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[[Image:Shushimassacre.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Shusha after the [[1920]] pogroms]]
[[Image:Shushimassacre.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Shusha after the [[1920]] pogroms]]
The '''Shusha pogrom of 1920'''<ref>"British administrator of Karabakh colonel Chatelword didn't impede the discrimination of Armenians by Tatarian administration of governor Saltanov. The national clashes ended by the terrible massacres in which the most of Armenians in Shusha town perished. The Parliament in Baku refused even condemn the accomplishers of the massacres in Shusha and the war was started in Karabakh. A. Zubov (in Russian) А.Зубов Политическое будущее Кавказа: опыт ретроспективно-сравнительного анализа, журнал "Знамя", 2000, #4, http://magazines.russ.ru/znamia/2000/4/zubov.html</ref><ref name="eliamep">{{cite web | quote = massacre of the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh's capital, Shushi (called Shusha by the Azerbaijanis)" | author = Kalli Raptis | title = Nagorno-Karabakh and the Eurasian Transport Corridor | url = http://www.eliamep.gr/eliamep/files/op9803.PDF | work = [[Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy]] }}</ref><ref>World Directory of Minorities - Page 145 by Minority Rights Group, Miranda Bruce-Mitford</ref><ref name="guaita">{{cite book | title = 1700 Years of Faithfulness: History of Armenia and its Churches | publisher = FAM | location = Moscow | year = 2001 | isbn = 5898310134 | chapter = Armenia between the Bolshevik hammer and Kemalist anvil | quote = A month ago after the massacres of Shushi, in April 19, 1920, prime-ministers of England, France and Italy with participation of the representatives of Japan and USA collected in San-Remo..."<br/>"In March, 1920 a terrible pogrom took place in Shushi, organized by Azerbaijanis with the support of Turkish forces. Azerbaijani and Soviet authorities during the decades will deny and try to hush up the mass killings of about 30000 Armenians | author = [[Giovanni Guaita]] | chapterurl = http://www.grazhdanin.com/grazhdanin.phtml?var=Vipuski/2004/4/statya17&number=%B94 }}</ref><ref>Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake - Page 6
The '''Shusha pogrom of 1920'''<ref>"British administrator of Karabakh colonel Chatelword didn't impede the discrimination of Armenians by Tatarian administration of governor Saltanov. The national clashes ended by the terrible massacres in which the most of Armenians in Shusha town perished. The Parliament in Baku refused even condemn the accomplishers of the massacres in Shusha and the war was started in Karabakh. A. Zubov (in Russian) А.Зубов Политическое будущее Кавказа: опыт ретроспективно-сравнительного анализа, журнал "Знамя", 2000, #4, http://magazines.russ.ru/znamia/2000/4/zubov.html</ref><ref name="eliamep">{{cite web | quote = massacre of the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh's capital, Shushi (called Shusha by the Azerbaijanis)" | author = Kalli Raptis | title = Nagorno-Karabakh and the Eurasian Transport Corridor | url = http://www.eliamep.gr/eliamep/files/op9803.PDF | work = [[Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy]] }}</ref><ref>World Directory of Minorities - Page 145 by Minority Rights Group, Miranda Bruce-Mitford</ref><ref name="guaita">{{cite book | title = 1700 Years of Faithfulness: History of Armenia and its Churches | publisher = FAM | location = Moscow | year = 2001 | isbn = 5898310134 | chapter = Armenia between the Bolshevik hammer and Kemalist anvil | quote = A month ago after the massacres of Shushi, in April 19, 1920, prime-ministers of England, France and Italy with participation of the representatives of Japan and USA collected in San-Remo..."<br/>"In March, 1920 a terrible pogrom took place in Shushi, organized by Azerbaijanis with the support of Turkish forces. Azerbaijani and Soviet authorities during the decades will deny and try to hush up the mass killings of about 30000 Armenians | author = [[Giovanni Guaita]] | chapterurl = http://www.grazhdanin.com/grazhdanin.phtml?var=Vipuski/2004/4/statya17&number=%B94 }}</ref><ref>Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake - Page 6
by Pierre Verluise</ref><ref>"exterminé la population arménienne dans l'ancienne capitale Chouchi au début du 20ème siècle." [http://www.gaucherepublicaine.org/2,article,1376,,,,,_La-nation-un-concept-republicain-14eme-partie-les-solutions-republicaines-fondees-sur-les-etats-nations-pour-des-conflits-actuels.htm La nation, un concept républicain (14ème partie) : les solutions républicaines fondées sur les états-nations pour des conflits actuels, par Valentin Boudras-Chapon // ReSPUBLICA journal, Mardi 22 mai 2007]</ref><ref>{{cite web | quote = De 1918 à 1920, les républiques indépendantes d’Arménie et d’Azerbaïdjan se sont disputées le contrôle du Karabagh, pour des raisons symboliques et stratégiques. Des pogroms et des incendies anéantissent le quartier arménien de Chouchi en février 1920.| title = Situation des réfugiés et déplacés d’origine arménienne sur le territoire de l’ex-Union soviétique | work = [[Commission des recours des refugies]] | language=French | url = http://www.commission-refugies.fr/IMG/pdf/Ex-URSS_-_situation_des_refugies_et_deplaces_d_origine_armenienne_sur_le_territoire_de_l_ex-Union_sovietique.pdf }}</ref><ref>[http://www.i-r-p.ru/page/stream-library/index-615.html I. P. Dobaev, V. I. Nemchina: И.П.Добаев, В.И.Немчина. Новый терроризм в мире и на Юге России: сущность, эволюция, опыт противодействия] (Ростов н/Д., 2005)</ref><ref>La construction de l'État en Arménie: un enjeu caucasien - Page 69 by Gérard J. Libaridian</ref> were [[pogroms]] during the [[Armenian-Azerbaijani War]] in [[1920]], when Azerbaijani soldiers suppressed an Armenian revolt<ref>Tim Potier. Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal</ref><ref>Benjamin Lieberman. Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe. ISBN-10: 1566636469</ref>{{dubious}} in the town of [[Shusha]] (named ''Shushi'' by Armenians) in the region of [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]. These events took place from [[March 22]] [[1920]] to [[March 26]] [[1920]], and resulted according to various estimates in 500<ref>Thomas de Waal. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War. ISBN 0814719449</ref>{{dubious}} to 20,000 [[Armenian people|Armenian]]<ref name="nesl">{{cite web | title = The Nagorno-Karabagh Crisis:A Blueprint for Resolution | work = [[Public International Law & Policy Group]] and the [[New England School of Law|New England]] [http://www.nesl.edu/center/RESEARCH.cfm Center for International Law & Policy] |date=June, 2000 | page = p. 3 | url = http://www.nesl.edu/center/pubs/nagorno.pdf | quote = In August 1919, the Karabagh National Council entered into a provisional treaty agreement with the Azerbaijani government. Despite signing the Agreement, the Azerbaijani government continuously violated the terms of the treaty. This culminated in March 1920 with the Azerbaijanis' massacre of Armenians in Karabagh's former capital, Shushi, in which it is estimated that more than 20,000 Armenians were killed.}}</ref><ref name="guaita"/><ref>Why IDPs Matter in the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict by Seepan V. Parseghian, p.5</ref><ref>Historic Maps of Armenia: The Cartographic Heritage - Page 7 by Rouben Galichian</ref><ref>Russian analysts Igor Babanov and Konstantin Voevodsky write that "On March, 1920, during the occupation of Shusha town, 30 thousand Armenians were massacred". / Игорь Бабанов, Константин Воеводский, Карабахский кризис, Санкт-Петербург, 1992</ref>{{dubious}} and 15,000 Azerbaijani deaths,<ref>[http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Nagorno-Karabakh [[Hutchinson Encyclopedia]]. Nagorno-Karabakh]</ref> and destruction of many buildings in Shusha. The Parliament in Baku refused even condemn the accomplishers of the massacres in Shusha and the war was started in Karabakh<ref>A. Zubov (in Russian) А.Зубов Политическое будущее Кавказа: опыт ретроспективно-сравнительного анализа, журнал "Знамя", 2000, #4, http://magazines.russ.ru/znamia/2000/4/zubov.html</ref>. As historian [[Giovanni Guaita]] wrote, the Azerbaijani and Soviet authorities "during the decades will deny and try to hush up the mass killings of about 30000 Armenians"<ref name="guaita">{{cite book | title = 1700 Years of Faithfulness: History of Armenia and its Churches | publisher = FAM | location = Moscow | year = 2001 | isbn = 5898310134 | chapter = Armenia between the Bolshevik hammer and Kemalist anvil | author = [[Giovanni Guaita]] | chapterurl = http://www.grazhdanin.com/grazhdanin.phtml?var=Vipuski/2004/4/statya17&number=%B94 }}</ref>
by Pierre Verluise</ref><ref>"exterminé la population arménienne dans l'ancienne capitale Chouchi au début du 20ème siècle." [http://www.gaucherepublicaine.org/2,article,1376,,,,,_La-nation-un-concept-republicain-14eme-partie-les-solutions-republicaines-fondees-sur-les-etats-nations-pour-des-conflits-actuels.htm La nation, un concept républicain (14ème partie) : les solutions républicaines fondées sur les états-nations pour des conflits actuels, par Valentin Boudras-Chapon // ReSPUBLICA journal, Mardi 22 mai 2007]</ref><ref>{{cite web | quote = De 1918 à 1920, les républiques indépendantes d’Arménie et d’Azerbaïdjan se sont disputées le contrôle du Karabagh, pour des raisons symboliques et stratégiques. Des pogroms et des incendies anéantissent le quartier arménien de Chouchi en février 1920.| title = Situation des réfugiés et déplacés d’origine arménienne sur le territoire de l’ex-Union soviétique | work = [[Commission des recours des refugies]] | language=French | url = http://www.commission-refugies.fr/IMG/pdf/Ex-URSS_-_situation_des_refugies_et_deplaces_d_origine_armenienne_sur_le_territoire_de_l_ex-Union_sovietique.pdf }}</ref><ref>[http://www.i-r-p.ru/page/stream-library/index-615.html I. P. Dobaev, V. I. Nemchina: И.П.Добаев, В.И.Немчина. Новый терроризм в мире и на Юге России: сущность, эволюция, опыт противодействия] (Ростов н/Д., 2005)</ref><ref>La construction de l'État en Arménie: un enjeu caucasien - Page 69 by Gérard J. Libaridian</ref> were [[pogroms]] during the [[Armenian-Azerbaijani War]] in [[1920]], when Azerbaijani soldiers suppressed an Armenian revolt<ref>Tim Potier. Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal</ref><ref>Benjamin Lieberman. Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe. ISBN-10: 1566636469</ref>{{dubious}} in the town of [[Shusha]] (named ''Shushi'' by Armenians) in the region of [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]. These events took place from [[March 22]] [[1920]] to [[March 26]] [[1920]], and resulted according to various estimates in 500<ref>Thomas de Waal. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War. ISBN 0814719449</ref>{{dubious}} to 20,000 [[Armenian people|Armenians]] were killed<ref name="nesl">{{cite web | title = The Nagorno-Karabagh Crisis:A Blueprint for Resolution | work = [[Public International Law & Policy Group]] and the [[New England School of Law|New England]] [http://www.nesl.edu/center/RESEARCH.cfm Center for International Law & Policy] |date=June, 2000 | page = p. 3 | url = http://www.nesl.edu/center/pubs/nagorno.pdf | quote = In August 1919, the Karabagh National Council entered into a provisional treaty agreement with the Azerbaijani government. Despite signing the Agreement, the Azerbaijani government continuously violated the terms of the treaty. This culminated in March 1920 with the Azerbaijanis' massacre of Armenians in Karabagh's former capital, Shushi, in which it is estimated that more than 20,000 Armenians were killed.}}</ref><ref name="guaita"/><ref>Why IDPs Matter in the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict by Seepan V. Parseghian, p.5</ref><ref>Historic Maps of Armenia: The Cartographic Heritage - Page 7 by Rouben Galichian</ref><ref>Russian analysts Igor Babanov and Konstantin Voevodsky write that "On March, 1920, during the occupation of Shusha town, 30 thousand Armenians were massacred". / Игорь Бабанов, Константин Воеводский, Карабахский кризис, Санкт-Петербург, 1992</ref>{{dubious}}
along with the destruction of much of Shusha. The Parliament in Baku refused to condemn the accomplishers of the massacres in Shusha and the war was started in Karabakh<ref>A. Zubov (in Russian) А.Зубов Политическое будущее Кавказа: опыт ретроспективно-сравнительного анализа, журнал "Знамя", 2000, #4, http://magazines.russ.ru/znamia/2000/4/zubov.html</ref>. As historian [[Giovanni Guaita]] wrote, the Azerbaijani and Soviet authorities "during the decades will deny and try to hush up the mass killings of about 30000 Armenians"<ref name="guaita">{{cite book | title = 1700 Years of Faithfulness: History of Armenia and its Churches | publisher = FAM | location = Moscow | year = 2001 | isbn = 5898310134 | chapter = Armenia between the Bolshevik hammer and Kemalist anvil | author = [[Giovanni Guaita]] | chapterurl = http://www.grazhdanin.com/grazhdanin.phtml?var=Vipuski/2004/4/statya17&number=%B94 }}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==

Revision as of 17:11, 18 January 2008

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Shusha after the 1920 pogroms

The Shusha pogrom of 1920[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] were pogroms during the Armenian-Azerbaijani War in 1920, when Azerbaijani soldiers suppressed an Armenian revolt[10][11][dubious – discuss] in the town of Shusha (named Shushi by Armenians) in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. These events took place from March 22 1920 to March 26 1920, and resulted according to various estimates in 500[12][dubious – discuss] to 20,000 Armenians were killed[13][4][14][15][16][dubious – discuss] 

along with the destruction of much of Shusha. The Parliament in Baku refused to condemn the accomplishers of the massacres in Shusha and the war was started in Karabakh[17]. As historian Giovanni Guaita wrote, the Azerbaijani and Soviet authorities "during the decades will deny and try to hush up the mass killings of about 30000 Armenians"[4]

Background

On June 4 and June 5 1919, an armed clash between Armenians and Azeris took place in Shusha, organized and initiated by Governor-General Khosrov bek Sultanov[18][19]. The town was isolated and blockaded, and the Armenian population found itself in acute need of food.[20] The barracks in Khankendi (now named Stepanakert by the local population) were filled with soldiers of the Azerbaijani army, and only a single unit of the British Army was located in the town, which was populated by Muslim Indians. In August 1919, 700 Christian inhabitants of Shusha were killed by Tartars.[21] The Armenian part of Shusha was under siege from the armed Turks. The Armenian forces were not only limited in numbers, but had no weapon cartridges.

Attempts to subjugate Karabakh to Azerbaijan continued to fail[22]; the Armenian National Council of Karabakh remained uncooperative.[23] The shootings on June 4 and 5 ended with casualties on both sides. The British mission in Shusha presented Sultanov's conditions for cease fire to the Armenian side: removal of the Armenian National Council members from the town. On June 5, three members of the Council left Shusha. This was partially due to the involvement of the British soldiers.[24] However, a new wave of violence swept through the neighboring villages of Ghaibalishen, Pahlul and Krkzhan, which were pillaged on June 5 through June 7.[citation needed] About 700 people, mostly uninvolved civilians, were killed in Ghaibalishen.[25]

When the Karabakh capital, Shusha, fell to Azerbaijani forces in March 1920, its entire Armenian population was killed or expelled.[26][27][28]

Pogroms

From the beginning of 1920, Governor Sultanov, breaking the terms of the temporary agreement of August 22 1919, tightened the blockade around Karabakh, through both accumulation of armed forces in the strategically important locations and by arming the Azeri population, attempting to prepare the latter for guerrilla fights.[29][30][13]

In the winter and spring of 1920, Sultanov was well aware of the degree of the Armenian population's armament in Karabakh, which in fact was much more lower than that of the Azeris. One of his dispatches reads: "I think this is the most suitable moment for the final resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh issue, since they have few cartridges available." Armenians were also aware of Sultanov's preparations and tried to resist them.[citation needed]

In the early morning of March 23 1920, when the Azeri population of Shusha was celebrating Nowruz, an Armenian detachment entered Shusha and attacked the barracks of Azerbaijani army in accordance with an uprising program developed by the Armenian military leaders.

Armenian forces simultaneously attacked Azerbaijani garrisons in Shusha, Khankendi and Askeran, and fighting soon spread to the neighboring districts of Tartar, Ganja and Nakhichevan.[31][dubious – discuss] However, Armenian forces temporarily succeeded only in Askeran[citation needed], while their attacks in Shusha and Khankendi were repulsed and Azerbaijani forces launched a counterattack.[dubious – discuss]

Another version of events regarding the beginning of the pogrom says a Turkish officer tried to disarm a young Armenian and insulted the honor of the Armenian's wife in the man's presence. The young man killed the officer, and his whole family was then killed by the Turkish soldiers accompanying the officer. While the shooting was going on, the Turks called for help from fellow Turks and compatriots.[citation needed]

Some Azeris residing in Shusha, the Azeri soldiers stationed in the town, and other guerrilla warriors sympathetic with the Azeri cause began to destroy the Armenian part of the town; the fires, killings, and looting initiated by the Azeri military and their sympathizers lasted for three days.[citation needed]

The number of casualties was not counted by anyone at the time, nor was the number of Armenian survivors of the siege. According to the 1914 population data, more than 22,000 Armenians lived in Shusha, whereas in 1921, they numbered about 300.[citation needed]

According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (Third Edition, 1970), these events contributed to the death of 2096 of the city's population. Subsequently, only a few Armenian families remained.[32]

Nadezhda Mandelstam wrote about Shusha in the 1920s: "...in this town, which formerly of course was healthy and with every amenity, the picture of catastrophe and massacres was terribly visual... They say after the massacres all the wells were full of dead bodies. ...We didn't see anyone in the streets on the mountain. Only at downtown- in the market-square there were a lot of people, but there wasn't any Armenian among them, all were Muslims".[33]

The documented records from the Armenian archives provide evidence that the pogrom of the Armenians in Shusha was thoroughly prepared by the Azerbaijani authorities, under the command of experienced Turkish emissary Khalil Pasha[34][35].[dubious – discuss] Without the purported preparations of the authorities, it is doubtful that a seemingly peaceful population would initiate an attack without some kind of coordination.[36][37].[dubious – discuss]

Destroyed Armenian part of Shusha in 1930s

On January 21 1936, in the Moscow Kremlin, during the reception of the delegation from the Azerbaijan SSR, Sergo Ordzhonikidze remembers his visit to destroyed Shusha: "Even today I remember what I saw in Shusha in 1920, with horror. The most beautiful Armenian town was completely destroyed, and in the wells we saw dead bodies of women and children."[38]

The former Minister of Internal Affairs of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, Behbut khan Javanshir, was assassinated during Operation Nemesis of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, as ARF believed that he was involved in these events.[39]

Remembering

The prominent Russian poet Osip Mandelstam who was in Shusha in 1931 wrote a poem ("The Phaeton Driver") dedicated to the Shusha pogroms:

So in Nagorno-Karabakh
These were my fears
Forty thousand dead windows
Are visible there from all directions,
The cocoon of soulless work
Buried at the mountains.[40][41]

One of the Komsomol leaders of the Azerbaijan SSR, Olga Shatunovskaya, later wrote in her memoirs: "Azerbaijan didn't want to lose the power as Nagorno-Karabakh is a great region. It's autonomous but only nominally, during these years they ousted many Armenians, closed schools and colleges. Earlier, the main city was Shusha. When in the 1920s there was a massacre, they burnt all the central part of the town, and then they didn't even restore it." [42]

Two prominent Armenian-Russian Communist activists, Anastas Mikoyan and Marietta Shaginyan, wrote about the pogroms in their memoirs.[43] Mikoyan, who was in the region, later remarked: "According to the reconnaissance information, at Azerbaijani Mousavatist government's disposal was army of 30-thousands, of whom 20 thousands deployed near the border of Armenia... The army of Azerbaijan shortly before that massacred the Armenians in Shusha, Karabakh."[44]

Russian-Georgian writer Anaida Bestavashvili in her "The people and the monuments" publication compares the pogroms and the burning of Shusha to the tragedy of Pompeii[45].

On July 1 1997, in her speech in the British House of Lords Baroness Caroline Cox remarked, "Armenians have repeatedly suffered atrocities at the hands of Turks and Azeris, including the murder of 1.5 million Armenians by Turkey in the genocide of 1915; the massacre of 20,000 Armenians in the ancient Armenian city of Shushi in 1920; and massacres in Sumgait and Baku in 1988 and 1990."[46]

Another member of House of Lords, Lord Hylton, who traveled to Karabakh and Armenia under auspices of Christian Solidarity Worldwide together with its President Caroline Cox wrote in his report for the Committee on Foreign Affairs, that the activities of a joint Turkish-Azeri army in 1919-20 removed areas on the east side of Nagorno-Karabakh, and changed the ethnic majority in Shusha from Armenian to Azeri "forcing many of the former to move from Shushi to Stepanakert, and murdering Bisop Vartan and numerous others"[47].

Research analyst Kalli Raptis wrote in her book Nagorno-Karabakh and the Eurasian Transport Corridor, "In July 1918, the First Armenian Assembly of Nagorno Karabakh declared the region self-governing and created a national Council and government. In August 1919, the Karabakh national Council entered into a provisional treaty arrangement with the Azerbaijani government in order to avoid military conflict with a superior adversary". Azerbaijan's violation of the treaty culminated in March 1920 with the massacre of the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh's capital, Shushi (called Shusha by the Azerbaijanis)".[2]

Modern Russian politologist Timur Polyannikov in his Vityaz na rasputie publication marks the pogroms in Shushi among other events in Armenian history, "organized by Azerbaijani Pan-Turkists of "Musavat" party."[48]

The Armenia, Armenia: about the country and the people from the biblical times to our days reference book considers the pogroms of Shusha as a part of genocide of Armenians practiced all over Eastern Armenia: "Shushi, the capital of Karabakh was seized by Azerbaijani nationalists on March 23, 1920, over 20.000 Armenians were killed and 7000 houses, libraries, churches, cemeteries and pantheons were leveled in three days and three nights."[49]

Modern journalist Thomas de Waal wrote in his book Black Garden about these events: "Terrible pogroms took place in Shusha in 1920 shortly after the Russians left the city because of the economic collapse and civil war. This time Azerbaijani forces crushed the higher, Armenian quarter of the city, burned whole streets and killed hundreds of Armenians... The ruins of the Armenian quarter stood untouched for more than forty years".[50] In another place he wrote that the number of massacred people was 500[51].

According to the author Thomas de Waal:

In Karabakh, the Armenian community was split between the age-old dilemma of co- operation or confrontation. There were those – primarily Dashnaks and villagers-who wanted unification with Armenia, and those – mainly Bolsheviks, merchants, and professionals – who, in the words of the Armenian historian Richard Hovannisian, “admitted that the district was economically with eastern Transcaucasia and sought accommodation with the Azerbaijani government as the only way to spare Mountainous Karabagh from ruin”. The latter group was mainly concentrated in Shusha, but both groups were killed or expelled when an Armenian rebellion was brutally put down in March 1920 with a toll of hundreds of Shusha Armenians. He also wrote that "In March 1920, an Azerbaijani army sacked the town, burning the Armenian quarter and killing some five hundred Armenians."[52]

According to Tim Potier: Following the October Revolution, Karabakh became part of the independent Republic of Azerbaijan, although its control was hotly disputed by Ottoman and British forces, as well as, of course, Armenians and Azerbaijanis. Eventually, however, the British re-affirmed Azerbaijani jurisdiction over Karabakh by appointing a Muslim governor at Shusha. Shusha had, by this time, come to be regarded by the Armenian people as an Armenian cultural centre and it was not until 28 February 1920 that the Armenian elders of Shusha reluctantly agreed to recognise Azerbaijan's authority. The situation was to alter following the events of 4 April, when a mass exodus of Armenians from Shusha to nearby Khankende (Stepanakert, today the capital of Nagorno-Karabakh), following an Armenian uprising put down by Azeri forces, transformed, almost overnight, Shusha into an Azeri city.[53]

On March 20 2000, a memorial stone was laid in Shusha on the site of the planned monument to the victims of the pogrom. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic government introduced a proposal to the National Assembly to establish March 23 as a day of memorial of the victims of the Shushi pogroms.[54]

Official naming

In addition to the name Shusha massacres, the Shusha pogrom is sometimes referred to by Armenian sources as "genocide".

"The massacre of Armenians in Shushi in 1920 is nothing but a genocide, Chairman of the parliamentary Commission for Foreign Relations of Karabakh, Vahram Atanesyan, said at a press-conference today. He said the massacre was perpetrated by Azerbaijan with the support of the Turkish expeditionary corps. Atanesyan stressed that Karabakh has never been a part of Azerbaijan and was de facto independent at that moment, its status being recognized by Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan" [55].

External links

Publications

References

  1. ^ "British administrator of Karabakh colonel Chatelword didn't impede the discrimination of Armenians by Tatarian administration of governor Saltanov. The national clashes ended by the terrible massacres in which the most of Armenians in Shusha town perished. The Parliament in Baku refused even condemn the accomplishers of the massacres in Shusha and the war was started in Karabakh. A. Zubov (in Russian) А.Зубов Политическое будущее Кавказа: опыт ретроспективно-сравнительного анализа, журнал "Знамя", 2000, #4, http://magazines.russ.ru/znamia/2000/4/zubov.html
  2. ^ a b Kalli Raptis. "Nagorno-Karabakh and the Eurasian Transport Corridor" (PDF). Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy. massacre of the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh's capital, Shushi (called Shusha by the Azerbaijanis)"
  3. ^ World Directory of Minorities - Page 145 by Minority Rights Group, Miranda Bruce-Mitford
  4. ^ a b c Giovanni Guaita (2001). "Armenia between the Bolshevik hammer and Kemalist anvil". 1700 Years of Faithfulness: History of Armenia and its Churches. Moscow: FAM. ISBN 5898310134. A month ago after the massacres of Shushi, in April 19, 1920, prime-ministers of England, France and Italy with participation of the representatives of Japan and USA collected in San-Remo..."
    "In March, 1920 a terrible pogrom took place in Shushi, organized by Azerbaijanis with the support of Turkish forces. Azerbaijani and Soviet authorities during the decades will deny and try to hush up the mass killings of about 30000 Armenians     {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help) Cite error: The named reference "guaita" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake - Page 6 by Pierre Verluise
  6. ^ "exterminé la population arménienne dans l'ancienne capitale Chouchi au début du 20ème siècle." La nation, un concept républicain (14ème partie) : les solutions républicaines fondées sur les états-nations pour des conflits actuels, par Valentin Boudras-Chapon // ReSPUBLICA journal, Mardi 22 mai 2007
  7. ^ "Situation des réfugiés et déplacés d'origine arménienne sur le territoire de l'ex-Union soviétique" (PDF). Commission des recours des refugies (in French). De 1918 à 1920, les républiques indépendantes d'Arménie et d'Azerbaïdjan se sont disputées le contrôle du Karabagh, pour des raisons symboliques et stratégiques. Des pogroms et des incendies anéantissent le quartier arménien de Chouchi en février 1920.
  8. ^ I. P. Dobaev, V. I. Nemchina: И.П.Добаев, В.И.Немчина. Новый терроризм в мире и на Юге России: сущность, эволюция, опыт противодействия (Ростов н/Д., 2005)
  9. ^ La construction de l'État en Arménie: un enjeu caucasien - Page 69 by Gérard J. Libaridian
  10. ^ Tim Potier. Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal
  11. ^ Benjamin Lieberman. Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe. ISBN-10: 1566636469
  12. ^ Thomas de Waal. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War. ISBN 0814719449
  13. ^ a b "The Nagorno-Karabagh Crisis:A Blueprint for Resolution" (PDF). Public International Law & Policy Group and the New England Center for International Law & Policy. June, 2000. p. p. 3. In August 1919, the Karabagh National Council entered into a provisional treaty agreement with the Azerbaijani government. Despite signing the Agreement, the Azerbaijani government continuously violated the terms of the treaty. This culminated in March 1920 with the Azerbaijanis' massacre of Armenians in Karabagh's former capital, Shushi, in which it is estimated that more than 20,000 Armenians were killed. {{cite web}}: |page= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |work= (help)
  14. ^ Why IDPs Matter in the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict by Seepan V. Parseghian, p.5
  15. ^ Historic Maps of Armenia: The Cartographic Heritage - Page 7 by Rouben Galichian
  16. ^ Russian analysts Igor Babanov and Konstantin Voevodsky write that "On March, 1920, during the occupation of Shusha town, 30 thousand Armenians were massacred". / Игорь Бабанов, Константин Воеводский, Карабахский кризис, Санкт-Петербург, 1992
  17. ^ A. Zubov (in Russian) А.Зубов Политическое будущее Кавказа: опыт ретроспективно-сравнительного анализа, журнал "Знамя", 2000, #4, http://magazines.russ.ru/znamia/2000/4/zubov.html
  18. ^ Нагорный Карабах в 1918-1923 гг.: сборник документов и материалов. Ереван, 1992, стр., стр. 240, документ # 155
  19. ^ "Kavkazskoe slovo" newspaper,1.07.1919
  20. ^ Нагорный Карабах в 1918-1923 гг.: сборник документов и материалов. Ереван, 1992, стр. 265-269, документы ## 177, 178
  21. ^ s:The New York Times/Nurses stuck to post
  22. ^ Center for International Law & Policy |date=June, 2000 | page = p. 3 | url = http://www.nesl.edu/center/pubs/nagorno.pdf]
  23. ^ Нагорный Карабах в 1918-1923 гг.: сборник документов и материалов. Ереван, 1992, стр. 162-164, документ # 105
  24. ^ (in Russian) "Slovo" newspaper, 28.08.1919
  25. ^ Нагорный Карабах в 1918?1923 гг.: сборник документов и материалов. Ереван, 1992, стр., стр. 240, документ # 155
  26. ^ Walker, Armenia and Karabakh, p.91
  27. ^ Goldenberg, Pride of Small Nations, p.159
  28. ^ Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War By Stuart J. Kaufman, p.51
  29. ^ Нагорный Карабах в 1918—1923 гг.: сборник документов и материалов. Ереван, 1992, стр. 385, документ # 261
  30. ^ "Communist" newspaper, Baku, 25 June, 1920
  31. ^ Hronos.ru. Armenian - Azerbaijani armed conflicts in 1919 - 1920
  32. ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 17, London, Collier Macmillan, 1973, p. 301. quoted by Tim Potier. Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal. ISBN: 9041114777
  33. ^ (in Russian) Н. Я. Мандельштам. Книга третья. Париж, YMCA-Ргess, 1987, с.162-164.
  34. ^ Vasili Galin, имен, упоминаемых в книгах "Революция по-русски" и "Красное и белое" (in Russian)
  35. ^ (in Russian) Нагорный Карабах в 1918—1923 гг.: сборник документов и материалов. Ереван, 1992, стр. 376, документ № 254
  36. ^ Caroline Cox (1997). "Nagorno Karabakh: forgotten people in a forgotten war". Contemporary Review. For example, also in the 1920s, Azeris brutally massacred and evicted Armenians from the town of Shushi, which had been a famous and historic centre of Armenian culture {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  37. ^ "Fighting broke out in 1920 over whether Shusha would be part of the newly declared republics of Armenia or Azerbaijan. Thousands died and the Armenian population fled the city." Jerusalem of Karabakh" at the heart of Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict, by Michael Mainville, Agence France Presse, 7/25/07
  38. ^ Партиздат ЦК ВКП(б), 1936, с. 60-63
  39. ^ "Помимо лидеров младотурок руководство операции "Немезис" приняло решение о ликвидации некоторых деятелей мусаватистского правительства Азербайджана, виновных, по их мнению, в организации резни армян в Баку в сентябре 1918 г. - бывшего премьер-министра Фатали хана Хойского (июнь 1920 г.), а также бывшего министра Бехбуд хана Дживаншира (июль 1921 г.), организатора резни армян в Шуши (Карабах)." I. P. Dobaev, V. I. Nemchina: И.П.Добаев, В.И.Немчина. Новый терроризм в мире и на Юге России: сущность, эволюция, опыт противодействия (Ростов н/Д., 2005)
  40. ^ Осип Мандельштам, Фаэтонщик, http://www.klassika.ru/stihi/mandelshtam/mandel107.html
  41. ^ Осип Мандельштам. Сочинения. В 2-х т. Т.1, с.517-519.
  42. ^ (in Russian) Шатуновская О. Г . Об ушедшем веке. Рассказывает Ольга Шатуновская / сост.: Д. Кутьина, А. Бройдо, А. Кутьин. – La Jolla (Calif.) : DAA Books, 2001. – 470 с., c. 71
  43. ^ "Here during the 3 days in March 1920, 7000 houses were destroyed and burnt, and the people are marking different numbers of that who were massacred...". (in Russian) Marietta Shaginyan, "Soviet Transcaucasus", Armgiz, 1947, p. 254
  44. ^ (in Russian) Микоян Анастас. Так было (воспоминания), http://biblioteka.org.ua/book.php?id=1121020105&p=19
  45. ^ Anaida Bestavashvili, Lyudi i pamyatniki (in Russian) // Армянский вестник, # 1-2, 2000
  46. ^ Caroline Cox (July 1 1997). "Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan". Lords Hansard. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. ^ Lord Hylton, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Lords, Appendices to the Minutes of Evidence - Sixth Report
  48. ^ "Как известно, первым случаем геноцида в XX веке считается уничтожение 1.5 миллионов армян в течение 1915 – 1923 гг. в Западной Армении и других частях Османской империи, которое было организовано и планомерно осуществлялось турецкими правителями. Сюда же примыкают и массовые «этнические чистки» в Восточной Армении и в Закавказье в целом, совершенные младотурками во время вторжения в Закавказье в 1918 г. и кемалистами во время агрессии против Армении в сентябре–декабре 1920 г., а также погромы, организованные азербайджанскими пантюркистами из партии «Мусават» в Баку (1918 г.) и Шуши (1920 г.). "Витязь на распутье. Россия между империей и государством-нацией, Тимур Полянников http://www.kirichenko-premiya.ru/upload/works/w_394.doc
  49. ^ Armenia, Armenia: about the country and the people from the Biblical times to our days", a reference-book, by V. Krivopuskov, V. Osipov, V. Alyoshkin and others, ed. V.V. Krivopuskov, Third ed., revised and expanded. Moscow, Golos-Press, 2007. 136 p., p. 30-31, ISBN-978-5-7117-0179-8
  50. ^ Шуша. Рассказ о соседях // Главы из русского издания книги "Черный сад", Том де Ваал
  51. ^ Thomas de Waal. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War. ISBN 0814719449
  52. ^ Thomas de Waal. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War. ISBN 0814719449
  53. ^ Tim Potier. Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal. ISBN: 9041114777
  54. ^ Nagornyy Karabakh marks 80th anniversary of 1920 Armenian pogroms, Noyan Tapan, 24 Mar. 2000
  55. ^ Massacre of Armenians in Shushi in 1920 is nothing but a genocide: Chairman of the parliamentary Commission for Foreign Relations of Karabakh, Vahram Atanesyan, at a press-conference, Arminfo, March 23 2002
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