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Ƴan daudu

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Ƴan daudu (or ʼyan daudu) is a term used in pre-Islamic times to refer to men exhibiting feminine traits in the Hausa language.[1] These men in contemporary Hausa society are seen as men who are sexually attracted to or intimate with other men.[2] In Hausa Fulani mythology, ƴan daudu possess feminine attributes associated with transvestite or third-gender roles, and they were known to be engaging in Hausa Animism practices such as Bori religious practice of the Maguzanci found in present-day Kano state, Nigeria.[3] This was, however, long before the introduction of Islam in northern Nigeria and in Southern Niger.[4][5] Ƴan daudu are seen as effeminate male sex workers and pimps who sometimes have intimate relationships with other men but do not necessarily identify as homosexuals. They marry women, have children and establish families. The name ƴan duadu is traceable to Dan Galadima: a loose, gambling, and colourfully well-dressed male spirit. Ƴan daudu translates to "sons of Daudu".

Often compared with the Hijra in Southern Asia, ƴan daudu are still found within the Hausa community, particularly in Kano and its surrounding Hausa-Fulani states. Ƴan daudu in pre-Islamic times performed women-like dances and donated money to cult-adepts, upon the appearance of Galadima.[6][7][5] Today, ƴan daudu are categorized among homosexuals in Nigeria.[8]

Religious beliefs and practices

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Ƴan daudu in pre-Islamic times were classified among the magazawa (Sing., bamaguje)[9] The Magazawa in Hausa religious culture are pagans who refused to follow/believe in the teachings of Islam. Their faith is deeply rooted in the worship of Jinn (Aljanu or Iskoki in Hausa), who they see as supernatural spirits and God. Jinn are believed to possess all the supernatural powers possessed by God or Allah. The Magazawa believe that these supernatural spirits can offer or withhold health, children, rain and bountiful harvest, and can provide peace and security to them as well as unleash punishment for those who sin against them through plagues, natural disasters or other forms of epidemics. Among these Jinns (Alijanu and Iskoki) gods and spirits were these, as described by Tremearne in 1912:

Kuri, a male corresponding to Pan, another name being Rago; he barks like a dog, and wears a goat-skin. Possibly the baboon is responsible for this idea, as he barks; or Kuri may have come from Kure, a male hyaena. The proper sacrifice to him is a young red he-goat, but he eats human beings.[10]

Uwardowa, a female, the goddess of hunting, the name signifying "Forest-Mother." The appropriate offering is a red she-goat, or a red cock.[1][11][12]

Sa(r)rikin Rafi (or Kogi) is a water spirit, perhaps the same as Dodo, who is mentioned later. It would appear that a virgin was sacrificed to him at one time.[13]

Ayu is a spirit living in the water, which drags people down. This name is also given to the manatee.

Uwayara is a spirit which kills the mother and her new-born child.

The echo is attributed to a supernatural agency, in fact it is sometimes called Iblis, devil, or Kurua, meaning soul, spirit, shadow.

Fatalua and Magiro are evil beings of some kind, though I could not discover the exact meaning of the words.

Gajjimare is the god of rain and storms, which has the shape of a snake, and is double-gendered, the male part being red, the female blue. It lives in the storm-clouds (same name), but is supposed to come out at night, and it is also said to inhabit wells, and in fact all watering-places, so a pot is kept full in every house. Gajjimare (rainbow) may be represented by the water-serpent killed in the legend of Daura before referred to, but sometimes it is said to be the husband of Uwardowa, and the father of Kuri. Other names of the rainbow are Masharua, "water drinker,” and Bakkan gizzo, "spider's bow."[14]

Dan galadima

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In Hausa mythology, Dan Galadima is associated with sweet, aromatic herbs. He is the son of Sarkin Aljan Biddarene[15] but he was raised in the household of Sarkin Aljan Suleimanu; however, other versions of Hausa mythology suggest his real father is the Bori spirit Malam Alhaji. Ƴan daudu in flamboyant dresses will dance and donate money to cult-adepts, especially when the spirit Dan Galadima appears.[16][17] He is offered fragrant colognes and eaux de toilettes; luxurious grooming items (he is very handsome); hand mirrors to gaze at himself; large white kola nuts; handkerchief with cowrie shells; silk scarves; a fan; things associated with gambling (dice, card decks) as sacrifices and to be found in the midst of Hausa historic women.[18] The similarities in flamboyant style may have had some sort of influence which created a correlation between him and the ƴan daudu, who today may not necessarily be practitioners of Hausa Animism but still find themselves possessing flamboyant feminine traits in their expressions and identity.

Occupation

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The practice of ƴan daudu In pre-Islamic times may have not been necessarily likened to homosexuality, as many of them were seen to be married to women and fathering children, but as a social occupation. They were closely considered as pimps and favored living amongst women in gidan mata because of their sexual lifestyle. Gidan Mata[19] is typically a living quarters for Karuwanci; Hausa divorced women who for fear of rejection will find solace under the leadership of magajiya; a typical magagiya is also a divorcee who has gained a reputation for housing "homeless" young girls. Many of these girls and women eventually resort to prostitution to make a daily living.[20][21][22] Influential men will approach these young girls for sexual favors through the intercession of pimps known as ƴan daudu as they themselves (Karuwanci) will not have direct interface with their potential patronizers. The term ƴan daudu was never considered a derogatory term long before now. In fact, practitioners addresses themselves by it. This is because even though it wasn’t such a profession for one to be most proud of, it was still a profession nonetheless, one which was necessarily tolerated for the proper functioning of an Islamic society. As time progressed, it began to be seen as an anomaly for men to be seen and dressed like women.

References

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Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Tremearne, Arthur John Newman (1913). Hausa superstitions and customs: an introduction to the folk-lore and the folk. London, Bale.

  1. ^ Mark, Monica (2013-06-10). "Nigeria's yan daudu face persecution in religious revival". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
  2. ^ Salamone, Frank A. (2005), "Hausa Concepts of Masculinity and the ʼYan Daudu", African Masculinities, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 75–86, doi:10.1057/9781403979605_5, ISBN 978-1-349-52921-6, retrieved 2023-10-08
  3. ^ "meaning of 'dan daudu in English | Hausa Dictionary | English Hausa Dictionary". kamus.com.ng. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  4. ^ Reuke, Ludger; Besmer, Fremont E. (June 1985). "Horses, Musicians, and Gods: The Hausa Cult of Possession-Trance". Man. 20 (2): 359. doi:10.2307/2802405. ISSN 0025-1496. JSTOR 2802405.
  5. ^ a b Sullivan, Joanna (2005). "Exploring Bori as a Site of Myth in Hausa Culture". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 17 (2): 271–282. doi:10.1080/13696850500448378. ISSN 1369-6815. JSTOR 4141314. S2CID 191571123.
  6. ^ Salamone, Frank A. (2005), Ouzgane, Lahoucine; Morrell, Robert (eds.), "Hausa Concepts of Masculinity and the ʼYan Daudu", African Masculinities: Men in Africa from the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 75–86, doi:10.1057/9781403979605_5, ISBN 978-1-4039-7960-5, retrieved 2023-10-02
  7. ^ Gaudio, Rudolf P. (2007-11-20), McElhinny, Bonnie S. (ed.), "Chapter 7. Out on video: Gender, language and new public spheres in Islamic Northern Nigeria", Words, Worlds, and Material Girls, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 237–286, doi:10.1515/9783110198805.2.237, ISBN 978-3-11-019574-3, retrieved 2023-10-02
  8. ^ Mehra, Bharat; Lemieux, Paul A.; Stophel, Keri (2019-01-01). "An Exploratory Journey of Cultural Visual Literacy of "Non-Conforming" Gender Representations from Pre-Colonial Sub- Saharan Africa". Open Information Science. 3 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1515/opis-2019-0001. ISSN 2451-1781. S2CID 166833847.
  9. ^ Skinner, Neil (2019-06-03), "The Maguje*", Hausa Tales and Traditions, Routledge, pp. 157–175, doi:10.4324/9780429028106-11, ISBN 978-0-429-02810-6, S2CID 241188534, retrieved 2023-10-03
  10. ^ Rapheal (2021-11-11). "Mmuo di n'ani: The gods of the Land and the gods in". The Sun Nigeria. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
  11. ^ Baumann, Hermann (1938). "Afrikanische Wild- und Buschgeister". Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. 70 (3/5): 208–239. ISSN 0044-2666. JSTOR 25839751.
  12. ^ Fröhlich, Willy (1941), "Das afrikanische Marktwesen", Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 234–328, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-41260-2_3, ISBN 978-3-662-40776-9, retrieved 2023-10-03
  13. ^ "Sarkin Rafi – OCCULT WORLD". Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  14. ^ Tremearne 1913.
  15. ^ "Hausa Mythology – OCCULT WORLD". Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  16. ^ Besmer, Fremont E. (1983). Horses, musicians, and gods: the Hausa cult of possession-trance. South Hadley, Mass: Bergin and Garvey. ISBN 978-0-89789-020-5.
  17. ^ Smith, M. G. (21 August 2012). "The Social Functions and Meaning of Hausa Praise-Singing". Africa. 27 (1): 26–45. doi:10.2307/1156364. ISSN 0001-9720. JSTOR 1156364. S2CID 143198050.
  18. ^ "Dan Galadima – OCCULT WORLD". Retrieved 2023-10-04.
  19. ^ Gaudio, Rudolf Pell (2009-04-17). "Glossary of Hausa Terms". Allah Made Us: Sexual Outlaws in an Islamic African City (1 ed.). Wiley. pp. 206–209. doi:10.1002/9781444310535.gloss. ISBN 978-1-4051-5251-8.
  20. ^ Murray, Stephen O. (2010). "Review of Allah made us: Sexual outlaws in an Islamic African city". Language in Society. 39 (5): 696–699. doi:10.1017/S0047404510000680. ISSN 0047-4045. JSTOR 40925819. S2CID 145766872.
  21. ^ Gaudio, Rudolf P. (2014-08-01), "Acting Like Women, Acted Upon", Queer Excursions, Oxford University Press, pp. 170–194, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199937295.003.0009, ISBN 978-0-19-993729-5, retrieved 2023-10-06
  22. ^ africanreligions (2022-10-25). "Hausa & Queer; the origins and existence of Yan Daudu in Northern Nigeria". African Religions. Retrieved 2023-10-07.
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