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List of WLAN channels

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(Redirected from 802.11g channels)

Wireless LAN (WLAN) channels are frequently accessed using IEEE 802.11 protocols. The 802.11 standard provides several radio frequency bands for use in Wi-Fi communications, each divided into a multitude of channels numbered at 5 MHz spacing (except in the 45/60 GHz band, where they are 0.54/1.08/2.16 GHz apart) between the centre frequency of the channel. The standards allow for channels to be bonded together into wider channels for faster throughput.

860/900 MHz (802.11ah)

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802.11ah operates in sub-gigahertz unlicensed bands. Each world region supports different sub-bands, and the channels number depends on the starting frequency on the sub-band it belongs to. Therefore there is no global channels numbering plan, and the channels numbers are incompatible between world regions (and even between sub-bands of a same world region).

The following sub-bands are defined in the 802.11ah specifications:

Region Subband
(MHz) 		Bandwidths
(MHz) 		Channel
count
Australia 915–928 1, 2, 4, 8 13, 6, 3, 1
China (755–787)[a] (1, 2, 4, 8)[a] —
Europe 863–868 1, (2)[a] 05, —
917.4–919.4 1 02
Japan 916.5–927.5 1 11
Korea 917.5–923.5 1, 2, 4 06, 3, 1
New Zealand 915–928 1, 2, 4, 8 13, 6, 3, 1
Singapore 866–869 1, 2 03, 1
920–925 1, 2, 4 05, 2, 1
Taiwan (839–848.5)[a] (1, 2, 4)[a] —
United States[1] 902–928 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 26, 13, 6, 3, 1
Indonesia 920-923 250 kHz —

2.4 GHz (802.11b/g/n/ax/be)

[edit]
See also: Electromagnetic interference at 2.4 GHz § Wi-Fi

14 channels are designated in the 2.4 GHz range, spaced 5 MHz apart from each other except for a 12 MHz space before channel 14.[2] The abbreviation F0 designates each channel's fundamental frequency.

# F0
(MHz) 		DSSS OFDM Most of
world
[3][4][5][6]
[7][8][9][10] 		North
America
[3]
Japan
[3]
Frequency
range
(MHz) 		Channel
22 MHz 		Frequency
range
(MHz) 		Channel
20 MHz 		Center frequency index
40 MHz
01 2412 2401–2423 01 02
  		03 — — 2402–2422 01 02
 		 03 — 03

 		 — 4
 		 — 5 — — — Yes Yes Yes
02 2417 2406–2428 4 2407–2427 04 6
03 2422 2411–2433 05 2412–2432 05 7
04 2427 2416–2438 06 2417–2437 06 8
05 2432 2421–2443 07 2422–2442 07 9
06 2437 2426–2448 08 2427–2447 08 10
07 2442 2431–2453 9 2432–2452 09
11
08 2447 2436–2458 10 2437–2457 10 —
09 2452 2441–2463 11 2442–2462 11 —
10 2457 2446–2468 12 2447–2467 12 —
11 2462 2451–2473 13
  		2452–2472 13 —
12 2467 2456–2478 — 2457–2477 — — avoidedB
13 2472 2461–2483 — 2462–2482 — —
14 2484 2473–2495 14 — No No 11b onlyC
Notes:

^A In the 2.4 GHz bands bonded 40 MHz channels are uniquely named by the primary and secondary 20 MHz channels, e.g. 9+13. In the 5 GHz bands they are denoted by the center of the wider band and the primary 20 MHz channel e.g. 42[40]

^B In the US, 802.11 operation on channels 12 and 13 is allowed under low power conditions. The 2.4 GHz Part 15 band in the US allows spread-spectrum operation as long as the 50 dB bandwidth of the signal is within the range of 2,400–2,483.5 MHz[11] which fully encompasses channels 1 through 13. A Federal Communications Commission (FCC) document clarifies that only channel 14 is forbidden and that low-power transmitters with low-gain antennas may operate legally in channels 12 and 13.[12] Channels 12 and 13 are nevertheless not normally used in order to avoid any potential interference in the adjacent restricted frequency band, 2,483.5–2,500 MHz,[13] which is subject to strict emission limits set out in 47 CFR § 15.205.[14] Per recent FCC Order 16–181, "an authorized access point device can only operate in the 2483.5–2495 MHz band when it is operating under the control of a Globalstar Network Operating Center and that a client device can only operate in the 2483.5–2495 MHz band when it is operating under the control of an authorized access point"[15]

^C Channel 14 is valid only for DSSS and CCK modes (Clause 18 a.k.a. 802.11b) in Japan. OFDM (i.e., 802.11g) may not be used. (IEEE 802.11-2007 § 19.4.2)

Nations apply their own RF emission regulations to the allowable channels, allowed users and maximum power levels within these frequency ranges. Network operators should consult their local authorities as these regulations may be out of date as they are subject to change at any time. Most of the world will allow the first thirteen channels in the spectrum.

Interference happens when two networks try to operate in the same band, or when their bands overlap. The two modulation methods used have different characteristics of band usage and therefore occupy different widths:

  • The DSSS method used by legacy 802.11 and 802.11b (and the 11b-compatible rates of 11 g) use 22 MHz of bandwidth. This is from the 11 MHz chip rate used by the coding system. No guard band is prescribed;[16] the channel definition provides 3 MHz between 1, 6, and 11.
  • The OFDM method used by 802.11a/b/g/n occupies a bandwidth of 16.25 MHz. The nameplate bandwidth is set to be 20 MHz, rounding up to a multiple of channel width and providing some guard band for signal to attenuate along the edge of the band.[17] This guardband is mainly used to accommodate older routers with modem chipsets prone to full channel occupancy, as most modern Wi‑Fi routers are not prone to excessive channel occupancy.
Graphical representation of Wireless LAN channels in 2.4 GHz band. Channels 12 and 13 are customarily unused in the United States. As a result, the usual 20 MHz allocation becomes 1/6/11, the same as 11b.

While overlapping frequencies can be configured at a location and will usually work, it can cause interference resulting in slowdowns, sometimes severe, particularly in heavy use. Certain subsets of frequencies can be used simultaneously at any one location without interference (see diagrams for typical allocations). The consideration of spacing stems from both the basic bandwidth occupation (described above), which depends on the protocol, and from attenuation of interfering signals over distance. In the worst case, using every fourth or fifth channel by leaving three or four channels clear between used channels causes minimal interference, and narrower spacing still can be used at further distances.[18][19] The "interference" is usually not actual bit-errors, but the wireless transmitters making space for each other. Interference resulting in bit-error is rare.[19] The requirement of the standard is for a transmitter to yield when it decodes another at a level of 3 dB above the noise floor,[20] or when the non-decoded noise level is higher than a threshold Pth which, for Wi-Fi 5 and earlier, is between -76 and -80 dBm.[19]

As shown in the diagram, bonding two 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz channel is permitted in the 2.4 GHz bands. These are generally referred to by the centres of the primary 20 MHz channel and the adjacent secondary 20 MHz channel (e.g. 1+5, 9+13, 13–9, 5–1). The primary 20 MHz channel is used for signalling and backwards compatibility, the secondary is only used when sending data at full speed.

3.65 GHz (802.11y)

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Except where noted, all information taken from Annex J of IEEE 802.11y-2008

This range is documented as only being allowed as a licensed band in the United States. However, not in the original specification, under newer frequency allocations from the FCC, it falls under the 3.55–3.7 GHz Citizens Broadband Radio Service band. This allows for unlicensed use, under Tier 3 GAA rules, provided that the user doesn't cause harmful interference to Incumbent Access users or Priority Access Licensees and accepts all interference from these users,[21] and also follows of all the technical requirements in CFR 47 Part 96 Subpart E.

A 40 MHz band is available from 3655 to 3695 MHz. It may be divided into eight 5 MHz channels, four 10 MHz channels, or two 20 MHz channels.

The division into 5 MHz channels consumes all eight possible channel numbers, and so (unlike other bands) it is not possible to infer the width of a channel from its number. Instead each wider channel shares its channel number with the 5 MHz channel just above its mid frequency:

  • channel 132 can be either 3660-3665 or 3655-3665;
  • channel 133 can be either 3665-3670 or 3655-3675;

and so on.

Channel Span
5 MHz 10 MHz 20 MHz
131 3655–3660
(F₀=3657.5) 		3655–3665
(F₀=3660) 		3655–3675
(F₀=3665)
132
3660–3665
(F₀=3662.5)
133
3665–3670
(F₀=3667.5) 		3665–3675
(F₀=3670)
134
3670–3675
(F₀=3672.5)
135
3675–3680
(F₀=3677.5) 		3675–3685
(F₀=3680) 		3675–3695
(F₀=3685)
136
3680–3685
(F₀=3682.5)
137
3685–3690
(F₀=3687.5) 		3685–3695
(F₀=3690)
138
3690–3695
(F₀=3692.5)

4.9–5.0 GHz (802.11j) WLAN

[edit]
Channel Center
frequency
(MHz) 		Frequency
range
(MHz) 		Channel Japan United
States
10
MHz 		20
MHz 		40
MHz
184 4920 4910–4930 183, 184, 185 184 184+188
188-184 		Registration
required 		—
188 4940 4930–4950 187, 188, 189 188
192 4960 4950–4970 — 192 192+196
196-192
196 4980 4970–4990 196
(191) 4955 4945–4965 11, 13, 15 21 No — Yes
(195) 4975 4965–4985 15, 17, 19 25
8 5040 5030–5050 7, 8, 9 8 No Revoked —
12 5060 5050–5070 11, — 12
16 5080 5070–5090 — 16

In Japan since 2002, 80 MHz of spectrum from 4910 to 4990 MHz has been available for both indoor and outdoor use, once registered.

Until 2017, an additional 60 MHz of spectrum from 5030 to 5090 MHz was available for registered use, however it has since been re-purposed and can no longer be used.[22]

50 MHz of spectrum from 4940 to 4990 MHz (WLAN channels 20–26) are in use by public safety entities in the United States. Within this spectrum there are two non-overlapping channels allocated, each 20 MHz wide. The most commonly used channels are 22 and 26.

5 GHz (802.11a/h/n/ac/ax/be)

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Ch. 20 MHz F0
(MHz) 		Frequency
range
(MHz) 		F0 index US FCC
U-NII band(s) 		Australia
[8] 		United
States
[23] 		Canada
[24][25] 		United
Kingdom
[26] 		Europe
[27][28][29][30][31][32] 		Russia
[33] 		Japan
[34][35][36] 		India
[37][38][39] 		Singa-
pore
[40][41] 		China
[42][43] 		Israel
[7] 		Korea
[44][45] 		Turkey
[46] 		South Africa
[47] 		Brazil
[4][48] 		Taiwan
[49] 		New
Zealand
[50] 		Bahrain
[51] 		Vietnam
[52] 		Indonesia
[53] 		Philippines
[54]
40
MHz 		80
MHz 		160
MHz
032 5160 5150–5170 No No No U-NII-1 Indoors Yes [note 1] Indoors Indoors/TPC [note 2] [note 3] Indoors/TPC [note 2] [note 3] Indoors/TPC [note 4] Indoors Yes Yes Indoors Indoors Indoors Indoors Un­known Indoors/TPC Yes Indoors Indoors Indoors Indoors Indoors
036 5180 5170–5190 38 42 50 Indoors/DFS/
TPC
040 5200 5190–5210
044 5220 5210–5230 46
048 5240 5230–5250 Indoors[note 5]
052 5260 5250–5270 54 58 U-NII-2A Indoors/DFS/
TPC [note 6] 		DFS/TPC [note 7] DFS/TPC [note 8] Indoors/DFS
/TPC [note 2] [note 3] 		Indoors/DFS
/TPC [note 2] [note 3] 		Indoors/DFS/
TPC 		Indoors DFS/TPC [note 6] DFS/TPC Indoors/DFS/
TPC or[note 6] 		DFS/TPC Indoors/DFS/
TPC 		Indoors/DFS/
TPC 		DFS DFS/TPC [note 6] Indoors/DFS/
TPC or[note 6] 		DFS/TPC [note 6]
056 5280 5270–5290
060 5300 5290–5310 62
064 5320 5310–5330
068 5340 5330–5350 70 74 82 Indoors/DFS/TPC Un­known
072 5360 5350–5370 U-NII-2B Unused
076 5380 5370–5390 78
080 5400 5390–5410
084 5420 5410–5430 86 90
088 5440 5430–5450
092 5460 5450–5470 94
096 5480 5470–5490 U-NII-2C DFS/TPC [note 8] DFS/TPC [note 7] DFS/TPC [note 8] DFS/TPC [note 9] [note 10] DFS/TPC [note 9] [note 10] No DFS/TPC Yes DFS/TPC No Indoors/DFS/
TPC or[note 8][note 11] 		DFS/TPC DFS/TPC Un­known DFS/TPC DFS DFS/TPC [note 8] No DFS/TPC [note 8] No Indoors
100 5500 5490–5510 102 106 114 Yes
104 5520 5510–5530 DFS/TPC [note 12]
108 5540 5530–5550 110
112 5560 5550–5570
116 5580 5570–5590 118 122
120 5600 5590–5610 No No
124 5620 5610–5630 126
128 5640 5630–5650
132 5660 5650–5670 134 138 No DFS/TPC [note 8] DFS/TPC [note 8] DFS/SRD ch 138 & 142; DFS/TPC otherwise Indoors/TPC [note 4]
136 5680 5670–5690
140 5700 5690–5710 142
144 5720 5710–5730 U-NII-2C/3 SRD [note 13] Indoors[note 14] No No
5730–5735 — U-NII-3 Un­known Un­known
149 5745 5735–5755 151 155 163 Yes Yes [note 15] Yes SRD (200 mW) No Indoors Yes Yes Indoors [note 14] Yes No No Yes Yes Yes DFS/TPC/
Fixed 		Yes Yes
153 5765 5755–5775
157 5785 5775–5795 159
161 5805 5795–5815
165 5825 5815–5835 167 171 No
169 5845 5835–5855 U-NII-3/4 Indoors [note 15] [55] No SRD (25 mW) [note 13] Yes No No No No No No No No
173 5865 5855–5875 175 U-NII-4 No No
177 5885 5875–5895 No No No No No
Ch. 20 MHz F0
(MHz) 		Frequency
range
(MHz) 		40
MHz 		80
MHz 		160
MHz 		US FCC
U-NII band(s) 		Australia United States Canada United Kingdom Europe Russia Japan India Singapore China Israel Korea Turkey South Africa Brazil Taiwan New Zealand Bahrain Vietnam Indonesia Philippines
Notes:
  1. ^ limited to 1000 mW e.i.r.p. "New rules for U-NII bands" (PDF). 22 October 2014. Retrieved 20 Aug 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Transmit power / Power density: Max. 200 mW e.i.r.p. Max. 10 mW/MHz e.i.r.p. density in any 1 MHz band. WAS/RLANs operating in the band 5250–5350 MHz shall either employ transmitter power control (TPC), which provides, on average, a mitigation factor of at least 3 dB on the maximum permitted output power of the systems; or if transmitter power control is not in use, the maximum permitted e.i.r.p. and the corresponding e.i.r.p. density limits shall be reduced by 3 dB. Type of Antenna: integral or dedicated. Max. 25 mW e.i.r.p. (5150–5250 MHz) inside cars for RLAN use. RLAN use inside cars (passenger cars, lorries, buses) in the band 5150–5250 MHz is allowed at a maximum e.i.r.p. of 25 mW. EN 301 893 / ECC/DEC/(04)08 / ERC/REC 70-03, Annex A.
  3. ^ a b c d Channel access and occupation rules: WAS/RLANs operating in the band 5250–5350 MHz shall use mitigation techniques that give at least the same protection as the detection, operational and response requirements described in EN 301 893 to ensure compatible operation with radiodetermination systems (radars). Such mitigation techniques shall equalise the probability of selecting a specific channel for all available channels so as to ensure, on average, a near-uniform spread of spectrum loading. The equipment shall implement an adequate spectrum sharing mechanism in order to facilitate sharing between the various technologies and applications. The adequate spectrum sharing mechanism can be e.g. LBT (Listen Before Talk), DAA (Detect And Avoid) or any other mechanism providing a similar level of mitigation. EN 301 893 / ECC/DEC/(04)08 / ERC/REC 70-03, Annex A.
  4. ^ a b limited to 200 mW
  5. ^ limited to power density of 2.5 mW/MHz
  6. ^ a b c d e f limited to 100 mW instead of 200 mW without TPC
  7. ^ a b limited to 1000 mW e.i.r.p. for client and 4000 mW e.i.r.p. for master "New rules for U-NII bands" (PDF). 22 October 2014. Retrieved 20 Aug 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h limited to 500 mW instead of 1 W without TPC
  9. ^ a b Transmit power / Power density: Max. 1 W e.i.r.p. Max. 50 mW/MHz e.i.r.p. density in any 1 MHz band. WAS/RLANs operating in the band 5470–5725 MHz shall either employ transmitter power control (TPC), which provides, on average, a mitigation factor of at least 3 dB on the maximum permitted output power of the systems; or if transmitter power control is not in use, the maximum permitted e.i.r.p. and the corresponding e.i.r.p. density limits shall be reduced by 3 dB. Type of Antenna: integral or dedicated. EN 301 893 / ECC/DEC/(04)08 /-.
  10. ^ a b Channel access and occupation rules: WAS/RLANs operating in the bands 5470–5725 MHz shall use mitigation techniques that give at least the same protection as the detection, operational and response requirements described in EN 301 893 to ensure compatible operation with radiodetermination systems (radars). Such mitigation techniques shall equalise the probability of selecting a specific channel for all available channels so as to ensure, on average, a near-uniform spread of spectrum loading. The equipment shall implement an adequate spectrum sharing mechanism in order to facilitate sharing between the various technologies and applications. The adequate spectrum sharing mechanism can be e.g. LBT (Listen Before Talk), DAA (Detect And Avoid) or any other mechanism providing a similar level of mitigation. EN 301 893 / ECC/DEC/(04)08 /-.
  11. ^ limited to power density of 14 dBm/MHz instead of 17 dBm/MHz without TPC
  12. ^ Transmit power control mechanism may not be required for systems with an e.i.r.p. of less than 500 mW. Ref- section 3 (iv) G.S.R. 1048(E). dt 18 October 2018
  13. ^ a b short range devices limited to 25 mW EIRP "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)". ECC. 13 October 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  14. ^ a b limited to power density of 10 dBm/MHz, limited to 25 mW
  15. ^ a b limited to 4000 mW e.i.r.p. "New rules for U-NII bands" (PDF). 22 October 2014. Retrieved 20 Aug 2024.
Caption
Text Meaning
Yes Compliant equipment may emit in this band without special restrictions.
No Equipment shall not emit in this band.
Indoors Equipment emitting in this band shall not be used outdoors.
DFS Equipment must comply with DFS restrictions.
SRD Equipment must comply with SRD restrictions.
Indoors/DFS Equipment must comply with DFS restrictions and shall not be used outdoors.
Indoors/TPC Equipment must comply with TPC restrictions and shall not be used outdoors.
DFS/TPC Equipment must comply with DFS and TPC restrictions.
DFS/TPC + SRD Equipment must comply with DFS, TPC, and SRD restrictions.
Indoors/DFS/TPC Equipment must comply with DFS and TPC restrictions and shall not be used outdoors.
Registration required Users must register with the applicable regulatory authority before using this band.
Un­known Information regarding regulations in this band is not available.
Notes: Bradner, Scott O. (March 1997), Key Words for Use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels, RFC 2119

Country-specific information

[edit]

United States

[edit]

Source:[56]

In 2007, the FCC (United States) began requiring that devices operating in the bands of 5.250–5.350 GHz and 5.470–5.725 GHz must employ dynamic frequency selection (DFS) and transmit power control (TPC) capabilities. This is to avoid interference with weather-radar and military applications.[57] In 2010, the FCC further clarified the use of channels in the 5.470–5.725 GHz band to avoid interference with TDWR, a type of weather radar system.[58] In FCC parlance, these restrictions are now referred to collectively as the Old Rules. On 10 June 2015, the FCC approved a new ruleset for 5 GHz device operation (called the New Rules), which adds 160 and 80 MHz channel identifiers, and re-enables previously prohibited DFS channels, in Publication Number 905462.[59] This FCC publication eliminates the ability for manufacturers to have devices approved or modified under the Old Rules in phases; the New Rules apply in all circumstances as of 2 June 2016.[59]

Source:[60] "To help meet the increasing demand for Wi-Fi and other unlicensed services, the FCC's new rules will make 45 megahertz of the 5.9 GHz band available for unlicensed use. This spectrum's impact will be further amplified by the fact that it is adjacent to an existing Wi-Fi band which, when combined with the 45 megahertz made available today, will support cutting edge broadband applications. These high-throughput channels—up to 160 megahertz wide—will enable gigabit Wi-Fi connectivity for schools, hospitals, small businesses, and other consumers. The Report and Order adopts technical rules to enable full-power indoor unlicensed operations in the lower 45 megahertz portion of the band immediately, as well as opportunities for outdoor unlicensed use on a coordinated basis under certain circumstances. Under the new rules, ITS services will be required to vacate the lower 45 megahertz of the band within one year."

United Kingdom

[edit]

The UK's Ofcom regulations for unlicensed use of the 5 GHz band is similar to Europe, except that DFS is not required for the frequency range 5.725–5.850 GHz and the SRD maximum mean e.i.r.p is 200 mW instead of 25 mW.[61]

Additionally, 5.925–6.425 GHz is also available for unlicensed use, as long as it is used indoors with an SRD of 250 mW.

Germany

[edit]

Germany requires DFS and TPC capabilities on 5.250–5.350 GHz and 5.470–5.725 GHz as well; in addition, the frequency range 5.150–5.350 GHz is allowed only for indoor use, leaving only 5.470–5.725 GHz for outdoor and indoor use.[62]

Since this is the German implementation of EU Rule 2005/513/EC, similar regulations must be expected throughout the European Union.[27][28]

European standard EN 301 893 covers 5.15–5.725 GHz operation, and as of 23 May 2017 v2.1.1 has been adopted.[63] 6 GHz can now be used.[64]

Austria

[edit]

Austria adopted Decision 2005/513/EC directly into national law.[65] The same restrictions as in Germany apply, only 5.470–5.725 GHz is allowed to be used outdoors and indoors.[citation needed]

Japan

[edit]

Japan's use of 10 and 20 MHz-wide 5 GHz wireless channels is codified by Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) document STD-T71, Broadband Mobile Access Communication System (CSMA).[66] Additional rule specifications relating to 40, 80, and 160 MHz channel allocation has been taken on by Japan's Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC).[67]

Brazil

[edit]

In Brazil, the use of TPC is required in the 5.150–5.350 GHz and 5.470–5.725 GHz bands is required, but devices without TPC are allowed with a reduction of 3 dB.[68] DFS is required in the 5.250–5.350 GHz and 5.470–5.725 GHz bands, and optional in the 5.150–5.250 GHz band.[69]

Australia

[edit]

As of 2015, some of the Australian channels require DFS to be utilised (a significant change from the 2000 regulations, which allowed lower power operation without DFS).[8] As per AS/NZS 4268 B1 and B2, transmitters designed to operate in any part of 5250–5350 MHz and 5470–5725 MHz bands shall implement DFS in accordance with sections 4.7 and 5.3.8 and Annex D of ETSI EN 301 893 or alternatively in accordance with FCC paragraph 15.407(h)(2). Also as per AS/NZS 4268 B3 and B4, transmitters designed to operate in any part of 5250–5350 MHz and 5470–5725 MHz bands shall implement TPC in accordance with sections 4.4 and 5.3.4 of ETSI EN 301 893 or alternatively in accordance with FCC paragraph 15.407(h)(1).

New Zealand

[edit]

New Zealand regulation differs from Australian.[70]

Philippines

[edit]

In the Philippines, the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) allows the use of 5150 MHz to 5350 MHz and 5470 MHz to 5850 MHz frequency bands indoors with an effective radiated power (ERP) not exceeding 250 mW. Indoor Wireless Data Network (WDN) equipment and devices shall not use external antenna. All outdoor equipment/radio station whether for private WDN or public WDN shall be covered by appropriate permits and licenses required under existing rules and regulations.[71]

Singapore

[edit]

Singapore regulation requires DFS and TPC to be used in the 5.250–5.350 GHz band to transmit more than 100 mW effective radiated power (EIRP), but no more than 200 mW, and requires DFS capability on 5.250–5.350 GHz below or equal to 100 mW EIRP, and requires DFS and TPC capabilities on 5.470–5.725 below or equal to 1000 mW EIRP. Operating 5.725–5.850 GHz above 1000 mW and below or equal to 4000 mW EIRP shall be approved on exceptional basis.[41]

South Korea

[edit]

In South Korea, the Ministry of Science and ICT has public notices. 신고하지 아니하고 개설할 수 있는 무선국용 무선설비의 기술기준, Technical standard for radio equipment for radio stations that can be opened without reporting. They allowed 160 MHz channel bandwidth from 2018 to 2016–27.[72]

China

[edit]

China MIIT expanded allowed channels as of 31 December 2012 to add UNII-1, 5150–5250 MHz, UNII-2, 5250–5350 MHz (DFS/TPC), similar to European standards EN 301.893 V1.7.1.[73] China MIIT expanded allowed channels as of 3 July 2017 to add U-NII-3, 5725–5850 MHz.[74]

Indonesia

[edit]

Indonesia allows use of the band 5150–5350 MHz with maximum EIRP of 200 mW (23 dBm) and maximum bandwidth of 160 MHz, and the band 5725–5825 MHz with the same maximum EIRP and maximum bandwidth of 80 MHz for indoor use. Outdoors, use of the band 5725–5825 MHz with maximum EIRP of 4 W (36 dBm) is allowed, with a maximum bandwidth of 20 MHz.[75][76]

India

[edit]

In exercise of the powers conferred by sections 4 and 7 of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 (13 of 1885) and sections 4 and 10 of the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933 (17 of 1933) and in supersession of notification under G.S.R. 46(E), dated 28 January 2005 and notification under G.S.R. 36(E), dated 10 January 2007 and notification under G.S.R. 38(E), dated 19 January 2007, the Central Government made the rules, called the Use of Wireless Access System including Radio Local Area Network in 5 GHz band (Exemption from Licensing Requirement) Rules, 2018. The rules include criteria like 26 dB bandwidth[dubious – discuss] of the modulated signal measured relative to the maximum level of the modulated carrier, the maximum power within the specified measurement bandwidth, within the device operating band; measurements in the 5725–5875 MHz band are made over a bandwidth of 500 kHz; measurements in the 5150–5250 MHz, 5250–5350 MHz, and 5470–5725 MHz bands are made over a bandwidth of 1 MHz or 26 dB emission bandwidth of the device. No licence shall be required under indoor and outdoor environment to establish, maintain, work, possess or deal in any wireless equipment for the purpose of low power wireless access systems. Transmitters operating in 5725–5875 MHz, all emissions within the frequency range from the band edge to 10 MHz above or below the band edge shall not exceed an EIRP of −17 dBm/MHz; for frequencies 10 MHz or greater above or below the band edge, emission shall not exceed an EIRP of −27 dBm/MHz.[77] [78]

5.9 GHz (802.11p)

[edit]

The 802.11p amendment published on 15 July 2010, specifies WLAN in the licensed band of 5.9 GHz (5.850–5.925 GHz).

Channel Center
frequency
(MHz) 		Frequency
range
(MHz) 		10
MHz 		20
MHz 		Band
name 		United
States 		United
Kingdom 		Europe Japan
172 5860 5855–5865 10 — DSRC Un­known Yes Un­known
174 5870 5865–5875 10
176 5880 5875–5885 10
178 5890 5885–5895 10
180 5900 5895–5905 10
182 5910 5905–5915 10 C-V2X No No No Registration
required
183 (proposed) 5915 5905–5925 20
184 5920 5915–5925 10 Indoors/SRD
(250 mW)
187 5935 5930–5940 10 —
188 5940 5930–5950 20
189 5945 5940–5950 10
192 5960 5950–5970 20
196 5980 5970–5990 20

6 GHz (802.11ax and 802.11be)

[edit]

The Wi-Fi Alliance has introduced the term Wi‑Fi 6E to identify and certify IEEE 802.11ax devices that support this new band, which is also used by Wi-Fi 7 (IEEE 802.11be).

Ch.
20 MHz 		F0
(MHz) 		Frequency
range
(MHz) 		Center Frequency Index United
States
FCC
U-NII band(s) 		United States Canada Europe,
Japan,
Russia,
New Zealand[79] 		Australia,
Greenland,
United Arab Emirates,
United Kingdom,
Mexico 		Brazil[80],
Chile,
Costa Rica,
Guatemala,
Honduras,
Peru,
Saudi Arabia,
South Korea 		Colombia,
Jordan,
Qatar 		Singapore, Hong Kong,[81] Macao, Philippines
40
MHz 		80
MHz 		160
MHz 		320
MHz
2 5935 5925–5945 — U-NII-5 Standard
/LPI 		Standard
/LPI/VLP 		LPI/VLP[82] Yes Yes Proposed Yes
1 5955 5945–5965 3 7 15 31 No LPI/VLP
5 5975 5965–5985
9 5995 5985–6005 11
13 6015 6005–6025
17 6035 6025–6045 19 23
21 6055 6045–6065
25 6075 6065–6085 27
29 6095 6085–6105
33 6115 6105–6125 35 39 47 63
37 6135 6125–6145
41 6155 6145–6165 43
45 6175 6165–6185
49 6195 6185–6205 51 55
53 6215 6205–6225
57 6235 6225–6245 59
61 6255 6245–6265
65 6275 6265–6285 67 71 79 95
69 6295 6285–6305
73 6315 6305–6325 75
77 6335 6325–6345
81 6355 6345–6365 83 87
85 6375 6365–6385
89 6395 6385–6405 91
93 6415 6405–6425
97 6435 6425–6445 99 103 111 127 U-NII-6 LPI Standard
/LPI/VLP 		No No Yes Proposed No
101 6455 6445–6465
105 6475 6465–6485 107
109 6495 6485–6505
113 6515 6505–6525 115 119
117 6535 6525–6545 U-NII-7 Standard
/LPI
121 6555 6545–6565 123
125 6575 6565–6585
129 6595 6585–6605 131 135 143 159
133 6615 6605–6625
137 6635 6625–6645 139
141 6655 6645–6665
145 6675 6665–6685 147 151
149 6695 6685–6705
153 6715 6705–6725 155
157 6735 6725–6745
161 6755 6745–6765 163 167 175 191
165 6775 6765–6785
169 6795 6785–6805 171
173 6815 6805–6825
177 6835 6825–6845 179 183
181 6855 6845–6865
185 6875 6865–6885 187 U-NII-7/8 LPI LPI/VLP
189 6895 6885–6905 U-NII-8
193 6915 6905–6925 195 199 207 No
197 6935 6925–6945
201 6955 6945–6965 203
205 6975 6965–6985
209 6995 6985–7005 211 215
213 7015 7005–7025
217 7035 7025–7045 219
221 7055 7045–7065
225 7075 7065–7085 227 No No No
229 7095 7085–7105
233 7115 7105–7125 No
Ch. F0
(MHz) 		Frequency
range
(MHz) 		40
MHz 		80
MHz 		160
MHz 		320
MHz 		United States
FCC
U-NII band(s) 		United States Canada Europe,
Japan,
Russia,
New Zealand 		Australia,
Greenland,
United Arab Emirates,
United Kingdom,
Mexico
 Brazil,
Chile,
Costa Rica,
Guatemala,
Honduras,
Peru,
Saudi Arabia,
South Korea 		Colombia,
Jordan,
Qatar 		Singapore, Hong Kong, Macao, Philippines

Initialisms (precise definition below):

  • LPI: low-power indoor
  • VLP: very-low-power

United States

[edit]

On 23 April 2020, the FCC voted on and ratified a Report and Order[83][84] to allocate 1.2 GHz of unlicensed spectrum in the 6 GHz band (5.925–7.125 GHz) for Wi-Fi use.

Standard power

[edit]
USA 6 GHz standard-power channels
Band 20 MHz 40 MHz 80 MHz 160 MHz
U-NII-5 24 12 6 3
U-NII-6 Not allowed
U-NII-7 17 8 3 1
U-NII-8 Not Allowed
TOTAL 41 20 9 4

Standard-power access points are permitted indoors and outdoors at a maximum EIRP of 36 dBm in the U-NII-5 and U-NII-7 sub-bands with automatic frequency coordination (AFC).

Low-power indoor (LPI) operation

[edit]
USA 6 GHz low-power indoor channels
Band 20 MHz 40 MHz 80 MHz 160 MHz 320 MHz
U-NII-5 24 12 6 3 1.5
U-NII-6 5 2.5 1.25 0.5 0.25
U-NII-7 17.5 8.75 4.25 2.25 1.125
U-NII-8 12.5 5.75 2.5 1.25 0.125
TOTAL 59 29 14 7 3

Note: Partial channels indicate channels that span UNII boundaries, which is permitted in 6 GHz LPI operation. Under the proposed channel numbers, the U-NII-7/U-NII-8 boundary is spanned by channels 185 (20 MHz), 187 (40 MHz), 183 (80 MHz), and 175 (160 MHz). The U-NII-6/U-NII-7 boundary is spanned by channels 115 (40 MHz), 119 (80 MHz), and channel 111 (160 MHz).

For use in indoor environments, access points are limited to a maximum EIRP of 30 dBm and a maximum power spectral density of 5 dBm/MHz. They can operate in this mode on all four U-NII bands (5,6,7,8) without the use of automatic frequency coordination. To help ensure they are used only indoors, these types of access points are not permitted to be connectorized for external antennas, weather-resistant, or run on battery power.[84]: 41 

Very-low-power devices

[edit]

The FCC may issue a ruling in the future on a third class of very low power devices such as hotspots and short-range applications.

Canada

[edit]

In November 2020, the Innovation, Science and Economic Development (ISED) of Canada published "Consultation on the Technical and Policy Framework for Licence-Exempt Use in the 6 GHz Band".[85] They proposed to allow licence-exempt operations in the 6 GHz spectrum for three classes of radio local area networks (RLANs):

Standard power

[edit]

For indoor and outdoor use. Maximum EIRP of 36 dBm and maximum power spectral density (PSD) of 23 dBm/MHz. Should employ Automated Frequency Coordination (AFC) control.

Low-power indoor (LPI)

[edit]

For indoor use only. Maximum EIRP of 30 dBm and maximum PSD of 5 dBm/MHz.

Very-low-power (VLP)

[edit]

For indoor and outdoor use. Maximum EIRP of 14 dBm and maximum PSD of -8 dBm/MHz.

Europe

[edit]

ECC Decision (20)01 from 20 November 2020[86] allocated the frequency band from 5925 to 6425 MHz (corresponding to the US U-NII-5 band) for use by low-power indoor and very-low-power devices for Wireless Access Systems/Radio Local Area Networks (WAS/RLAN), with a portion specifically reserved for rail networks and intelligent transport systems.[87]

EU 6 GHz Channels
Band 20 MHz 40 MHz 80 MHz 160 MHz
5925–6425 MHz 24 12 6 3

United Kingdom

[edit]

Since July 2020, the UK's Ofcom permitted unlicensed use of the lower 6 GHz band (5925 to 6425 MHz, corresponding to the US U-NII-5 band) by Low Power indoor and Very Low Power indoor and mobile Outdoor devices.[88][89]

Australia

[edit]

In April 2021, Australia's ACMA opened consultations for the 6 GHz band. The lower 6 GHz band (5925 to 6425 MHz, corresponding to the US U-NII-5 band) was approved for 250 mW EIRP indoors and 25 mW outdoors on March 4, 2022.[90] Further consideration is also being given to releasing the upper 6 GHz band (6425 to 7125 MHz) for WLAN use as well, although nothing has been officially proposed at this time.

Japan

[edit]

In September 2022, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications announced amendments to the ministerial order and notices related to the Radio Act.[91]

Low-power indoor (LPI)

[edit]

For indoor use only. Maximum EIRP of 200 mW.

Very-low-power (VLP)

[edit]

For indoor and outdoor use. Maximum EIRP of 25 mW.

Russia

[edit]

In December 2022, Russian State Commission for Radio Frequencies authorised 6 GHz operation for low-power indoor (LPI) use with transmitter power control (TPC) limited to maximum EIRP of 200 mW and maximum PSD of 10 mW/MHz, and very low power (VLP) indoor and mobile outdoor use with maximum EIRP of 25 mW and maximum PSD of 1.3 mW/MHz.[92]

Singapore[93]

[edit]

In May 2023, Singapore's IMDA will amend its Regulations to allocate the radio frequency spectrum 5,925 MHz – 6,425 MHz for Wi-Fi use in Singapore.

Philippines

[edit]

On May 23, 2024, the Philippines' National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) is considering the use of 5925 MHz to 6425 MHz frequency bands indoors with an effective radiated power (ERP) not exceeding 250 mW and outdoors with an effective radiated power not exceeding 25 mW.[94] On July 5, 2024, the NTC has released Memorandum Circular No. 002-07-2024, allowing 6 GHz Wi-Fi use, with the added restriction that the use on unmanned aircraft systems is prohibited.[95]

45 GHz (802.11aj)

[edit]

The 802.11aj standards, also known as WiGig, operate in the 45 GHz spectrum.

45 GHz WiGig channels
Channel Frequency (GHz) Channel Frequency (GHz)
Center Min. Max. BW Center Min. Max. BW
1 42.66 42.39 42.93 0.54 11 42.93 42.39 43.47 1.08
2 43.20 42.93 43.47
3 43.74 43.47 44.01 12 44.01 43.47 44.55
4 44.28 44.01 44.55
5 44.82 44.55 45.09 13 45.09 44.55 45.63
6 45.36 45.09 45.63
7 45.90 45.63 46.17 14 46.17 45.63 46.71
8 46.44 46.17 46.71
9 47.52 47.25 47.79 15 47.79 47.25 48.33
10 48.06 47.79 48.33

60 GHz (802.11ad/aj/ay)

[edit]

The 802.11ad/aj/ay standards, also known as WiGig, operate in the 60 GHz V band unlicensed ISM band spectrum.

60 GHz WiGig channels
Channel
2.16 GHz		 Frequency (GHz) Channel
4.32 GHz		 Channel
6.48 GHz		 Channel
8.64 GHz 		Channel
1.08 GHz		 Frequency (GHz)
Center Min. Max. Center Min. Max.
1 58.32 57.24 59.40 9 — 17 — — 25 — — — 33 57.78 57.24 58.32
2 60.48 59.40 61.56 10 18 26 34 58.86 58.32 59.40
3 62.64 61.56 63.72 11 19 27 35 59.94 59.40 60.48
4 64.80 63.72 65.88 12 20 28 36 61.02 60.48 61.56
5 66.96 65.88 68.04 13 21 29 37 62.10 61.56 62.64
6 69.12 68.04 70.20 14 22 — 38 63.18 62.64 63.72
7 71.28 70.20 72.36 15 — — 39 64.26 63.72 64.80
8 73.44 72.36 74.52 — — — 40 65.34 64.80 65.88

Indonesia

[edit]

Indonesia allows the use of the band 57–64 GHz with maximum EIRP of 10 W (40 dBm), and maximum bandwidth of 2.16 GHz, for indoor use.[96][97]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e obsolete

References

[edit]
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  3. ^ a b c IEEE 802.11-2007 — Table 18-9
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  94. ^ "Draft MC on Amending Section 2 of Memorandum Circular No. 03-05-2007" (PDF). ntc.gov.ph. 2024-05-23. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
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  96. ^ "Permenkominfo No. 2 Tahun 2023".
  97. ^ Sutanto, Erwin (12 June 2024). "Evaluasi LoRaWAN dan WLAN untuk Pemantauan Microgrid Fotovoltaik berbasis IoT".

Further reading

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