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4C+55.16

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4C+55.16
4C+55.16 captured by SDSS
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationUrsa Major
Right ascension08h 34m 54.90s
Declination+55° 34′ 21.07″
Redshift0.241509
Heliocentric radial velocity72,403 km/s
Distance2.845 Gly (872.2 Mpc)
Apparent magnitude (V)19.45
Apparent magnitude (B)20.75
Surface brightness18.4
Characteristics
TypeBrClG, S3, E
Size445,000 ly (135 Kpc)
Apparent size (V)0.25' x 0.15'
Notable featuresBrightest cluster galaxy, radio galaxy
Other designations
OGC 443, NVSS J083454+553421, PGC 2506893, OJ+552, DA 251, 2MASS J08345487+5534206, IRCF J083454.9+553421, TXS 0831+557, 6C B083104.6+554441, S4 0831+55

4C+55.16 is an elliptical galaxy, classified type E,[1] located in Ursa Major. The galaxy lies about 2.84 billion light-years from Earth, which means given its apparent dimensions, 4C+55.16 is approximately 445,000 light-years across making it a type-cD galaxy.[2] It is the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in a cluster of the same name.[3]

Characteristics

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4C+55.16 has an active nucleus. It is classified as a Fanaroff-Riley Class I or FR-I radio galaxy[4][5] producing a radio jet.[6] 4C+55.16 contains a radio source, compact and powerful (1.1×1026 W Hz−1 sr−1 at 5 GHz) unlike two other radio galaxies, 3C 295 and Cygnus A.[7] It is classified as a LINER galaxy.[8]

A further study of 4C+55.16

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4C+55.16 is located in the center of a cool core of galaxies.[9][10] The galaxy is radio powerful (LR = 8 Jy/beam at 1.4GHz), and showing signs of interaction with its surrounding intracluster medium (ICM).[11] The hot ICM (T = 107 − 108 K) emits a strong X-ray emission through thermal bremsstrahlung, which cools this medium and causes it to sink down the gravitational well in the form cooling flows.[12] As this accretes into 4C+55.16, the AGN in the center is fed, triggering its central supermassive black hole to produce large quantities of energy in radiation form and strong jetted outflows.[12]

As cooling flow is injected, it completes the feedback cycle preventing a runaway cooling event. The jetted outflows then expands into large lobes against its internal pressure with the ICM.[13] This process can be observed through the radio regime of electromagnetic spectrum, showing magnetized plasma emitted by the black hole or by X-ray radiation, which the lobes appear as cavities in the ICM like Cygnus A[14] and NGC 1275.[15] It is possible that the galaxy is optically disturbed by its companion, with a separation of 81 kpc.[16]

Through combined deep Chandra images (100 ks) and 1.4 GHz Very Large Array observations, researchers were able to find evidence of multiple outbursts originating from its central core. This provides enough energy to offset the cooling process of the ICM (Pbubbles = 6.7 × 1044 erg/s).[11]

Another study shows 4C+55.16 has an unusual intracluster iron distribution. From the 10 ks Chandra exposure, a study from Iwasawa et. al (2001),[17] found that there was a large increase of metallicity which was at a radius of around 10 arcsec, going from half-solar to twice solar.[11] This might be suggested by the plume-like structure which is located south-west side of the cluster.[11]

Further studies showed that the X-ray spectrum of the plume is characterized by its metal abundance pattern of Type Ia supernovae, large ratios of Fe to α elements, with its iron metallicity highest at 7.9+24
−5.0 solar (90 per cent error). How the plume formed isn't clear.[17]

Not to mention, 4C+55.16 has two X-ray cavities found on opposite sides of the radio core, discovered by Hlavacek-Larrondo et al. (2011).[11] Such of these meant, is a key tracer of mechanical heating caused by its active galactic nucleus (AGN).[18] The power generated by the AGN in 4C+ 55.16 has remained unchanged for over the half of the age of the universe (>Gyr at z ~ 0.8). Moreover, the detected X-ray cavities have powers of (0.8 - 5) x 10 erg and radii of ~ 17 kpc.[18]

There is a surface brightness edge which is interpreted as cold fronts that are located south of the galaxy's center.[19] A pair of radio lobes is also revealed in the southeast-northwest direction, coinciding with the X-ray cavities. On the VLBA scale, there is a resolved extended emission, well fitted by its two components consisting of a core and a jet.[19] This is consistent with the images published by the European VLBI Network at 5 GHz, published by Whyborn et al. (1985).[9] The northwest cavity is aligned with its radio jet, while the other is misaligned, hence important to note the importance of projection effects in the system where Ψ∥LOS ~ 60°.[19]

The gas pressure at the center of a cooling flow for 4C+55.16, is P=nT≈107 cm−3 K.[20] Through a cloud of length 10l1 pc at pressure 107P7 cm−3 K and temperature 104T4 K, it leads to a free-free absorption optical depth τff≈0.6P27ν9−2T47/2l1 at a frequency 109ν9 Hz.[7] It is plausible it is due to absorption in the Hα emitting gas, close to the nucleus.[21]

References

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  1. ^ "HyperLeda -object description". atlas.obs-hp.fr. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  2. ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database Results for 2MFGC 06756". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  3. ^ "NED Search Results for 4C+55.16 Cluster". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  4. ^ Ceccotti, E.; Offringa, A. R.; Koopmans, L. V. E.; Timmerman, R.; Brackenhoff, S. A.; Gehlot, B. K.; Mertens, F. G.; Munshi, S.; Pandey, V. N.; van Weeren, R. J.; Yatawatta, S.; Zaroubi, S. (2023-09-01). "A novel radio imaging method for physical spectral index modelling". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 525 (3): 3946–3962. arXiv:2308.07306. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2465. ISSN 0035-8711.
  5. ^ Iwasawa, K.; Fabian, A. C.; Allen, S. W.; Ettori, S. (2001-01-01). "A Chandra Observation of the Radio Galaxy 4C+55.16". New Century of X-Ray Astronomy. 251: 108. Bibcode:2001ASPC..251..108I.
  6. ^ Liu, F. K.; Zhang, Y. H. (2002-01-01). "A new list of extra-galactic radio jets". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 381 (3): 757–760. arXiv:astro-ph/0212477. Bibcode:2002A&A...381..757L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011572. ISSN 0004-6361.
  7. ^ a b Iwasawa, K.; Allen, S. W.; Fabian, A. C.; Edge, A. C.; Ettori, S. "X-ray and lensing results on the cluster around the powerful radio galaxy 4C+55.16". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  8. ^ Véron-Cetty, M. -P.; Véron, P. (2006-08-01). "A catalogue of quasars and active nuclei: 12th edition". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 455 (2): 773–777. Bibcode:2006A&A...455..773V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065177. ISSN 0004-6361.
  9. ^ a b Whyborn, N. D.; Browne, I. W. A.; Wilkinson, P. N.; Porcas, R. W.; Spinrad, H. (1985-05-01). "Radio and optical observations of the radio galaxy 0831+557". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 214: 55–65. Bibcode:1985MNRAS.214...55W. doi:10.1093/mnras/214.1.55. ISSN 0035-8711.
  10. ^ Hutchings, J. B.; Johnson, I.; Pyke, R. (1988-04-01). "Optical Images of Quasars and Radio Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 66: 361. Bibcode:1988ApJS...66..361H. doi:10.1086/191261. ISSN 0067-0049.
  11. ^ a b c d e Hlavacek-Larrondo, J.; Fabian, A. C.; Sanders, J. S.; Taylor, G. B. "AGN feedback and iron enrichment in the powerful radio galaxy, 4C+55.16". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  12. ^ a b Timmerman, R.; Weeren, R. J. van; Botteon, A.; Röttgering, H. J. A.; McNamara, B. R.; Sweijen, F.; Bîrzan, L.; Morabito, L. K. (2022-12-01). "Measuring cavity powers of active galactic nuclei in clusters using a hybrid X-ray–radio method - A new window on feedback opened by subarcsecond LOFAR-VLBI observations". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 668: A65. arXiv:2207.05088. Bibcode:2022A&A...668A..65T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243936. ISSN 0004-6361.
  13. ^ Bridle, Alan H.; Perley, Richard A. (1984-01-01). "Extragalactic Radio Jets". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 22: 319–358. Bibcode:1984ARA&A..22..319B. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.001535. ISSN 0066-4146.
  14. ^ Carilli, C. L.; Perley, R. A.; Harris, D. E. (1994-09-01). "Observations of interaction between cluster gas and the radio lobes of Cygnus A." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 270: 173–177. Bibcode:1994MNRAS.270..173C. doi:10.1093/mnras/270.1.173. ISSN 0035-8711.
  15. ^ Böehringer, H.; Voges, W.; Fabian, A. C.; Edge, A. C.; Neumann, D. M. "A ROSAT HRI study of the interaction of the X-ray-emitting gas and radio lobes of NGC 1275". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  16. ^ Karouzos, M.; Britzen, S.; Eckart, A.; Witzel, A.; Zensus, A. (2010-09-01). "Tracing the merger-driven evolution of active galaxies using the CJF sample". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 519: A62. arXiv:1005.2177. Bibcode:2010A&A...519A..62K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913550. ISSN 0004-6361.
  17. ^ a b Iwasawa, K.; Fabian, A. C.; Allen, S. W.; Ettori, S. (2001-11-01). "The intracluster iron distribution around 4C+55.16". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 328 (1): L5–L10. arXiv:astro-ph/0110216. Bibcode:2001MNRAS.328L...5I. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.05025.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  18. ^ a b Hlavacek-Larrondo, J.; McDonald, M.; Benson, B. A.; Forman, W. R.; Allen, S. W.; Bleem, L. E.; Ashby, M. L. N.; Bocquet, S.; Brodwin, M.; Dietrich, J. P.; Jones, C.; Liu, J.; Reichardt, C. L.; Saliwanchik, B. R.; Saro, A. (2015-05-18). "X-Ray Cavities in a Sample of 83 SPT-Selected Clusters of Galaxies: Tracing the Evolution of AGN Feedback in Clusters of Galaxies Out to z= 1.2". The Astrophysical Journal. 805 (1): 35. arXiv:1410.0025. Bibcode:2015ApJ...805...35H. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/805/1/35. ISSN 1538-4357.
  19. ^ a b c Ubertosi, Francesco; Schellenberger, Gerrit; O'Sullivan, Ewan; Vrtilek, Jan; Giacintucci, Simona; David, Laurence P.; Forman, William; Gitti, Myriam; Venturi, Tiziana; Jones, Christine; Brighenti, Fabrizio (January 2024). "Jet Reorientation in Central Galaxies of Clusters and Groups: Insights from VLBA and Chandra Data". The Astrophysical Journal. 961 (1): 134. arXiv:2312.02283. Bibcode:2024ApJ...961..134U. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad11d8. ISSN 0004-637X.
  20. ^ Heckman, Timothy M.; Baum, Stefi A.; van Breugel, W. J. M.; McCarthy, Patrick (1989-03-01). "Dynamical, Physical, and Chemical Properties of Emission-Line Nebulae in Cooling Flows". The Astrophysical Journal. 338: 48. Bibcode:1989ApJ...338...48H. doi:10.1086/167181. ISSN 0004-637X.
  21. ^ Pearson, T. J.; Readhead, A. C. S. (1988-05-01). "The Milliarcsecond Structure of a Complete Sample of Radio Sources. II. First-Epoch Maps at 5 GHz". The Astrophysical Journal. 328: 114. Bibcode:1988ApJ...328..114P. doi:10.1086/166274. ISSN 0004-637X.
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