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===Biocentrism===
===Biocentrism===
Lanza, with [[Bob Berman]], has published ideas about a "biocentric universe."<ref name=amschol>{{cite news|last1=Lanza|first1=Robert|title=A New Theory of the Universe -|url=https://theamericanscholar.org/a-new-theory-of-the-universe/#|work=The American Scholar|date=March 1, 2007}}</ref><ref name=book2009>{{cite book|last1=Lanza|first1=Robert|last2=Berman|first2=Bob|title=Biocentrism : how life and consciousness are the keys to understanding the true nature of the universe|date=2009|publisher=BenBella Books, Inc.|location=Dallas, TX|isbn=978-1933771694}}</ref> The ideas are based on the [[anthropic principle]], and hold that time and space are products of human consciousness.<ref name=Forbes>{{cite news|last1=Herper|first1=Matthew|title=A Biotech Provocateur Takes On Physics|url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/03/09/lanza-theories-physics-biotech-oped-cx_mh_0309lanza.html|work=Forbes|date=9 March 2007}}</ref> [[Arizona State University]] physicist [[Lawrence Krauss]] stated, “It may represent interesting philosophy, but it doesn't look, at first glance, as if it will change anything about science."<ref name=Forbes/> [[Daniel Dennett]] said that he did not believe that the idea meets the criteria of a theory in philosophy.<ref name=Forbes /> In ''[[USA Today|USA Today Online]]'', theoretical physicist and science writer [[David Lindley (physicist)|David Lindley]] asserted that Lanza’s concept was a "vague, inarticulate metaphor" and stated that "I certainly don't see how thinking his way would lead you into any new sort of scientific or philosophical insight. That's all very nice, I would say to Lanza, but now what? I [also] take issue with his views about physics."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lindley|first1=David|title=Exclusive: Response to Robert Lanza's essay|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/science/2007-03-09-lanza-response_N.htm|work=USAToday|date=March 9, 2007}}</ref>
Lanza, with [[Bob Berman]], has published ideas about a "biocentric universe."<ref name=amschol>{{cite news|last1=Lanza|first1=Robert|title=A New Theory of the Universe -|url=https://theamericanscholar.org/a-new-theory-of-the-universe/#|work=The American Scholar|date=March 1, 2007}}</ref><ref name=book2009>{{cite book|last1=Lanza|first1=Robert|last2=Berman|first2=Bob|title=Biocentrism : how life and consciousness are the keys to understanding the true nature of the universe|date=2009|publisher=BenBella Books, Inc.|location=Dallas, TX|isbn=978-1933771694}}</ref> The idea sees biology as the central driving science in the universe, and an understanding of the other sciences as reliant on a deeper understanding of biology. Lanza believes that [[life]] and [[biology]] are central to [[being]], [[reality]], and the [[cosmos]]—consciousness creates the [[universe]] rather than the other way around. While [[physics]] is considered fundamental to the study of the universe, and [[chemistry]] fundamental to the study of life, Lanza claims that scientists will need to place [[biology]] before the other sciences to produce a ''[[theory of everything]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/news/2007/03/72910 |title=Will Biology Solve the Universe? |author=Aaron Rowe |date=2007-03-08 |work=[[Wired News|Wired]] |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121060008/http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/news/2007/03/72910 |archivedate=2013-11-21}}</ref> Critics have questioned whether the concept is [[Falsifiability|falsifiable]], which can raise questions whether it falls more in the range of [[science]] or [[pseudoscience]]. Lanza has claimed that future experiments, such as scaled-up [[quantum superposition]], will either support or contradict the theory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.chron.com/sciguy/archives/2009/08/book_spotlight_biocentrism.html |title=Book Spotlight: Biocentrism |accessdate=2009-12-10 |author=Eric Berger |date=2009-08-23 |work=Houston Chronicle Blogs |publisher=}}</ref>

Lanza claims that biological observers actually create the [[arrow of time]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stockton|first1=Nick|title=Time Might Only Exist In Your Head. And Everyone Else’s|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/09/arrow-of-time|work=Wired|date=September 26, 2016}}</ref> In 2016, Lanza and Dmitriy Podolskiy published a paper in the physics journal [[Annalen der Physik]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Podolskiy |author2=Lanza|title=On Decoherence in Quantum Gravity|url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.201600011/full | publisher=Annalen der Physik|accessdate=4 December 2016}}</ref> In his papers on relativity (also published in Annalen der Physik), Einstein showed that time was relative to the observer; in their paper, Podolskiy and Lanza argue that quantum gravitational decoherence is too ineffective to guarantee the emergence of the arrow of time and the “quantum-to-classical” transition to happen at scales of physical interest. They argue that the emergence of the arrow of time is directly related to the way biological observers with memory functions process and remember information. They cite Lanza’s American Scholar paper on biocentrism, stating that the “brainless” observer does not experience time and/or decoherence of any degrees of freedom.

The reception to biocentrism has been mixed.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Boyle|first1=Alan|title=The universe in your head|url=http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2009/06/16/4351357-the-universe-in-your-head|work=Cosmic Log Blog at MSNBC|date=June 16, 2009}}</ref> Physician and Nobel laureate [[E. Donnall Thomas]] said of biocentrism, "Any short statement does not do justice to such a scholarly work. The work is a scholarly consideration of science and philosophy that brings biology into the central role in unifying the whole."<ref name=Forbes /> However, some physicists have commented that biocentrism currently does not make testable predictions.<ref name=Forbes /> [[Arizona State University]] physicist [[Lawrence Krauss]] stated, “It may represent interesting philosophy, but it doesn't look, at first glance, as if it will change anything about science."<ref name=Forbes>{{cite news|last1=Herper|first1=Matthew|title=A Biotech Provocateur Takes On Physics|url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/03/09/lanza-theories-physics-biotech-oped-cx_mh_0309lanza.html?partner=yahootix|work=Forbes|date=9 March 2007}}</ref> [[Daniel Dennett]] said that he did not believe that the idea meets the criteria of a theory in philosophy.<ref name=Forbes /> In ''[[USA Today|USA Today Online]]'', theoretical physicist and science writer [[David Lindley (physicist)|David Lindley]] asserted that Lanza’s concept was a "vague, inarticulate metaphor" and stated that "I certainly don't see how thinking his way would lead you into any new sort of scientific or philosophical insight. That's all very nice, I would say to Lanza, but now what? I [also] take issue with his views about physics."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lindley|first1=David|title=Exclusive: Response to Robert Lanza's essay|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/science/2007-03-09-lanza-response_N.htm|work=USAToday|date=March 9, 2007}}</ref> Stephen P. Smith conducted a review of the book, asserting that Lanza is actually describing a form of [[idealism]]. Smith found Lanza's claim that time is an illusion to be unfounded since the premise was that time was not understood fully. He concludes that, while lacking in scientific and philosophical rigor, "Lanza has a colloquial style that is typical of good popular books, and his book can be understood by non-experts".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Stephen|title=Review of Robert Lanza & Bob Berman's Book: Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness Are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe|journal=Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research|date=June 2010|volume=1|issue=4|pages=468–470|accessdate=31 March 2013}}</ref>


==Awards and public commentary==
==Awards and public commentary==
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*[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-lanza Lanza's essays on ''The Huffington Post'']
*[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-lanza Lanza's essays on ''The Huffington Post'']
*[http://www.robertlanza.com/biocentrism-how-life-and-consciousness-are-the-keys-to-understanding-the-true-nature-of-the-universe Biocentrism / Robert Lanza's theory of everything]
*[http://www.robertlanza.com/biocentrism-how-life-and-consciousness-are-the-keys-to-understanding-the-true-nature-of-the-universe Biocentrism / Robert Lanza's theory of everything]
* [http://www.biocentricity.net Biocentricity.net], Videos, FAQ, and news pertaining to biocentrism
* {{cite web |url= http://nirmukta.com/2009/12/14/biocentrism-demystified-a-response-to-deepak-chopra-and-robert-lanzas-notion-of-a-conscious-universe/ |title= Biocentrism Demystified a Response to Deepak Chopra and Robert Lanza's Notion of a Conscious Universe |date= Dec 14, 2009 |website= Nirmukta |first= Vindod |last1= Wadhawan |first2= Ajita |last2= Kama |quote= In essence, these authors (Lanza and Chopra) are re-inventing [[idealism]], an ancient philosophical concept that fell out of favour with the advent of the scientific revolution}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Revision as of 21:20, 13 December 2016

Robert P. Lanza
Lanza at a laboratory in October 2009.
Born
Robert Lanza

(1956-02-11) February 11, 1956 (age 68)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of Pennsylvania
Known forStem cell biology, cloning,
tissue engineering, biocentric universe
Scientific career
InstitutionsAstellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine

Robert Lanza (born 11 February 1956) is an American medical doctor and scientist. He is currently Head of Astellas Global Regenerative Medicine,[1] and is Chief Scientific Officer of the Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Adjunct Professor at Wake Forest University School of Medicine.

Early life and education

Lanza was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and grew up south of there, in Stoughton, Massachusetts. Lanza "altered the genetics of chickens in his basement", and came to the attention of Harvard Medical School researchers when he appeared at the university with his results. Jonas Salk, B. F. Skinner, and Christiaan Barnard [needs citation] mentored Lanza over the next ten years.[2] Lanza attended the University of Pennsylvania, receiving BA and MD degrees. There, he was a Benjamin Franklin Scholar and a University Scholar. Lanza was also a Fulbright Scholar. He currently resides in Clinton, Massachusetts.

Career

Lanza being interviewed by Barbara Walters in 2007.

Stem cell research

Lanza was part of the team that cloned the world's first early stage human embryos,[3][4] as well as the first to successfully generate stem cells from adults using somatic-cell nuclear transfer (therapeutic cloning).[5][6]

Lanza demonstrated that techniques used in preimplantation genetic diagnosis could be used to generate embryonic stem cells without embryonic destruction.[7]

In 2001, he was also the first to clone an endangered species (a Gaur),[8] and in 2003, he cloned an endangered wild ox (a Banteng)[9] from the frozen skin cells of an animal that had died at the San Diego Zoo nearly a quarter-of-a-century earlier.

Lanza and his colleagues were the first to demonstrate that nuclear transplantation could be used to reverse the aging process[10] and to generate immune-compatible tissues, including the first organ grown in the laboratory from cloned cells.[11]

Lanza showed that it is feasible to generate functional oxygen-carrying red blood cells from human embryonic stem cells under conditions suitable for clinical scale-up. The blood cells could potentially serve as a source of “universal” blood.[12][13]

His team discovered how to generate functional hemangioblasts (a population of "ambulance" cells[14]) from human embryonic stem cells. In animals, these cells quickly repaired vascular damage, cutting the death rate after a heart attack in half and restoring the blood flow to ischemic limbs that might otherwise have required amputation.[15]

Recently, Lanza and a team led by Kwang-Soo Kim at Harvard University reported a safe method for generating induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.[16] Human iPS cells were created from skin cells by direct delivery of proteins, thus eliminating the harmful risks associated with genetic and chemical manipulation. This new method provides a potentially safe source of patient-specific stem cells for translation into the clinic.[17] Lanza and Advanced Cell Technology expect to start the process for regulatory approval of what experts said would be the first human trial involving induced pluripotent (iPS) stem cells created by reprogramming adult cells back to an embryonic-like state. They want to test blood-clotting particles, called platelets, made from such reprogrammed cells. Platelets don't carry the risk of genetic defects because they don't have DNA.[18]

Clinical trials for blindness

Lanza’s team at Advanced Cell Technology has succeeded in getting stem cells to grow into retinal cells.[19] With this technology, some forms of blindness may be curable,[20] including macular degeneration and Stargardt disease, currently untreatable eye diseases that cause blindness in teenagers, young adults, and the elderly.

Advanced Cell Technology has received approval from the Food and Drug Administration for human trials using human embryonic stem cells to treat degenerative eye diseases.[21][22] This treatment for eye disease uses stem cells to re-create a type of cell in the retina that supports the photoreceptor cells needed for vision. These cells, called retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), are often the first to die off in age-related macular degeneration and other eye diseases, which in turn leads to loss of vision. Several years ago, Lanza’s team found that human embryonic stem cells could be a source of RPE cells, and subsequent studies found that these cells could restore vision in animal models of macular degeneration.[23]

In recent studies, the same team of researchers showed that their stem-cell therapy provides a long-term benefit in animal models of vision loss.[24] The retinal cells achieved near normal function in animals that otherwise would have gone blind.

In September 2011, Lanza’s company received approval from the UK's Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency to begin the first human embryonic stem cell trial in Europe.[25][26] Surgeons at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London will inject healthy retinal cells into the eyes of patients with Stargardt's macular dystrophy, hoping to slow, halt or even reverse the effects of the disease. The first person received the embryonic stem cell treatment earlier this year (2012). The patient reports improved vision in the eye treated with the cells, which The Guardian said “represents a huge scientific achievement.”[27]

First published reports of embryonic stem cells in humans

Lanza and his colleagues at UCLA’s Jules Stein Eye Institute published the first-ever report of the medical use of human embryonic stem cells transplanted into human patients.[28] The researchers initiated two prospective clinical studies to establish the safety and tolerability of subretinal transplantation of hESC-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in patients with Stargardt’s macular dystrophy and dry age-related macular degeneration.

After surgery, evidence confirmed cells had attached and continued to persist during the study. The researchers did not identify any signs of hyperproliferation, tumorigenicity, or ectopic tissue formation in either patient.

The patients who received the human embryonic stem cell transplants say their lives have been transformed by the experimental procedure.[29] During the 4-month observation period neither patient lost vision. Best corrected visual acuity improved from hand motions to 20/800 (and improved from 0 to 5 letters on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study [ETDRS] visual acuity chart) in the study eye of the patient with Stargardt’s macular dystrophy, and vision also seemed to improve in the patient with dry age-related macular degeneration.[28] One of the patients no longer needs a large magnifying glass to read and can reportedly thread a needle, and the other has begun to go shopping on her own.[30] The future therapeutic goal of these studies will be to treat patients earlier in the disease processes, potentially increasing the likelihood of visual rescue.[28]

In October 2014, Lanza and his colleagues published a follow-up paper in the journal The Lancet, providing the first evidence of the long-term safety and possible biologic activity of pluripotent stem cell progeny into humans with any disease.[31] "For a nice two decades scientists have dreamt about using human embryonic stem cells to treat diseases,” said Gautam Naik, Science Reporter at The Wall Street Journal “that day has finally come…scientists have used human embryonic stem cells to successfully treat patients suffering from severe vision loss." [32] RPE cells derived from embryonic stem cells were injected into the eyes of 18 patients with either Stargardt’s disease or dry-AMD. The patients were followed for more than three years, and half of them were able to read three more lines on the eye chart, which translated to critical improvements in their daily lives as well.[33]

Biocentrism

Lanza, with Bob Berman, has published ideas about a "biocentric universe."[34][35] The idea sees biology as the central driving science in the universe, and an understanding of the other sciences as reliant on a deeper understanding of biology. Lanza believes that life and biology are central to being, reality, and the cosmos—consciousness creates the universe rather than the other way around. While physics is considered fundamental to the study of the universe, and chemistry fundamental to the study of life, Lanza claims that scientists will need to place biology before the other sciences to produce a theory of everything.[36] Critics have questioned whether the concept is falsifiable, which can raise questions whether it falls more in the range of science or pseudoscience. Lanza has claimed that future experiments, such as scaled-up quantum superposition, will either support or contradict the theory.[37]

Lanza claims that biological observers actually create the arrow of time.[38] In 2016, Lanza and Dmitriy Podolskiy published a paper in the physics journal Annalen der Physik.[39] In his papers on relativity (also published in Annalen der Physik), Einstein showed that time was relative to the observer; in their paper, Podolskiy and Lanza argue that quantum gravitational decoherence is too ineffective to guarantee the emergence of the arrow of time and the “quantum-to-classical” transition to happen at scales of physical interest. They argue that the emergence of the arrow of time is directly related to the way biological observers with memory functions process and remember information. They cite Lanza’s American Scholar paper on biocentrism, stating that the “brainless” observer does not experience time and/or decoherence of any degrees of freedom.

The reception to biocentrism has been mixed.[40] Physician and Nobel laureate E. Donnall Thomas said of biocentrism, "Any short statement does not do justice to such a scholarly work. The work is a scholarly consideration of science and philosophy that brings biology into the central role in unifying the whole."[41] However, some physicists have commented that biocentrism currently does not make testable predictions.[41] Arizona State University physicist Lawrence Krauss stated, “It may represent interesting philosophy, but it doesn't look, at first glance, as if it will change anything about science."[41] Daniel Dennett said that he did not believe that the idea meets the criteria of a theory in philosophy.[41] In USA Today Online, theoretical physicist and science writer David Lindley asserted that Lanza’s concept was a "vague, inarticulate metaphor" and stated that "I certainly don't see how thinking his way would lead you into any new sort of scientific or philosophical insight. That's all very nice, I would say to Lanza, but now what? I [also] take issue with his views about physics."[42] Stephen P. Smith conducted a review of the book, asserting that Lanza is actually describing a form of idealism. Smith found Lanza's claim that time is an illusion to be unfounded since the premise was that time was not understood fully. He concludes that, while lacking in scientific and philosophical rigor, "Lanza has a colloquial style that is typical of good popular books, and his book can be understood by non-experts".[43]

Awards and public commentary

Lanza has received numerous awards and other recognition, including TIME Magazine’s 2014 Time 100 list of the "100 Most Influential People in the World",[44] the 2013 “Il Leone di San Marco Award in Medicine” (Italian Heritage and Culture Committee, along with Regis Philbin, who received the award in Entertainment),[45] a 2010 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director’s Award for “Translating Basic Science Discoveries into New and Better Treatments”;[46] a 2010 “Movers and Shakers” Who Will Shape Biotech Over the Next 20 Years (BioWorld, along with Craig Venter and President Barack Obama);[47] a 2005 Wired magazine "Rave Award" for medicine “For eye-opening work on embryonic stem cells”,[48] and a 2006 Mass High Tech journal “All Star” award for biotechnology for “pushing stem cells’ future”.[49][50]

Publications

Lanza has authored and co-edited books on topics involving tissue engineering, cloning, stem cells, Regenerative Medicine, and world health.

Books

  • 1984 Heart Transplantation: The Present Status of Orthotopic and Heterotopic Heart Transplantation ISBN 0-85200-862-7
  • 1985 Medical Science and the Advancement of World Health ISBN 0-03-071734-5
  • 1994 Pancreatic Islet Transplantation: Volume I Procurement of Pancreatic Islets ISBN 1-57059-133-4
  • 1994 Pancreatic Islet Transplantation: Volume II Immunomodulation of Pancreatic Islets ISBN 1-57059-134-2
  • 1994 Pancreatic Islet Transplantation: Volume III Immunoisolation of Pancreatic Islets ISBN 1-57059-135-0
  • 1996 One World: The Health and Survival of the Human Species in the 21st Century ISBN 0-929173-33-3
  • 1996 Yearbook of Cell and Tissue Transplantation ISBN 0-7923-3844-8
  • 1997 Principles of Tissue Engineering ISBN 1-57059-342-6
  • 1999 Cell Encapsulation Technology and Therapeutics ISBN 0-8176-4010-X
  • 2000 Xeno: The Promise of Transplanting Animal Organs into Humans ISBN 0-19-512833-8
  • 2000 Principles of Tissue Engineering, Second Edition ISBN 0-12-436630-9
  • 2002 Methods of Tissue Engineering ISBN 0-12-436636-8
  • 2002 Principles of Cloning ISBN 0-12-174597-X
  • 2004 Handbook of Stem Cells: Volume 1 Embryonic Stem Cells ISBN 0-12-436642-2
  • 2004 Handbook of Stem Cells: Volume 2 Adult and Fetal Stem Cells ISBN 0-12-436644-9
  • 2006 Essentials of Stem Cell Biology ISBN 0-12-088442-9
  • 2006 Methods in Enzymology: Volume 418 Embryonic Stem Cells ISBN 0-12-373648-X
  • 2006 Methods in Enzymology: Volume 419 Adult Stem Cells ISBN 0-12-373650-1
  • 2006 Methods in Enzymology: Volume 420 Stem Cell Tools and Other Experimental Protocols ISBN 0-12-373651-X
  • 2007 Principles of Tissue Engineering, Third Edition ISBN 0-12-370615-7
  • 2008 Principles of Regenerative Medicine ISBN 978-0-12-369410-2
  • 2009 Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the Universe ISBN 978-1-933771-69-4
  • 2009 Essential Stem Cell Methods ISBN 978-0-12-374741-9
  • 2009 Essentials of Stem Cell Biology, Second Edition ISBN 978-0-12-374729-7
  • 2009 Foundations of Regenerative Medicine ISBN 978-0-12-375085-3
  • 2010 Principles of Regenerative Medicine, Second Edition ISBN 978-0-12-381422-7
  • 2012 Handbook of Stem Cells: Volume 1 Embryonic Stem Cells, Second Edition ISBN 0-12-385942-5
  • 2012 Handbook of Stem Cells: Volume 2 Adult and Fetal Stem Cells, Second Edition ISBN 978-0-12-385942-6
  • 2013 Principles of Cloning, Second Edition ISBN 978-0-12-386541-0
  • 2013 Principles of Tissue Engineering, Fourth Edition ISBN 978-0-12-398358-9
  • 2013 Essentials of Stem Cell Biology, Third Edition ISBN 978-0-12-409503-8
  • 2016 Beyond Biocentrism: Rethinking Time, Space, Consciousness, and the Illusion of Death ISBN 978-1942952213

References

  1. ^ "Ocata's chief scientific officer to join new parent after acquisition". Boston Globe. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  2. ^ Fischer, Joannie (2001-11-25). "The First Clone". U.S. News & World Report: 1–9. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
  3. ^ Cibelli, Jose B.; Lanza, Robert P.; West, Michael D.; Ezzell, Carol (2001-11-24). "The First Human Cloned Embryo". Scientific American: 1–4. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
  4. ^ "Wired 12.01: Seven Days of Creation". Wired.com. 2009-01-04. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  5. ^ Cell Stem Cell. "Access : Human somatic cell nuclear transfer using adult cells". Cell Press. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
  6. ^ Naik, Gautam (2014-04-17). "Scientists Make First Embryo Clones From Adults". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
  7. ^ Nature. "Access : Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres". Nature. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  8. ^ "Cloning Noah's Ark: Scientific American". Sciam.com. 2000-11-19. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  9. ^ "Wild Cows Cloned". NPR. 2003-04-08. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  10. ^ Robert P. Lanza, Jose B. Cibelli, Catherine Blackwell, Vincent J. Cristofalo, Mary Kay Francis, Gabriela M. Baerlocher, Jennifer Mak, Michael Schertzer, Elizabeth A. Chavez, Nancy Sawyer, Peter M. Lansdorp, Michael D. West1 (28 April 2000). "Extension of Cell Life-Span and Telomere Length in Animals Cloned from Senescent Somatic Cells" (PDF). Science.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "Generation of histocompatible tissues using nuclear transplantation - Nature Biotechnology". Nature.com. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  12. ^ "Blood - Biological properties and enucleation of red blood cells from human embryoni". Bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-05-157198. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  13. ^ [1] Archived November 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Vergano, Dan (2007-05-08). "Elusive 'ambulance' cells are created - USATODAY.com". Usatoday.Com<!. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  15. ^ "Generation of functional hemangioblasts from human embryonic stem cells - Nature Methods". Nature.com. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  16. ^ "Cell Stem Cell - Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Direct Delivery of Reprogramming Proteins". Cell.com. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  17. ^ Park, Alice (2009-05-28). "Researchers Hail Stem Cells Safe for Human Use". TIME. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  18. ^ ROCKOFF, JONATHAN (2012-12-13). "Stem-Cell Trial Without Embryo Destruction". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
  19. ^ "Stem Cells May Open Some Eyes". Wired.com. 2004-09-24. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-30. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "Microsoft Word - stem cell aid may soon treat some blindness.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  21. ^ "FDA Approves Second Trial of Stem-Cell Therapy". TIME. 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
  22. ^ "Second human embryonic stem cell clinical trial to start". USA Today. 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
  23. ^ "Human Embryonic Stem Cell–Derived Cells Rescue Visual Function in Dystrophic RCS Rats – Cloning Stem Cells". Liebertonline.com. 2006-09-29. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  24. ^ "Long-term Safety and Function of RPE from Human Embryonic Stem Cells in Preclinical Models of Macular Degeneration – Stem Cells". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2009-07-01. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  25. ^ Sample, Ian (2011-09-22). "First trial of embryonic stem cell treatment in Europe gets green light". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
  26. ^ "First European Embryonic Stem Cell Trial Gets Green Light". TIME. 2011-09-22. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
  27. ^ Boseley, Sarah (2012-06-04). "Stem cell scientists take hope from first human trials but see long road ahead". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
  28. ^ a b c "Embryonic stem cell trials for macular degeneration: a preliminary report". The Lancet. 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
  29. ^ "Early Success in a Human Embryonic Stem Cell Trial to Treat Blindness". TIME.com. 2012-01-24. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
  30. ^ Stein, Rob (2012-01-23). "Embryonic stem cells appear to restore some vision to legally blind patient". Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
  31. ^ "Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium in patients with age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt's macular dystrophy". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2014-10-15. Retrieved 2014-12-18.
  32. ^ "Treating Eye Diseases With Stem Cells". wsj.com. 2014-10-14. Retrieved 2014-12-18.
  33. ^ Park, Alice (2014-10-14). "Stem Cells Allow Nearly Blind Patients to See". time.com. Retrieved 2014-12-18.
  34. ^ Lanza, Robert (March 1, 2007). "A New Theory of the Universe -". The American Scholar.
  35. ^ Lanza, Robert; Berman, Bob (2009). Biocentrism : how life and consciousness are the keys to understanding the true nature of the universe. Dallas, TX: BenBella Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1933771694.
  36. ^ Aaron Rowe (2007-03-08). "Will Biology Solve the Universe?". Wired. Archived from the original on 2013-11-21.
  37. ^ Eric Berger (2009-08-23). "Book Spotlight: Biocentrism". Houston Chronicle Blogs. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
  38. ^ Stockton, Nick (September 26, 2016). "Time Might Only Exist In Your Head. And Everyone Else's". Wired.
  39. ^ Podolskiy; Lanza. "On Decoherence in Quantum Gravity". Annalen der Physik. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  40. ^ Boyle, Alan (June 16, 2009). "The universe in your head". Cosmic Log Blog at MSNBC.
  41. ^ a b c d Herper, Matthew (9 March 2007). "A Biotech Provocateur Takes On Physics". Forbes.
  42. ^ Lindley, David (March 9, 2007). "Exclusive: Response to Robert Lanza's essay". USAToday.
  43. ^ Smith, Stephen (June 2010). "Review of Robert Lanza & Bob Berman's Book: Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness Are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe". Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research. 1 (4): 468–470. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  44. ^ "TIME: The 100 Most Influential People - Robert Lanza". TIME.com. 2014-04-24. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
  45. ^ "ACT's Dr. Robert Lanza to Receive the Il Leone di San Marco Award in Medicine". nla.gov. 2013-09-24. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  46. ^ "Stem cell leaders Lanza, Kim win $1.9M NIH award". MassHighTech.com. 2010-09-22. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
  47. ^ "Advanced Cell Technology's Chief Scientific Officer Dr. Robert Lanza Honored By BioWorld Magazine As Leader Who Could Shape Biotech Over Next 20 Years". Bloomberg.com. 2010-05-10. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  48. ^ "Wired 13.03: The 2005 Wired Rave Awards". Wired.com. 2009-01-04. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  49. ^ "Dr. Robert Lanza Receives 2006 'All Star' Award for Biotechnology. Industry & Business Article - Research, News, Information, Contacts, Divisions, Subsidiaries, Business Associations". Goliath.ecnext.com. 2006-10-24. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  50. ^ Songini, Marc (August 14, 2009). "Thought Leaders:Robert Lanza on stem cells and access to health care". Mass High Tech. Retrieved 4 March 2010. He was named a Mass High Tech All Star in 2006

External links

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