Climate of Madrid
| Madrid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Madrid and its metropolitan area has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa)[2] which transitions to a cold semi-arid climate (BSk). According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification, Madrid has warm-temperate subtropical climate (Warmgemäßigt-subtropisches Zonenklima)[3] and according to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, Madrid has a subtropical climate.[4] However, the most widespread climate classification is that Madrid presents a climate of transition between the Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa) and the cold semi-arid climate (BSk), with hot summers and relatively cool winters with frequent frosts and occasional snowfalls.
Sunshine and UV index
Sunshine duration is 2,769 hours per year, from 124 (4 hours per day in average) in December to 359 (above 11.6 hours per day in average) in July.[5] This is one of the largest number of sunshine duration hours in Europe and this is a bit above average for the southern half of Europe because in this part of the continent, sunshine duration varies from about 2,000 to about 3,000 hours per year. However, this is 70% larger value than in northern half of Europe, where sunshine duration is around 1500 hours per year.[citation needed] In winter Madrid has about three times more sun duration than in the northern half of Europe.[citation needed] Madrid has the second highest UV value of continental Europe after Athens[6] and Lisbon.[7] The values are close to that of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as ultraviolet radiation suffers little interference from other geographic variables.[8] Although values are still average, which is not as risky as almost the entire continent, except the afternoons of the warmer months, where exposure should be reduced. The amount varies from 2 between November to January to 9 between June and July.[9]
| Climate data for Madrid | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 148 | 157 | 214 | 231 | 272 | 310 | 359 | 335 | 261 | 198 | 157 | 124 | 2,769 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 4.77 | 5.60 | 6.90 | 7.70 | 8.77 | 10.3 | 11.6 | 10.8 | 8.70 | 6.38 | 5.23 | 4.00 | 7.56 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 54 | 61 | 59 | 65 | 66 | 75 | 86 | 84 | 70 | 60 | 48 | 47 | 65 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (mean daily and monthly sunshine hours),[5] climatemps.com (percent possible sunshine)[10] and Weather Atlas (UV index)[9] | |||||||||||||
Precipitation
Madrid has on average only 63 precipitation days a year, therein average several rainy days per month (≥ 1 mm), ranging from 2 days in July and August to 8 days in May. The average annual precipitation is less than 436 mm (17.87 inches), ranging from 10 mm (0.35 inch) in August to 56 mm in November and December.[5]
| Climate data for Madrid (precipitation days – 1 mm) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 37 (1.5) |
35 (1.4) |
26 (1.0) |
47 (1.9) |
52 (2.0) |
25 (1.0) |
15 (0.6) |
10 (0.4) |
28 (1.1) |
49 (1.9) |
56 (2.2) |
56 (2.2) |
436 (17.2) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 6 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 63 |
| Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[5] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Madrid (precipitation days – 0.1 mm) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9 | 9 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 95 |
| Source: World Meteorological Organization[1] | |||||||||||||
Humidity
Average relative humidity is 57%, ranging from 38% in July to 74% in December.[5]
| Climate data for Madrid | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 71 | 65 | 55 | 56 | 53 | 44 | 38 | 41 | 50 | 64 | 70 | 74 | 57 |
| Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[5] | |||||||||||||
Snow
Snowfalls are occasional, sporadic, to few days per year. In January 1941 8 snow days were recorded, the most for any month.[11]
From 7 January to 9 January 2021, Madrid received the most snow in its recorded history; Spain's meteorological agency AEMET reported between 50 and 60 centimetres (20 and 24 in) of accumulated snow in its weather stations within the city.[12]
| Climate data for Madrid | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average snowy days | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[5] | |||||||||||||
Temperature extremes
The highest temperature recorded during the day is 40.7 °C (105.3 °F) on 28 June 2019; the August 1933 reported record had the average maximum temperature during the day at 35.5 °C (95.9 °F). The coldest temperature recorded was −10.1 °C (13.8 °F) at night on 16 January 1945.[11]
| Climate data for Madrid Buen Retiro Park | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.9 (67.8) |
22.0 (71.6) |
26.7 (80.1) |
30.1 (86.2) |
35.5 (95.9) |
40.7 (105.3) |
39.7 (103.5) |
40.6 (105.1) |
38.9 (102.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
22.7 (72.9) |
18.6 (65.5) |
40.6 (105.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −10.1 (13.8) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
0.6 (33.1) |
4.4 (39.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
9.2 (48.6) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
−10.1 (13.8) |
| Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[11][13][14][15] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Madrid Barajas Airport | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.9 (69.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
27.1 (80.8) |
31.7 (89.1) |
36.5 (97.7) |
41.2 (106.2) |
42.2 (108.0) |
41.2 (106.2) |
40.2 (104.4) |
31.7 (89.1) |
24.7 (76.5) |
21.3 (70.3) |
42.2 (108.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −15.2 (4.6) |
−14.8 (5.4) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
3.9 (39.0) |
7.0 (44.6) |
7.4 (45.3) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−10.5 (13.1) |
−15.2 (4.6) |
| Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[11][16][17][18] | |||||||||||||
Daylight
Madrid enjoys one of the most optimal number of hours of daylight in Europe. Days in winter are not as short as in the northern part of the continent, the average hours of daylight in December, January and February is 10 hours[19] (for comparison: London[20] or Moscow[21] or Warsaw[22] - about 8 hours).
| Hours | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 |
| Twilight/Night | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
Climatic data for Madrid area
| Climate data for Madrid (Buen Retiro Park, altitude: 667 m.a.s.l., 2001–2010, location) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.77 (49.59) |
11.78 (53.20) |
15.76 (60.37) |
19.05 (66.29) |
22.73 (72.91) |
29.30 (84.74) |
32.35 (90.23) |
31.60 (88.88) |
26.54 (79.77) |
19.54 (67.17) |
13.17 (55.71) |
9.79 (49.62) |
20.12 (68.22) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.45 (43.61) |
7.72 (45.90) |
11.0 (51.8) |
13.65 (56.57) |
17.22 (63.00) |
23.15 (73.67) |
25.78 (78.40) |
25.31 (77.56) |
21.03 (69.85) |
15.38 (59.68) |
9.50 (49.10) |
6.47 (43.65) |
15.22 (59.40) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.12 (37.62) |
3.66 (38.59) |
6.24 (43.23) |
8.24 (46.83) |
11.71 (53.08) |
17.00 (62.60) |
19.20 (66.56) |
19.02 (66.24) |
15.52 (59.94) |
11.22 (52.20) |
5.82 (42.48) |
3.14 (37.65) |
10.32 (50.58) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 34.5 (1.36) |
45.2 (1.78) |
36.0 (1.42) |
43.3 (1.70) |
49.2 (1.94) |
21.9 (0.86) |
4.1 (0.16) |
8.0 (0.31) |
19.8 (0.78) |
82.9 (3.26) |
47.6 (1.87) |
45.9 (1.81) |
438.5 (17.26) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.1 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 3.8 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 8.1 | 5.4 | 6.0 | 58 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 140.7 | 155.3 | 197.0 | 238.2 | 273.1 | 331.5 | 359.2 | 329.4 | 264.8 | 164.9 | 139.4 | 136.6 | 2,730.1 |
| Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[23] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Madrid-Cuatro Vientos Airport, 8 km (4.97 mi) from the city centre, altitude: 690 m.a.s.l. satellite view) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.1 (50.2) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
17.5 (63.5) |
21.8 (71.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
32.1 (89.8) |
31.7 (89.1) |
26.9 (80.4) |
19.9 (67.8) |
14.1 (57.4) |
10.6 (51.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.8 (42.4) |
7.5 (45.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
11.8 (53.2) |
15.8 (60.4) |
21.0 (69.8) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.5 (76.1) |
20.5 (68.9) |
14.6 (58.3) |
9.5 (49.1) |
6.7 (44.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) |
2.7 (36.9) |
4.4 (39.9) |
6.2 (43.2) |
9.8 (49.6) |
14.2 (57.6) |
17.6 (63.7) |
17.3 (63.1) |
14.0 (57.2) |
9.2 (48.6) |
4.9 (40.8) |
2.7 (36.9) |
8.7 (47.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 40 (1.6) |
36 (1.4) |
26 (1.0) |
48 (1.9) |
54 (2.1) |
28 (1.1) |
17 (0.7) |
14 (0.6) |
27 (1.1) |
48 (1.9) |
54 (2.1) |
58 (2.3) |
449 (17.7) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 6 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 63 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 156 | 168 | 211 | 223 | 270 | 293 | 346 | 332 | 238 | 205 | 163 | 127 | 2,733 |
| Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[24] | |||||||||||||
See also
Climate in other places in Iberian Peninsula:
- Climate of Barcelona
- Climate of Valencia
- Climate of Bilbao
- Climate of Lisbon
- Climate of Gibraltar
- Climate of Spain
References
- ^ a b "Weather Information for Madrid".
- ^ M. Kottek; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated". Meteorol. Z. 15: 259–263. Bibcode:2006MetZe..15..259K. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
- ^ Climatic map by Istituto Geografico De Agostini, according to Troll-Paffen climate classification Archived October 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Die Klimatypen der Erde - Pädagogische Hochschule in Heidelberg
- ^ a b c d e f g "Standard Climate Values. Madrid".
- ^ d.o.o, Yu Media Group. "Athens, Greece - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
- ^ d.o.o, Yu Media Group. "Lisbon, Portugal - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
- ^ d.o.o, Yu Media Group. "Pittsburgh, PA - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
- ^ a b d.o.o, Yu Media Group. "Madrid, Spain - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
- ^ Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Madrid, Spain - climatemps.com
- ^ a b c d "Valores Extremos for Madrid" (pdf) (www version) – Agencia Estatal de Meteorología
- ^ Pereda, Olga; Santos, Pilar (10 January 2021). "Observatorios de Madrid registraron espesores de nieve de entre 50 y 60 cms". La Vanguardia.
- ^ "Extreme Values (Jan–Apr), Madrid". AEMet.
- ^ "Extreme Values (May–Aug), Madrid". AEMet.
- ^ "Extreme Values (Sep–Dec), Madrid". AEMet.
- ^ "Extreme Values (Jan–Apr), Madrid". AEMet.
- ^ "Extreme Values (May–Aug), Madrid". AEMet.
- ^ "Extreme Values (Sep–Dec), Madrid". AEMet.
- ^ a b "Weather2Travel.com: Madrid Climate Guide".
- ^ "London Climate and Weather Averages, UK". Weather2travel.com. Retrieved 2013-09-23.
- ^ "Moscow Climate and Weather Averages, Russia (Europe)". Weather2travel.com. Retrieved 2013-09-23.
- ^ "Warsaw Climate and Weather Averages, Poland". Weather2travel.com. Retrieved 2013-09-23.
- ^ Valores climatológicos normales y estadísticos de estaciones principales Archived 2014-09-06 at the Wayback Machine - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología
- ^ "Standard Climate Values, Madrid, Cuatro Vientos". AEMet.
