Arab–Israeli normalization
The Arab–Israeli normalization refers to the peace efforts and treaties between the Arab League and Israel, ending the Arab–Israeli conflict. Since the 1970s, there has been a parallel effort made to find terms upon which peace can be agreed to in the Arab–Israeli conflict and also specifically the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Over the years numerous Arab League countries have signed peace and normalization treaties with Israel, beginning with the Egypt–Israel peace treaty (1979). Despite the failure to implement the Israeli-Lebanese peace accords (1983), more treaties continued with the Israeli-Palestinian peace process (1991-present), Jordan–Israel peace treaty (1994), Abraham accords between Israel and UAE & Bahrain (2020) and Israel–Sudan normalization agreement (2020). Moreover, numerous Arab League members established semi-official relations with Israel, including Oman and Saudi Arabia.
Cease fire attempts and indirect negotiations (1949-1974)
1949 cease fire and Lausanne conference
1967 UN resolution
1973-74 UN resolutions and cease fire agreements
Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty (1978-79)
Israeli-Lebanese normalization attempt (1983)
Israeli-Palestinian peace process
Israel-Jordan peace treaty (1994)
Israeli normalization with Gulf and North Africa Arab states (2017-present)
The Arab states–Israeli alliance against Iran emerged by November 2017,[1] upon warming ties between Israel and the Gulf States and received broad media attention in light of the February 2019 Warsaw Conference. The coordination is taking place in light of the mutual regional security interests of Israel and Sunni Arab States led by Saudi Arabia,[2] and their standoff against Iranian interests across the Middle East - the Iran–Israel proxy conflict and the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict. The Arab states participating in the coordination group are the core of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Those include Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Oman.[3] In 2018, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu led a delegation to Oman and met with Sultan Qaboos and other senior Omani officials.[4]
In February 2020, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and the Chairman of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, met in Uganda, where they both agreed to normalize the ties between the two countries.[5] Later that month, Israeli planes were allowed to fly over Sudan.[6] This was followed by the Abraham Accords[7] was agreed to by Israel and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) on August 13, 2020. The treaty will settle relations between the two countries. Concurrently, Israel agreed to suspend plans for the annexation of the Jordan Valley.[8] Bahrain, Morocco, Sudan also followed.
See also
References
- ^ Marcus, Jonathan (24 November 2017). "What's shaping the Israel-Saudi 'alliance'". BBC News. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia and Israel anti-Iran alliance". Business Insider. 2017-02-19. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
- ^ The solidifying Arab-Israeli Alliance "Relations between Israel, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia continue in the shadows, with reports of senior Israeli officials regularly visiting the Gulf States. Israeli cabinet ministers have openly visited the UAE and Oman, with more set to take place in the future."
- ^ "Netanyahu makes historic visit to Oman". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com.
- ^ Landau, Noa (3 February 2020). "Netanyahu, Sudanese Leader Meet in Uganda, Agree to Start Normalizing Ties" – via Haaretz.
- ^ "Netanyahu says Israeli planes have started overflying Sudan". Reuters. 16 February 2020.
- ^ Holland, Steve (13 August 2020). "With Trump's help, Israel and the United Arab Emirates reach historic deal to normalize relations". Reuters. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ "Israel and United Arab Emirates strike historic peace accord". FT. August 13, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
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