User talk:Kauffner

Back in June, I was a top Wikipedia contributer with a clean record. (I was ranked No. 1455, to be exact.) A few weeks later, I had an indefinite block. I never got a warning template, nor was my case ever considered at ANI, Arbcom, DRM, or anywhere else. In short, it was a total hit job. IP vandals get more due process than I did. If any other editor has ever been blocked for reverting the blanking of an article he wrote, it has escaped my notice.

I don’t see anything controversial about the article in question myself, and I find it unlikely anyone would object to it if someone other than me had written it. But here it is, so judge for yourself:

Han-Nom: A suspended Wikipedia article

This is the Han-Nom character for phở, a popular soup made from rice noodles. It is scheduled for inclusion in an upcoming extension of Unicode. The radical 米 on the left suggests that the meaning of the character is linked to rice. The remainder 頗 is a phonetic, a Chinese character used to indicate pronunciation.

Hán-Nôm, or Sino-Vietnamese characters, are characters that were commonly used in Vietnam from the second century BC until the early 20th century. The script could be used to write either Classical Chinese ([Hán văn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), or a form of Vietnamese called Nom ([chữ Nôm] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)). It includes both Chinese characters and characters based on the principles of Chinese writing, but particular to Vietnam.

Han was used by the court and for other official purposes, following the practice of the Chinese government at that time. The Temple of Literature in Hanoi was the best-known school for the study of Chinese. Students typically studied to pass the civil service examinations so that they might become magistrates.

In Nom, Chinese characters are used to write Vietnamese. A Vietnamese word can be written using a Chinese character for a word with a similar meaning or pronunciation. It is thus an ideographic script, although each character represents only one syllable. Vietnamese is a tonal language, and it has far more distinct syllables than other East Asian languages do. Japanese and Korean, both non-tonal languages, developed phonetic scripts to supplement Chinese-based script long before Vietnam did.

In the 1920s, Han-Nom was replaced by Vietnamese alphabet, a Latin-based script that indicates tone. Unlike South Korea and Japan, modern Vietnam does not require students to study the traditional characters. Fewer than 100 scholars worldwide can read Nom. However, Han-Nom calligraphy remains popular as a home decoration and as a symbol of good luck. The Han-Nom Research Institute in Hanoi, founded in 1970, collects and studies relevant manuscripts. It has also created a standard for computer encoding.

Kauffner
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese	Hán Nôm
Hán-Nôm	漢喃

History

Chinese characters were introduced to Vietnam after the Han Empire conquered the country in 111 BC. Independence was achieved in 939, but the Chinese writing system was adopted for official purposes in 1010. A bell engraved in 1076 is the earliest known example of a Nom inscription. Nguyen Thuyen, who composed poetry in the 13th century, is sometimes given credit as the creator of Nom. However, none of his work has survived. The oldest surviving Nom text is the collected poetry of Emperor Tran Nhan Tong written in the 13th century. The Ming occupation of Vietnam (1407-1428) was highly destructive, and few Nom inscriptions survive from earlier times. Nguyen Trai (1380–1442) wrote both Han and Nom literature in the 15th century. Trinh Thi Ngoc Truc, consort of King Le Than Tong, is given credit for a 24,000 character bilingual Han-to-Nom dictionary written in the 17th century.

A page from the bilingual dictionary Nhật dụng thường đàm (1851). Characters representing words in Hán (Chinese) are explained in Nôm (Vietnamese).

Unlike Han, Nom was not studied or classified systematically for most of its history. Instead, authors who had studied Chinese applied the principles of Chinese writing to their native language. Although official records were generally kept in Han, Nom was used under two short-lived dynasties, the Ho dynasty (1400-1407) and the Tay Son (1778–1802). In 1838, Jean-Louis Taberd wrote a Nom dictionary that eventually gained wide acceptance and circulation. In 1867, Catholic scholar Nguyen Truong To petitioned King Tu Duc to replace Han with Nom. The king did not consent to this, but he did respond with various efforts to promote Nom. A decree was issued which praised the script as Quốc Âm (the national voice), as opposed to chữ Nôm (chattering).

In the 19th century, there was a flowering of popular literature written in Nom, including such classics as Nguyen Du's The Tale of Kieu and the poetry of Ho Xuan Huong. Although only 3 to 5 percent of the population was literate, nearly every village had someone who could read Nom aloud for the benefit of other villagers.

In Korea and Japan, the traditional writing system was simplified so it could be taught to the general public. These nations created only a few hundred original characters. Vietnam's educated class looked down on Nom as inferior to Han, so it was not interested in doing the work required to turn Nom into a form of writing suitable for mass communication. Like Chinese, Vietnamese is a tonal language and has nearly 5,000 distinct syllables. Neither the Korean nor the Japanese writing systems indicate tones, so they cannot be applied to the Vietnamese language. As in Chinese, a semantic meaning is attributed to every syllable. This characteristic of the language may be can considered a result of the traditional writing system.

As additional characters were created by combining pre-existing elements, Nom grew more complex. One element might suggest Vietnamese pronunciation, while the other could be derived from a Chinese character with similar meaning. For example, the reading ba is indicated by the character 巴. In Chinese, this character indicates the same sound as in Vietnamese, but it's meaning is unrelated: "to long for". For the character 𠀧 (⿺巴三), horizontal lines are added to indicate that the meaning is "three." "Father" is also ba, but written as 爸 (⿰父巴). "Turtle" is con ba ba (昆蚆蚆; ⿰虫巴). The Chinese also combined phonetic and semantic elements to create Han characters in ancient times. As the correspondence between sound and meaning is different in Vietnamese than it is in ancient Chinese, Nom involved the creation of thousands of additional characters. A set of nearly 20,000 characters has been proposed for a computer encoding standard, over 6,000 of these specific to Vietnam.

The blue script is modern Vietnamese ([quốc ngữ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), while the characters in brown and green are Han-Nom. It says, "My mother eats vegetarian food at the temple every Sunday."

Beginning in the late 19th century, the French colonial authorities promoted the use of the Vietnamese alphabet, which they viewed as a stepping stone toward learning French. Language reform movements in other Asian nations stimulated Vietnamese interest in the subject. Following the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, Japan was increasingly cited as a model for modernization. The Confucian education system was compared unfavorably to the Japanese system of public education. According to a polemic by writer Phan Boi Chau, "so-called Confucian scholars" lacked knowledge of the modern world, as well as real understanding of Han literature. Their degrees showed only that they had learned how to write characters, he claimed.

The popularity of Hanoi's short-lived Tonkin Free School suggested that broad reform was possible. In 1910, the colonial school system adopted a "Franco-Vietnamese curriculum", which emphasized French and alphabetic Vietnamese. The teaching of Chinese characters was discontinued in 1917. On December 28, 1918, Emperor Khai Dinh declared that the traditional writing system no longer had official status. The civil service exam was given for the last time at the imperial capital of Hue on January 4, 1919. The examination system, and the education system based on it, had been in effect for almost 900 years. China itself abandoned Han soon afterward as part of the May Fourth Movement.

In more recent times, Han-Nom has been a focus of calligraphy. In 2012, manuscripts in Han were translated to support Vietnam's claim to the Paracel Islands.

Most common characters

The following are the fifty most common characters in Nom literature. The modern spelling is given in italics.

• 羅 là to be
• 吧 và and
• 各 các each; every
• 没 một one
• 固 có there is
• 𧵑 của of
• 得 được to get
• 𥪝 trong in
• 𤄯 trong clear
• 𠊛 (or 𠊚) người people
• 忍 những (plural marker)
• 學 học to learn
• 如 như as
• 詞 từ word
• 會 hội to meet
• 咍 hay or; good
• 空 không not
• 体 thể body
• 四 tư four
• 拱 cũng also
• 𠇍 với with
• 朱 cho to give
• 社 xã society, company
• 尼 này, nơi place
• 底 để to place
• 關 quan frontier, barrier, gate
• 觀 quan to see
• 場 trường school
• 本 bản composition
• 𧗱 về to return; about
• 經 kinh classic works
• 行 hàng, hãng, hành, hạnh company, firm
• 航 hàng sail; navigate
• 産 sản to give birth
• 𠚢 ra to get out
• 世 thế world; era
• 替 thế to replace
• 勢 thế position, power; like that, so
• 常 thường frequent; common, normal, usual
• 事 sự matter; event
• 妬 đó there; that
• 濟 tế to run
• 濟 tế border
• 頭 đầu head; top (of a multitude)
• 投 đầu to throw, to send
• 𦓡 mà but
• 恪 khác another; further
• 一 nhất first
• 旦 đến, đán day, morning
• 家 gia home; family.

Han texts

A page from The Tale of Kieu by Nguyen Du. This novel was first published in 1820, and it is the best-known work in Nom. The edition shown was printed in the late 19th century.

• Nguyễn Trãi, Gia huấn ca ("The Family Training Ode"), a Confucian morality poem written in the 1420s.
• Đặng Trần Côn, Lament of A Soldier's Wife
• Ngô Sĩ Liên, Complete Annals of Dai Viet
• Trần Thế Pháp, Wondrous Tales of Linh Nam
• Lê Quý Đôn, Vân đài loại ngữ (an encyclopedia)
• Lê Quý Đôn, Frontier Chronicles

Nom texts

• Đại Việt sử ký tiệp lục tổng tự. This history of Vietnam was written during the Tay Son dynasty. The original is Han, and there is also a Nom translation.
• Nguyễn Du, The Tale of Kieu (1820)
• Nguyễn Trãi, Quốc âm thi tập ("National Language Poetry Compilation")
• Phạm Đình Hồ, Nhật Dụng Thường Đàm (1851). A Hae n-to-Nom dictionary for Vietnamese speakers.
• Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Lục Văn Tiên (19th century)
• Đặng Trần Côn, Chinh Phụ Nghâm Khúc (18th century)
• Hồ Xuân Hương (18th century) female poet

Computer encoding

In 1993, the Vietnamese government released an 8-bit coding standard for alphabetic Vietnamese (TCVN 5712:1993, or VSCII), as well as a 16-bit standard for Nom (TCVN 5773:1993). This group of glyphs is referred to as "V0." In 1994, the Ideographic Rapporteur Group agreed to include Nom characters as part of Unicode. A revised standard, TCVN 6909:2001, defines 9,299 glyphs. About half of these glyphs are specific to Vietnam. Nom characters not already encoded were added to Unicode Extension B. (These characters have five-digit hexadecimal codepoints. The characters that were encoded earlier have four-digit hex.)

Code	Characters	Unicode block	Standard	Date	V Source	Sources
V0	2,246	Basic Block (593), A (138), B (1,515)	TCVN 5773:1993	2001	V0-3021 to V0-4927	5
V1	3,311	Basic Block (3,110), C (1)	TCVN 6056:1995	1999	V1-4A21 to V1-6D35	2, 5
V2	3,205	Basic Block (763), A (151), B (2,291)	VHN 01:1998	2001	V2-6E21 to V2-9171	2, 5
V3	535	Basic Block (91), A (19), B (425)	VHN 02:1998	2001	V3-3021 to V3-3644	Manuscripts
V4	785 (encoded)	Extension C	Defined as sources 1, 3, and 6	2009	V4-4021 to V4-4B2F	1, 3, 6
V04	1,028	Extension E	Unencoded V4 and V6 characters	Projected	V04-4022 to V04-583E	V4: 1, 3, 6; V6: 4, manuscripts
V5	~900	Proposed in 2001, but already coded		2001	None	2, 5
Sources: Nguyễn Quang Hồng, "Unibook Character Browser," Unicode,Inc., "Code Charts - CJK Ext. E" (N4358-A).

Characters were extracted from the following sources:

1. Hoàng Triều Ân, Tự điển chữ Nôm Tày [Nom of the Tay People], 2003.
2. Institute of Linguistics, Bảng tra chữ Nôm [Nom Index], Hanoi, 1976.
3. Nguyễn Quang Hồng, editor, Tự điển chữ Nôm [Nom Dictionary], 2006.
4. Father Trần Văn Kiệm, Giúp đọc Nôm và Hán Việt [Help with Nom and Sino-Vietnamese], 2004.
5. Vũ Văn Kính & Nguyễn Quang Xỷ, Tự điển chữ Nôm [Nom Dictionary], Saigon, 1971.
6. Vũ Văn Kính, Bảng tra chữ Nôm miền Nam [Table of Nom in the South], 1994.
7. Vũ Văn Kính, Bảng tra chữ Nôm sau thế kỷ XVII [Table of Nom in the 17th Century], 1994.
8. Vũ Văn Kính, Đại tự điển chữ Nôm [Great Nom Dictionary], 1999.
9. Nguyễn Văn Huyên, Góp phần nghiên cứu văn hoá Việt Nam [Contributions to the Study of Vietnamese Culture], 1995.

The V2, V3, and V4 proposals were developed by a group at the Han-Nom Research Institute led by Nguyễn Quang Hồng. V4, developed in 2001, includes over 400 ideograms formerly used by the Tay people of northern Vietnam. This allows the Tay language to get its own registration code. V5 is a set of about 900 characters proposed in 2001. As these characters were already part of Unicode, the IRG concluded that they could not be edited and no Vietnamese code was added. (This is despite the fact that national codes were added retroactively for version 3.0 in 1999.) The Nom Na Group, led by Ngô Thanh Nhàn, published a set of nearly 20,000 Nom characters in 2005. This set includes both the characters proposed earlier and a large group of additional characters referred to as "V6". These are mainly Han characters from Trần Văn Kiệm's dictionary which were already assigned codepoints. Character readings were determined manually by Hồng's group, while Nhàn's group developed software for this purpose. The work of the two groups was integrated and published in 2008 as the Hán Nôm Coded Character Repertoire.

Character	Composition	Nom reading	Han Viet	English	Codepoint	V Source	Other sources
吧	⿰口巴	ba	ba	[emphatic final particle]	U+5427	V0-3122	G0,J,KP,K,T
傷	⿰忄昜	thương	thương	to love	U+50B7	V1-4C22	G1,J,KP,K,T
𠊛	⿰㝵人	người	ngại (碍)	people	U+2029B	V2-6E4F	None
㤝	⿰忄充	suông	song	to become interested in	U+391D	V3-313D	G3,KP,K,T
𫋙	⿰虫強	càng	cường (強)	more, less	U+2B2D9	V4-536F	None
	⿰朝乙	giàu	trào (朝)	wealth	Not assigned	V04-405E	None
Key: G0 = China (GB 2312); G1 = China (GB 12345); G3 = China (GB 7589); GHZ = Hanyu Da Zidian; J = Japan; KP= North Korea; K = South Korea; T = Taiwan. Sources: Unihan Database, Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation, "Code Charts - CJK Ext. E" (N4358-A). The Han-Viet readings are from Hán Việt Từ Điển.

The characters that do not exist in Chinese have Han-Viet readings that are based on the characters given in parenthesis. The common character for càng (強) contains the radical 虫 (insects). This radical is added redundantly to create 𫋙, a rare variation shown in the chart above. The character (giàu) is specific to the Tay people. It is not yet part of the Unicode character set. It is a variation of 朝, the corresponding character in Vietnamese.

External links

• Chunom.org "This site is about Chu Nom, the old writing system of Vietnam."
• Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation. Features a character dictionary.
• Han-Nom Collection, digitized manuscripts held by the National Library of Vietnam.
• Template:Vi Han-Nom Research Institute
• Template:Vi Cách Gõ Chữ Hán Nôm - WinVNKey Software to allow the entry of Han-Nom characters by reading.
• Template:Zh icon 倉頡之友《倉頡平台2012》 Cangjie input method for Windows that allows keyboard entry of all Unicode CJK characters by character shape. Supports over 70,000 characters. Users may add their own characters and character combinations.

Fonts

Some characters in this article may require the installation of an additional font to display properly:

• Hanamin B  –This Japanese font supports nearly 90,000 characters, including those in Unicode CJK Extension C.
• NomNaTongLight – This font, created by the Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation, is based on characters found in traditional Vietnamese wood-block prints.
• Han Nom Font Set – This open source font supports over 70,000 Unicode CJK codepoints.
• Fonts for Chu Nom. How to display and use Han-Nom characters.

Blocks

You have been blocked temporarily from editing for disruptive and tendentious editing and continued edit-warring. Per our discussion above you returned to the same article and performed the same edit that resulted in your previous block despite knowing it was against the current consensus to do so. You continue to label those that disagree with you as vandals and accuse other editors of harassment, which is a form or personal attack. I provided plenty of opportunity for you to simply revert your restoration of the article and seek consensus, however you have chosen not to do so and therefore you have been blocked for 2 weeks. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to make useful contributions. If you think there are good reasons why you should be unblocked, you may appeal this block by adding the following text below this notice: {{unblock|reason=Your reason here ~~~~}}. However, you should read the guide to appealing blocks first.  Jezebel'sPonyo^{bons mots} 23:34, 11 July 2013 (UTC)

This user's unblock request has been reviewed by an administrator, who declined the request. Other administrators may also review this block, but should not override the decision without good reason (see the blocking policy).

Kauffner (block log • active blocks • global blocks • contribs • deleted contribs • filter log • creation log • change block settings • unblock • checkuser (log))

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Request reason:

This is a two-week block for a single edit that reverted a page blanking.[1] "Reverting obvious vandalism—edits...such as page blanking", is explicitly given as an exception to the 3RR principle in WP:3RRNO. Even if I reverted these blankings four times a day, which I never have, I would still be following the guideline. If this article was really "against consensus", it would have been deleted at AFD a long time ago. Kauffner (talk) 05:00, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

Decline reason:

Restoring a redirect is not blanking, and is therefore not vandalism, and is therefore not exempt. The block is valid in face, and there's no valid reason for unblock provided in the unblock request (✉→BWilkins←✎) 15:20, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

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If you want to make any further unblock requests, please read the guide to appealing blocks first, then use the {{unblock}} template again. If you make too many unconvincing or disruptive unblock requests, you may be prevented from editing this page until your block has expired. Do not remove this unblock review while you are blocked.