being influenced from weapons from Libya, as well as leftovers from previous rebellions in Azawad and even from Mali's army which were taken by defecting Arab and Tuareg personnel.[4]

MNLA's adopted flag for the proposed state of Azawad.

They have also been accused by the government of Mali of cooperating with Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb.[13] The MNLA have denied this claim.[14]

The MNLA was founded in October 2011;[15] though it is sometimes considered to have been founded more than a year earlier[16] in relation to other such groups. The MNLA have presented themselves as a movement for the liberation of all the peoples of Azawad (Songhai, Arab, Fula and Tuareg).[4][17] There were also rumours that the group has been supported by battle-hardened Tuaregs from Niger.[18] On the subject of its composition, the MNLA has declared:

The MNLA (National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad) would like to make it clear that within the MNLA military command there are: old rebels from the uprisings of the 1990s (MFUA - Movements of the united Fronts of Azawad), of 2006 (MTNM - The Tuareg Movement of Northern Mali, which was lead by the late Ibrahim Ag Bahanga), fighters who have returned from Libya but who mostly participated in the liberation of that country, volunteers from the various ethnicities of northern Mali (Tuareg, Songhai, Peul and Moor) and both soldiers and officers who have deserted from the Malian army.

— Official Website of the MNLA[19]

Factionalism

The MNLA was rumoured to have factionalised, according to the sources in the Malian government,[20] with the Islamist Ansar Dine claiming control of the region after the capture of several cities,[21] previously attributed to the MNLA. Though the international media has linked the MNLA to Ansar Dine and AQIM, the MNLA has distanced itself from both groups, stating that their sole goal is the independence of Azawad.[22] However, after the fall of Timbuktu it said that Azawad would be governed along with Ansar Dine.

Independence fight

Main article: Tuareg rebellion (2012)

MNLA launched its armed campaign in January 2012[23][24] to free three regions of Mali from the central government's control[12] and seeking the independence of Azawad.[25]

The MNLA's fight is for their claim of Malian Azawad. (Area captured is indicated.)

In January, its fighters attacked Andéramboukane, Menaka, Tessalit, Niafunke and Aguelhoc.[26] They were reported to be in control of parts of northern Mali, such as Menaka on 1 February.[27] During that time the movement was said to have opened a fifth front in the town of Lere.[28] At the end of January, they claimed to have shot down a Malian Air Force Mig-21 with the surface-to-air missiles acquired from NATO arms drops over Libya.[11] The Armed Forces of Mali have also used helicopter gunships to target the group.[16] On 4 February, the movement's fighters attacked government forces in Kidal with the aim of taking control of the town and occupying the two military bases there.[29] Further towns were seized and re-seized over the course of February and March. The MLNA were also accused of a "massacre" though the evidence was frivolous. At the same time, following clashes in the north, Tuareg civilians were said to have left Bamako for fear of reprisals.[30] The International Committee of the Red Cross also said that 3,500 people had fled across the border to Mauritania and that 10,000 people had crossed into Niger during the clashes.[25] On 8 February, Tinzawaten was wrested from central government control after Malian troops took a "tactical withdrawal" following the death of one soldier and injuries to two other soldiers, amid calls by the United Nations for an halt to the offensive. One rebel was also killed and another was wounded, while the MNLA seized two military bases and the weapons storages there. The ICRC added that there were 30,000 internally displaced persons, while the UN said that over 20,000 people have fled to Burkina Faso, Algeria and Mauritania. The UN also warned of food shortages as a result of the fighting.[31] In total, there were more than 100,000 refugees were displaced, with at least a quarter of them in Niger.[citation needed] ECOWAS planned to send a team to investigate the violence.[32] It also condemned their actions and called for logistical support for Mali.[33] After the March coup d'etat the MNLA, as well as Ansar Dine, took control of several small towns and also the bigger cities of Kidal, Gao and Timbuktu. Timbuktu was read by Reuters of being the culmination of the plan to capture northern Mali.[34] The MNLA announced that by taking Timbuktu it sought to "dislodge Mali's remaining political and military administration" in the region and said that it would rule the region with Ansar Dine in opposition to the administration in Bamako.[35]

On 6 April, In an interview with France 24, an MNLA spokesman declared the independence of Azawad as an independent state and said the movement would act as a provisional administration until the establishment of a government.[36]

Mali is an anarchic state. Therefore we have gathered a national liberation movement to put in an army capable of securing our land and an executive office capable of forming democratic institutions. We declare the independence of Azawad from this day on.

— Mossa Ag Attaher, MLNA spokesman, 6 April 2012

In the same interview, Attaher also promised that Azawad will "respect all the colonial frontiers that separate Azawad from its neighbours" and insisted that Azawad's declaration of independence has "some international legality."[37]

Leadership

One of the founding leaders is said to be Moussa Ag Acharatoumane.[28] Another influential leader in the group was Ibrahim Ag Bahanga (as well as his father-in-law Hama Ag Sid’Ahmed, who was also a spokesman for a group in the previous rebellion) from the 1990 and 2006 rebellions. After he was defeated and forced into exile in Libya, he was said to have met with other leaders of the 1990 rebellion who had taken up posts in a new unit of the Libyan army to fight desert warfare. Ibrahim sought to have a proficient force to fight against the Malian state and outside the media spotlight. However, he was killed on 26 August, 2011. One of the officers he had met in Libya was Colonel Ag Mohamed Najem,[4] who is said by the movement to be the head of its military wing.[16] He is of Malian origin but resigned from the Libyan Army shortly after the uprising to join the Tuareg rebellion in Mali.[12] Colonel Dilal Ag Alsherif is another military leader of the movement.[38] There are said to be about 40 officers in the MNLA movement.[4] There are also deserters from the Malian Army, including officers. Colonel Nagim is one such officer, who led the charge to capture two cities.[39] The General Secretary of the movement is Bilal Ag Acherif.[16] The spokesman for the MNLA's political wing is Hama Ag Mahmoud.[40]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Bureau Exécutif du Mouvement National de Libération de L'Azawad (MNLA)". Mnlamov.net. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
  2. ^ "Mali coup leaders to stand down as part of Ecowas deal". BBC. 2012-04-07. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  3. ^ Pflanz, Mike (1 April 2012), "Mali rebels seize Timbuktu", The Telegraph
    Tuareg rebellion sparks crisis in Mali, Al Jazeera English, 18 February 2012
  4. ^ a b c d e Morgan, Andy (6 February 2012). "The Causes of the Uprising in Northern Mali". Think Africa Press. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
  5. ^ Vogl, Martin (31 January 2012). "Tuareg rebels attack 6th town in Mali". Google News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
  6. ^ "Mali government official says al-Qaida fighters among those attacking northern towns". washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. 27 january 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Daniel, Serge (17 January 2012). "Mali army bombs Tuareg rebels, four arrested: military". Google News. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  8. ^ "Mali: 47 Die in Clashes Between Troops, Rebels - Ministry". allafrica.com. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  9. ^ http://www.mnlamov.net/english/101-they-are-not-mercenaries.html
  10. ^ http://allafrica.com/stories/201203260286.htm
  11. ^ a b Oumar, Jemal; Ramzi, Walid (30 January 2012). "Loose Libyan missiles threaten air traffic". Magharebia. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  12. ^ a b c Stewart, Scott (2 February 2012). "Returning Malian Mercenaries Present a Challenge for Mali and the West". The Cutting Edge News. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  13. ^ "Mali government official says al-Qaida fighters among those attacking northern towns". The Washington Post. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
  14. ^ "Mali says rebels fight with Qaeda, rebels deny". Reuters Africa. Reuters. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  15. ^ Vogl, Martin (26 January 2012). "In Mali, a Tuareg rebellion _ without Gadhafi". Google News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  16. ^ a b c d "Mali: Fighting In North; The New Touareg War". Eurasia Review. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
  17. ^ "They are not mercenaries". mnlamov.net. 22 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
  18. ^ Jeremy Keenan (20 March 2012). "Mali's Tuareg rebellion: What next? - Opinion". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
  19. ^ "They are not mercenaries". mnlamov.net. 22 January 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  20. ^ "Rupture entre le MNLA et Ançar Dine au nord du Mali" (in French). maliweb.net. RFI. 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
  21. ^ "Armed Islamist group claims control in northeast Mali". Google News. Agence France Presse. 2012-03-20. Archived from the original on 2012-03-29. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
  22. ^ "Analysis: Warriors and websites - a new kind of rebellion in Mali?". IRIN. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  23. ^ "JTIC Brief: MNLA re-awakens Tuareg separatism in Mali". Jane's Information Group. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
  24. ^ "Dozens of Tuareg rebels dead in Mali clash, says army". BBC. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
  25. ^ a b Diallo, Tiemoko; Diarra, Adama (4 February 2012). "Mali says 20 rebels killed, thousands flee". Reuters. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  26. ^ Stewart, Scott (2 February 2012). "Mali Besieged by Fighters Fleeing Libya". Stratfor. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  27. ^ "Tuareg rebels take Mali town after army pullout". Google News. Agence France-Presse. 1 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  28. ^ a b "Tuareg rebels attack fifth town in Mali". Al Jazeera. 26 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  29. ^ "Heavy weapons fire rocks town in Mali's north". Reuters Africa. Reuters. 4 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  30. ^ "UPDATE 1-Mali capital paralysed by anti-rebellion protests". Reuters Africa. Reuters. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  31. ^ "UPDATE 1-Malian rebels seize key border town, civilians flee". Reuters. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
  32. ^ Clottey, Peter (8 February 2012). "ECOWAS Team to Investigate Fighting in Mali". Voice of America. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
  33. ^ "Mali News: ECOWAS warns Tuareg rebels". GlobalPost. 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
  34. ^ Tiemoko Diallo and Adama Diarra (1 April 2012). "Mali rebels say surround Timbuktu, army flees". chicagotribune.com. Reuters. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  35. ^ Mike Pflanz (1 April 2012). "Timbuktu encircled as Mali coup intensifies". Telegraph. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  36. ^ "Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad, north of Mali". Al Arabiya. 6 April 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  37. ^ "Tuareg rebels declare independence in north Mali". France 24. 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  38. ^ "The Associated Press: Mali state TV goes off air; fear of countercoup". Google.com. 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
  39. ^ "Après la prise de Tessalit : Le MNLA continue sa conquête du nord-Mali" (in French). Fratmat.info. 16 March 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  40. ^ "Tuareg rebels ready for Mali talks". Al Jazeera. 2 April 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.

External links

Leader interviews
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