3D modeling: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 09:55, 29 September 2011

Human Models

The first widely available commercial application of human Virtual Models appeared in 1998 on the Lands' End web site. The human Virtual Models were created by the company My Virtual Model Inc. and enabled users to create a model of themselves and try on 3D clothing. There are several modern programs that allow for the creation of virtual human models (Poser being one example).

References

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{About|computer modeling within an artistic medium|scientific usage|Computer simulation}}
-{{refimprove|date=April 2010}}
-{{3D computer graphics}}
-In [[3D computer graphics]], '''3D modeling''' (also known as '''meshing''') is the process of developing a [[Mathematics|mathematical]] representation of any [[Three-dimensional space|three-dimensional]] '''surface''' of object (either inanimate or living) via [[3d computer graphics software|specialized software]]. The product is called a '''3D model'''. It can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called ''[[3D rendering]]'' or used in a [[computer]] [[simulation]] of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using [[3D Printing]] devices.
-Models may be created automatically or manually. The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to [[plastic arts]] such as [[sculpting]].
-==Models==
-D models represent a 3D object using a collection of points in 3D space, connected by various geometric entities such as triangles, lines, curved surfaces, etc. Being a collection of data ([[Point (geometry)|point]]s and other information), 3D models can be created by hand, [[algorithm]]ically ([[procedural modeling]]), or [[3D scanner|scanned]].
-D models are widely used anywhere in [[3D computer graphics|3D graphics]]. Actually, their use predates the widespread use of 3D graphics on [[personal computer]]s. Many [[computer game]]s used pre-rendered images of 3D models as [[sprite (computer graphics)|sprite]]s before computers could render them in real-time.
-Today, 3D models are used in a wide variety of fields. The medical industry uses detailed models of organs. The movie industry uses them as characters and objects for animated and real-life [[film|motion pictures]]. The [[video game industry]] uses them as assets for [[Video game|computer and video games]]. The science sector uses them as highly detailed models of chemical compounds. The architecture industry uses them to demonstrate proposed buildings and landscapes through [[Software Architectural Model]]s. The engineering community uses them as designs of new devices, vehicles and structures as well as a host of other uses. In recent decades the [[earth science]] community has started to construct 3D geological models as a standard practice.
-===Representation===
-[[Image:Utah teapot simple 2.png|thumb|A modern render of the iconic [[Utah teapot]] model developed by [[Martin Newell (computer scientist)|Martin Newell]] (1975). The Utah teapot is one of the most common models used in 3D graphics education.]]
-Almost all 3D models can be divided into two categories.
-* '''Solid''' - These models define the volume of the object they represent (like a rock). These are more realistic, but more difficult to build. Solid models are mostly used for nonvisual simulations such as medical and engineering simulations, for CAD and specialized visual applications such as [[Ray tracing (graphics)|ray tracing]] and [[constructive solid geometry]]
-* '''Shell/boundary''' - these models represent the surface, e.g. the boundary of the object, not its volume (like an infinitesimally thin eggshell). These are easier to work with than solid models. Almost all visual models used in games and film are shell models.
-Because the appearance of an object depends largely on the exterior of the object, [[boundary representation]]s are common in computer graphics. Two dimensional [[surface]]s are a good analogy for the objects used in graphics, though quite often these objects are non-[[manifold]]. Since surfaces are not finite, a discrete digital approximation is required: [[polygon mesh|polygonal meshes]] (and to a lesser extent [[subdivision surfaces]]) are by far the most common representation, although [[Volume rendering|point-based]] representations have been gaining some popularity in recent years. [[Level set]]s are a useful representation for deforming surfaces which undergo many topological changes such as [[fluids]].
-The process of transforming representations of objects, such as the middle point coordinate of a [[sphere]] and a point on its [[circumference]] into a polygon representation of a sphere, is called [[tessellation]]. This step is used in polygon-based rendering, where objects are broken down from abstract representations ("primitives") such as spheres, [[cone (geometry)|cones]] etc., to so-called ''meshes'', which are nets of interconnected triangles. Meshes of triangles (instead of e.g. [[square (geometry)|square]]s) are popular as they have proven to be easy to render using [[scanline rendering]].<ref>Jon Radoff, Anatomy of an MMORPG, http://radoff.com/blog/2008/08/22/anatomy-of-an-mmorpg/</ref> Polygon representations are not used in all rendering techniques, and in these cases the tessellation step is not included in the transition from abstract representation to rendered scene.
-===Notable Concepts and abbreviations===
-In 3D modeling there are recurring concepts which usually appear as abbreviations. Here are some of the most current:
-CW, center of window, in reference to the visualization window.
-VRP, view reference point.
-VPN, view plane normal.
-VUV, view up vector.
-FOV, field of view.
-VRC, view reference coordinates.
-WCS, world coordinates system.
-==Modeling Process==
-[[Image:Polygon_face.jpg|thumb|upright=1|3D polygonal modeling of a human face.]]
-There are Three popular ways to represent a model:
-# [[Polygonal modeling]] - Points in 3D space, called vertices, are connected by line segments to form a '''polygonal mesh'''. The vast majority of 3D models today are built as textured polygonal models, because they are flexible and because computers can render them so quickly. However, polygons are planar and can only approximate curved surfaces using many polygons.
-# '''Curve modeling''' - Surfaces are defined by curves, which are influenced by weighted control points. The curve follows (but does not necessarily interpolate) the points. Increasing the weight for a point will pull the curve closer to that point. Curve types include [[Nonuniform rational B-spline]] (NURBS), Splines, Patches and  [[geometric primitives]]
-# '''[[Digital sculpting]]''' - Still a fairly new method of modeling, 3D sculpting has become very popular in the few short years it has been around.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} There are currently 3 types of digital sculpting: ''Displacement'', which is the most widely used among applications at this moment, ''volumetric'' and ''dynamic tessellation''. Displacement uses a dense model (often generated by [[Subdivision surface]]s of a polygon control mesh) and stores new locations for the vertex positions through use of a 32bit image map that stores the adjusted locations. Volumetric which is based loosely on [[Voxel]]s has similar capabilities as displacement but does not suffer from polygon stretching when there are not enough polygons in a region to achieve a deformation. [[Dynamic tesselation]] Is similar to Voxel but divides the surface using triangulation to maintain a smooth surface and allow finer details. These methods allow for very artistic exploration as the model will have a new topology created over it once the models form and possibly details have been sculpted. The new mesh will usually have the original high resolution mesh information transferred into displacement data or normal map data if for a game engine.
-The modeling stage consists of shaping individual objects that are later used in the scene. There are a number of modeling techniques, including:
-* [[constructive solid geometry]]
-* [[implicit surface]]s
-* [[subdivision surface]]s
-Modeling can be performed by means of a dedicated program (e.g., [[Form-Z|form•Z]], [[Maya (software)|Maya]], [[3DS Max]], [[Blender (software)|Blender]], [[Lightwave]], [[Modo (software)|Modo]], [[solidThinking (software)|solidThinking]]) or an application component (Shaper, Lofter in 3DS Max) or some scene description language (as in [[POV-Ray]]). In some cases, there is no strict distinction between these phases; in such cases modeling is just part of the scene creation process (this is the case, for example, with Caligari [[trueSpace]] and [[Realsoft 3D]]).
-Complex materials such as blowing sand, clouds, and liquid sprays are modeled with [[particle system]]s, and are a mass of 3D [[coordinate]]s which have either [[point (geometry)|points]], [[polygon]]s, [[texture splat]]s, or [[sprite (computer graphics)|sprites]] assigned to them.
-==Scene Setup==
-[[File:Jack-in-cube solid model, light background.gif|thumb|180px|right|The geometry in 3D modeling is completely described in 3{{nbhyph}}D space; objects can be viewed from any angle, revealing the lighting from different angles. ''Modeled and [[Ray tracing (graphics)|ray traced]] in [[Cobalt (CAD program)|Cobalt]]'']]
-Scene setup involves arranging virtual objects, lights, [[virtual camera|cameras]] and other entities on a scene which will later be used to produce a still image or an animation.
-Lighting is an important aspect of scene setup. As is the case in real-world scene arrangement, lighting is a significant contributing factor to the resulting aesthetic and visual quality of the finished work. As such, it can be a difficult art to master. Lighting effects can contribute greatly to the mood and emotional response effected by a scene, a fact which is well-known to photographers and theatrical lighting technicians.
-It is usually desirable to add color to a model's surface in a user controlled way prior to rendering. Most [[3D modeler|3D modeling software]] allows the user to color the model's [[vertex (geometry)|vertices]], and that color is then [[interpolated]] across the model's surface during rendering. This is often how models are colored by the modeling software while the model is being created. The most common method of adding color information to a 3D model is by applying a 2D [[texture mapping|texture]] image to the model's surface through a process called [[texture mapping]]. Texture images are no different than any other [[digital image]], but during the texture mapping process, special pieces of information (called texture coordinates or [[UV coordinates]]) are added to the model that indicate which parts of the texture image map to which parts of the 3D model's surface. Textures allow 3D models to look significantly more detailed and realistic than they would otherwise.
-Other effects, beyond texturing and lighting, can be done to 3D models to add to their realism. For example, the surface [[surface normal|normal]]s can be tweaked to affect how they are lit, certain surfaces can have [[bump mapping]] applied and any other number of [[3D computer graphics|3D rendering]] tricks can be applied.
-D models are often [[animation|animated]] for some uses. They can sometimes be animated from within the 3D modeler that created them or else [[wikt:export|exported]] to another program. If used for [[computer animation|animation]], this phase usually makes use of a technique called "[[keyframing]]", which facilitates creation of complicated movement in the scene. With the aid of keyframing, one needs only to choose where an object stops or changes its direction of movement, rotation, or scale, between which states in every frame are [[interpolation|interpolated]]. These moments of change are known as keyframes. Often extra data is added to the model to make it easier to animate. For example, some 3D models of humans and animals have entire bone systems so they will look realistic when they move and can be manipulated via joints and bones, in a process known as [[skeletal animation]].
-==Compared to 2D Methods==
-[[Image:3D Plus 3DBuilding.jpg|thumb|250px|A fully [[texture mapping|textured]] and [[shading|lit]] rendering of a 3D model.]]
-D [[photorealistic]] effects are often achieved without wireframe modeling and are sometimes indistinguishable in the final form. Some [[graphic art software]] includes filters that can be applied to 2D vector graphics or 2D [[raster graphics]] on transparent layers.
-Advantages of wireframe 3D modeling over exclusively 2D methods include:
-* ''Flexibility,'' ability to change angles or animate images with quicker rendering of the changes;
-* ''Ease of rendering,'' automatic calculation and rendering photorealistic effects rather than mentally visualizing or estimating;
-* ''Accurate photorealism,'' less chance of human error in misplacing, overdoing, or forgetting to include a visual effect.
-Disadvantages compare to 2D photorealistic rendering may include a software learning curve and difficulty achieving certain photorealistic effects. Some photorealistic effects may be achieved with special rendering filters included in the 3D modeling software. For the best of both worlds, some artists use a combination of 3D modeling followed by editing the 2D computer-rendered images from the 3D model.
-==3D Model Market==
-[[3CT]] (3D Catalog Technology) has revolutionized the 3D model market by offering quality 3D model libraries free of charge for professionals using various [[CAD]] programs. Some believe that this uprising technology is gradually eroding the traditional "buy and sell" or "object for object exchange" markets although the quality of the products do not match those sold on specialized 3d marketplaces.
-A large market for 3D models (as well as 3D-related content, such as textures, scripts, etc.) still exists - either for individual models or large collections. Online marketplaces for 3D content allow individual artists to sell content that they have created. Often, the artists' goal is to get additional value out of assets they have previously created for projects. By doing so, artists can earn more money out of their old content, and companies can save money by buying pre-made models instead of paying an employee to create one from scratch. These marketplaces typically split the sale between themselves and the artist that created the asset, often in a roughly 50-50 split. In most cases, the artist retains ownership of the 3d model; the customer only buys the right to use and present the model. {{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
 ==Human Models==

Revision as of 09:55, 29 September 2011

Human Models

See also

References