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House of Golitsyn

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Golitsyn
Голицын
Parent houseHouse of Gediminas
CountryGrand Duchy of Moscow
Tsardom of Russia
Imperial Russia
Founded15th century
FounderAndrey Andreyevich Golitsyn
TitlesPrince and Princess
Cadet branchesKurakins, Khovansky, Koretsky

The House of Golitsyn or Galitzine was one of the largest princely of the noble houses in the Tsardom of Russia and Russian Empire. Among them were boyars, warlords, diplomats, generals (the Mikhailovichs), stewards, chamberlains, the richest men of Russia (the Alexeyevichs), and provincial landlords (the Vasilyevichs). Since 1694 Bolshiye Vyazyomy was one of the ancestral estates of the Golitsyns, but many others, like Arkhangelskoye Palace and Dubrovitsy near Podolsk, were owned by different branches or members of the family.

In the 1850s the Russian memoirist Filipp Vigel despaired: "So numerous are the Golitsyns that soon it will be impossible to mention any of them without the family tree at hand".[1] Of the numerous branches of the princely family that existed in 1917, only one survived in the Soviet Union; all others were extinguished or forced into exile. The Bolsheviks arrested dozens of Golitsyns only to be shot or killed in the Gulag; dozens disappeared in the storm of the revolution and the Russian Civil War, and their fate remained unknown.[2]

Origins

The family descends according to legend from a Lithuanian prince Jurgis (George), son of Patrikas and grandson of Narimantas, thus great-grandson of Gediminas (d. 1341), Grand Duke of Lithuania.[a] After the extinction of the Korecki family in the 17th century, the Golitsyns claimed dynastic seniority in the House of Gediminas.

Their surname in Russian: Голи́цын, romanized: Golitsyn, IPA: [ɡɐˈlʲitsɨn] and cyrillic script is alternatively transliterated: Galitzine (French), Galitzin (German), Golicyn (Italian) or Golitsin (Spanish), etc.[b] “Vir est Vis”, or "man himself is power”, is the Golitsyn family motto.

History

Peter I of Russia permitted the Golitsyns to incorporate the emblem of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into their coat of arms

George immigrated to the court of Vasily I of Moscow and married Vasily's sister. His children and grandchildren, among them Vassian Patrikeyev, were considered premier Russian boyars. One of them, Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Bulgark (The Bulgarian), earned the nickname Golitsa (glove, geležìs in Old Lithuanian) for an iron (or strong leather) glove he wore in the Battle of Orsha in 1514. His son Yuri Mikhailovich Bulgakov continued with the family line Golytsin and his great-grandson Prince Vasily Golitsyn was claimant to the Russian throne during the Time of Troubles and went as an ambassador to Poland to offer the Russian crown to Prince Władysław; died in prison.[3][c]

Prince (knyaz) Andrey Andreyevich Golitsyn (d. 1638), governor of Siberia (1633–35), was the ancestor of all existing princes Golitsyns. He had four sons, from whom four branches of the Golitsyn family descended:

  • Vasil (1618–1652) – branch Vassilyevich
  • Ivan (? – 1690) – branch Ivanovich, ended in 1751 (in a monastery)
  • Alexey (1632–1694) – branch Alexeevich
  • Michael (1639–1687) – branch Mikhailovich

The family produced many well-known statesmen and generals, among them Vasily, Boris, Dmitry and Nikolai Golitsyn, the last chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (Prime Minister of Imperial Russia), earning his living by repairing shoes and guarding public parks after the February revolution.

Notable Golitsyns

Vasily Golitsyn. The Velvet Book was an official register of genealogies of Russia's most illustrious families.
Golitsyn Palace in Gaspra (Crimea)
Dubrovitsy Estate
Vyazyomy Manor
A Golitsyn family by Vladimir Borovikovsky (1810), National Museum in Warsaw
Dmitriy Vladimirovich Golitsyn. Military Gallery of the Winter Palace, State Hermitage Museum (Saint Petersburg)
Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn, a 1772 portrait by Dmitry Levitzky
House of Prince Golitsyn on Fontanka, 20
Arkhangelskoye Palace
Golitsyn Hospital
Sergey Mikh. Golytsin by V.Tropinin
17th century estate of Fedor Golovin in Khamovniki District, later Golitsyn family

Branch Vassilyevich

  • Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn (1643–1714) was a leading boyar, a Russian statesmen, combining military duties with civilian pursuits, de facto head of the government during the regency of Sophia Alekseyevna (1682–1689) over her brother Ivan and half-brother Peter the Great who banished him and his family to Arkhangelsk Oblast. He owned a richly decorated mansion in Moscow which became the location of the State Duma.
    • Aleksey Vasilyevich Golitsyn (1665–1740) In 1683, he received from his grandfather a village south of Moscow, now Tsaritsyno Palace and surrounding park. In 1694 he was stripped of his boyardom (with the retention of the princely title) and the Tsar sent him and his family into exile. He returned in 1726, after the death of Peter I.
      • Mikhail Alekseyevich Golitsyn (1687–1775) nicknamed "the fool" was punished by Empress Anna of Russia for converting to Catholicism in order to marry an Italian or German woman. This marriage was declared illegal and she appointed him court jester in 1738, serving kvass to the guests. Two years later she forced him to marry either a Kalmuck or a female jester from Kamchatka. The "mock wedding" which took place inside a two-room ice palace on the Neva in February 1740 during an extremely cold winter remained famous. He moved to his estate and was buried near Pushkino.
      • Sergei Alekseyevich Golitsyn (1695–1758), served as the Moscow governor, director of the Moscow Mint.

Branch Alexeevich

  • Aleksey Andreyevich Golitsyn (1632–1694), governor of Siberia, of Kiev.
    • Boris Alekseyevich Golitsyn (1654–1714), a cousin and the chief political opponent of Vasily Vasilyevich, was tutor and participated in the coup that placed Peter the Great on the throne; head of the government during the "Great Embassy" of 1697–98; owner of the estates Bolshiye Vyazyomy and Dubrovitsy.
    • Ivan Alekseyevich Golitsyn (1656/8–1729)[8]
      • Alexei Ivanovich Golitsyn (1707–1739) died of plague in Constantinople.
        • Ivan Alekseyevich Golitsyn (1729–1767)
        • Pyotr Alekseyevich Golitsyn (1731–1810)
        • Dmitri Alekseyevich Gallitzin (1734/8–The Hague, 1803) was a Russian diplomat, art agent for Catherine the Great. The idea of acquiring not individual pictures but large collections "en bloc" came from Golitsyn.[9] He was the main driving force behind the subsequent painting acquisitions in France. He was the Russian ambassador in Paris (1762–68); a friend of Falconet, Denis Diderot, a supporter of the physiocrats, and translated Helvétius. He was envoy in The Hague (1768–98), a supporter of the League of Armed Neutrality, the recognition of the United States and the abolition of serfdom. After 1789 he continued to defend his principles and never returned to Russia.[10] In 1768 he married Adelheid Amalie Gallitzin. In 1774 the couple split and the Princess moved to a country house between The Hague and the beach, to better to oversee raising her children in a way J.J. Rousseau had promoted in his "Emile". She turned to Catholicism in 1786. He is known as volcanologist and mineralogist.
    • Pyotr Alekseyevich Golitsyn (1660–1722)

Branch Mikhailovich

19th and 20th century

Vladimir Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1847-1932), who resigned in 1905 as mayor of Moscow; painting by Valentin Serov (Tretyakov gallery)
  • Prince Alexei Vasilyevich Golitsyn (1832–1901) was a friend of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Like the composer, Golitsyn was homosexual; but unlike the composer, he lived openly with his lover, Nikolay Vasilyevich Masalitinov (d. 1884).[16]
  • Boris D. Golitsyn (1819-1878) and his son Dmitry B. Golitsyn (1851-1920)
  • Prince Grigory Sergeyevich Golitsyn (1838–1907) was a general and the Governor of Transcaucasia in 1897–1904.
  • Lev Golitsyn (1845–1915) was one of the founders of winemaking at Yusupov Palace (Crimea). In his estate of Novyi Svet he built the first Russian factory of champagne wines. In 1889 the production of this winery won the gold medal at the Paris exhibition in the nomination for sparkling wines. He became the surveyor of imperial vineyards at Abrau-Dyurso in 1891.
  • Nikolai Dmitriyevich Golitsyn (1850–1925) was the son of Dmitry Borisovich Golitsyn (1803–1864) and governor of Archangel, Kaluga, and Tver. He became the last Tsarist prime minister of Russia. On 11 January 1917 [O.S. 29 December 1916] a hesitating Golitsyn was appointed as successor of Alexander Trepov. Golitsyn begged the Emperor to cancel his appointment, citing his lack of preparation for the role of Prime Minister. The tsar refused. A few weeks later the February Revolution began. On 26 February Golitsyn used a (signed,[17] but not yet dated) ukaze declaring that his Majesty had decided to interrupt the Imperial Duma until April, leaving it with no legal authority to act.[d][18] The Government was paralyzed. "On the evening of 27 February (March 12 (N.S.) the Council of Ministers of Russia held its last meeting in the Marinsky Palace and formally submitted its resignation to the Tsar. The Provisional Committee of the State Duma ordered the arrest of all the ex-ministers and senior officials"[19] The next day Golitsyn was transferred to the Peter and Paul Fortress for interrogation. During the period from 1920 to 1924 he was twice arrested by the OGPU, on the suspicion of connection with counterrevolutionaries. After his third arrest (on 12 February 1925), he was executed on 2 July 1925 in Leningrad on the charge of participating in a "counter-revolutionary monarchist organization"
  • Princess Sophie Galitzine (1858–1883) who married French aristocrat Paul d'Albert de Luynes, Duke of Chaulnes and was the mother of Emmanuel d'Albert de Luynes, Duke of Chaulnes and Picquigny and Marie Thérèse, Duchess of Uzès.
  • Anna Nikolaevna Golitsyna (1859–1929) married Mikhail Rodzianko, chairman of the Imperial Duma. She, Zinaida Yusupova, and Elizabeth Feodorovna secretly supported Felix Yusupov, Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich of Russia and Vladimir Purishkevich the murder of Grigory Rasputin. Rodzianko became one of the key politicians during the Russian February Revolution. He was unacceptable as prime minister and Prince Georgi Lvov, a member of the Constitutional Democratic Party, became his successor.
  • Boris Borisovich Golitsyn (1862–1916) was a prominent physicist who invented the first electromagnetic seismograph in 1906.
  • Mstislav Galitzine (1899-1966) was married to the famous California mystic, author and heiress Aimee Crocker.
  • Vladimir Golitsyn (1902–1943) After an early career as a sailor, during the 1920s Vladimir began a very successful career as a book illustrator and well-known artist, illustrating around forty books between 1925 and 1941. He also worked for the magazines the Universal Pathfinder, Pioneer and several others. Despite his very popular artwork, he was barely tolerated by the Stalinist bureaucracy and as general conditions worsened, found it increasingly hard to support his parents and young family. According to his brother, the writer Sergei Golitsyn, Vladimir died from exhaustion and under-nourishment in the Sviyazhska prison camp on 6 February 1943.
  • Prince Leo Golitsyn (b. 1905–), who escaped from Soviet Russia during World War I and came to settle in Canada by 1929 in Edson, Alberta. He and his wife, an Egyptian Princess, purchased 420 acres of land, mostly bordering the McLeod River.[20] Golitsyn and his wife started an airplane charter company at Bear Lake. After the Princess died during a vacation in Europe, Leo moved to Hollywood where he was seen acting in various films as an extra, including in The Razor's Edge and The Chocolate Soldier.[20]
  • Sergei Golitsyn was the son of Mikhail Vladimirovich Golitsyn (1873–1942), and published his Memoirs of a Survivor: The Golitsyn Family in Stalin's Russia, covering the period from the revolution in 1917 to the entry of the Soviet Union into World War II in 1941.[21]
  • Nikolai Vladimirovich (1874–1942)
  • Yuri Golitsyn (1919–2002), was born in Yokohama, and was one of the founders of public relations having written the handbook on the subject and pushed research on the family forward to being published in a book. He was also a member of The Right Society and yet championed action against concentration camps after being the first allied officer to witness one firsthand (Natzweiler)[22]
  • Princess Irene Galitzine (1916–2006), fashion designer, was the daughter of Boris Galizin (1878–1958)
The graves of Princes George and Emanuel Galitzine, Brompton Cemetery, London
  • George Vladimirovich Galitzine (1916–1992) in whose memory The Prince George Galitzine Memorial Library[23] was founded in 1994 by his widow, Princess George Galitzine (formerly Jean Dawnay), and his daughter Princess Catherine (Katya) Galitzine. Prince George served with distinction in the rank of Major, Welsh Guards 1939–45. He was subsequently a diplomat and businessman. Following retirement he was active as a researcher, author and lecturer on Russia. The Prince George Galitzine Library specialises in the cultural life of St Petersburg with a collection in excess of 3000 books, photographs and documents for research tracing back to Catherine the Great.[24] The Library occupies the palace on the Fontanka, formerly the family home of his mother Countess Catherine Carlow, daughter of Duke George of Mecklenburg-Strelitz a younger son of Ekaterina Mikhailovna Romanov, Grand Duchess of Russia. Through the Mecklenburg-Strelitz connection, this branch of the Galitzine family are related to many of the Royal Houses of Europe.[25]
  • George Golitzin (1916–1963), Hollywood producer and deacon in the Orthodox Church in America.[26]
  • Georgy Sergeyevich Golitsyn (b. 1935), Russian physicist noted for his research on the concept of nuclear winter.
  • Vladimir Kirillovich Galitzine [ru] (1942–2018), Russian-Serbian-American banker with Bank of New York who led the re-introduction of banks in the former Warsaw Pact countries including the newly formed states from the former Soviet Union.[27][28][29][30]
  • Bishop Alexander (Golitzin) (b. 1948),[31] is Archbishop for Dallas, the South and the Bulgarian Diocese for the Orthodox Church in America. He is also emeritus professor of theology at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. His academic work focuses on the discerning the roots of eastern Christian spirituality in Second Temple Judaism.[32]
  • Alexander Golitzen (1908–2005) was a Moscow-born production designer and oversaw art direction on more than 300 movies; he died in San Diego, California.
  • Anatoliy Golitsyn (1926–2008) was a Soviet defector to the United States
  • Maria-Anna Galitzine (b. 1954), wife of Prince Peter Galitzine, Catholic activist
  • Grigori Galitsin (1957–2021) was a former erotic photographer.
  • Tatiana Galitzine (b. 1984) is an American architect and the daughter Prince Peter Galitzine.
  • Maria Galitzine (1988–2020) was a Russian-American interior designer and the daughter of Prince Peter Galitzine.
  • Nicholas Galitzine (b. 1994), son of Prince Geoffrey Galitzine and Lora (née Papayanni),[33][34] an actor and musician, was born in London and has starred in films such as High Strung (2016), Handsome Devil (2016), Cinderella (2021) and Purple Hearts (2022)

Notes

  1. ^ Other descendants of Patrikas are the Houses of Kurakin and Khovanski, other Gediminids (descendants of Gediminas) were the royal Jagiellonian dynasty of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (a cadet branch of Gediminids) and a number of princely families of the Commonwealth (Czartoryski, Sanguszko, Koriatowicz-Kurcewicz e.a.) and Russia (Bulgakov, Trubetskoy, Mstislavsky, Belsky and Volynsky).
  2. ^ The Russian letter O is pronounced [o] when it is stressed and it is pronounced like A [a] or an unclear schwa [ə] when it is not stressed. This is called vowel reduction, and is an important characteristic of Russian pronunciation.
  3. ^ All living members of the House of Golitsyn are also descendants of Ivan the Great and his second wife Sophia Palaiologina.[4] through their daughter Eudoxia Ivanovna (1492–1513) who married Peter (born Kudaikul), son of Ibrahim, Khan of Kazan, whose daughter Anastasia Petrova married Fyodor Mstislavsky.
  4. ^ On 8 February 1917 on request of the Emperor N. Maklakov and Protopopov drafted the text of a manifesto to dissolve the Duma (before it was opened on 14 February 1917)

References

  1. ^ a b Phillips, Catherine (December 2011). "Dmitry Mikhaylovich Golitsyn (1721–1793): An Eighteenth-century Russian Drawings Collector by Catherine Phillips". Master Drawings. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  2. ^ Braithwaite, Rodric (18 November 2012). "Former People: The Last Days of the Russian Aristocracy by Douglas Smith – review". Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2020 – via www.theguardian.com.
  3. ^ Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Golitsuin, Boris Aleksyeevich" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 225.
  4. ^ Golitsyn, princely family // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). – SPb. , 1890–1907.
  5. ^ a b Rzewski V.S. & V.A. Chudinov Russian "members" of the French revolution // French Yearbook 2010: Sources of the history of the French revolution of the XVIII century and the era of Napoleon. M.C. 6–45.
  6. ^ "Н. М. Голицын – владелец усадьбы Вяземы". Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  7. ^ P. Britten Austin (1995) 1812, Napoleon in Moscow, pp. 69–70
  8. ^ "Galitzine 6". Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  9. ^ The Hermitage Known and Unknown by Irina Sokolova
  10. ^ Lien Verpoest (2019) Layered Liberalism: the Golitsyn Legation in the Dutch Republic (1770–1782). In: Bijdragen en mededelingen betreffende de geschiedenis der Nederlanden 134(1):96 doi:10.18352/bmgn-lchr.10403
  11. ^ "Galitzine 1". Archived from the original on 19 October 2003. Retrieved 18 December 2004.
  12. ^ "Golitsyn family | Russian noble family | Britannica". Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  13. ^ H. C. Robbins Landon (1989) Mozart: the golden years
  14. ^ "ГОЛИЦЫНЫ • Большая российская энциклопедия – электронная версия". Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  15. ^ "Galitzine 7". Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  16. ^ Alexander Poznansky, Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man, many refs
  17. ^ Katkov, p. 286
  18. ^ Ф. А. Гайда, к.и.н., исторический факультет МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова. "Министр внутренних дел Н. А. Маклаков: политическая карьера русского Полиньяка"
  19. ^ Orlando Figes (2006) A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924, pp. 328–329.
  20. ^ a b Edson 75-Marguerite Ahlf
  21. ^ Bourdeaux, Michael (October 2010). "Memoirs of a survivor. The Golitsyn family in Stalin's Russia". The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 61 (4): 881. doi:10.1017/S0022046910000400. S2CID 162980477. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  22. ^ "Foxley Books: Research". Archived from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
  23. ^ Galitzine, Katya (2021). "The Prince George Galitzine Library, St. Petersburg." The Book Collector 70 no.4 (winter 1921): 619–630.
  24. ^ "The Prince George Galitzine Memorial Library". Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  25. ^ "Galitzinelibrary.ru ::English version ::About the Library". Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  26. ^ "George Golitzen". www.imdb.com. IMDb. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  27. ^ "RNA presidents". Russian Nobility Association in America (RNA). 14 September 2017. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021. See the section "Prince Vladimir Kirillovich Galitzine (2017–2018)".
  28. ^ "В США умер князь Владимир Голицын, президент дворянского собрания" [In the USA died Prince Vladimir Golitsyn, President of the Noble Assembly]. NEWSru.co.il (in Russian). 23 February 2018. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  29. ^ Сажнева, Екатерина (Sazhneva, Ekaterina) (23 February 2018). "Траур российского дворянства: чем был славен покойный князь Голицын "Он был одним из самых почитаемых людей в среде русской эмиграции"" [Mourning of the Russian nobility: what the late prince Golitsyn was famous for "He was one of the most revered people among the Russian emigration"]. Moskovskij Komsomolets (in Russian). Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ "Голицыны: Все они принадлежат как своей Родине – России, так и Америке" [Golitsyns: They all belong to both their Motherland - Russia and America]. Газета «Русская Америка» (Russian America) (in Russian). 17 July 2016. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  31. ^ "Alexander (Golitzin) of Dallas, the South and the Bulgarian Diocese". OrthodoxWiki. Archived from the original on 13 September 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  32. ^ "Jewish Roots of Eastern Christian Mysticism". Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  33. ^ L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux, collected issues 519–529, ICC Editions, p. 1995
  34. ^ Jefford, Kasmira. "Green Pioneers: I love the sound of breaking glass".

Bibliography

  • Sjöström (2011). "Liettuan gediminidien suomensukuiset geneettiset juuret". Donelaitis: Donelaitis-seuran, Liettuan Ystävät ry:n lehti. No. 1. pp. 16–18. ISSN 1239-3487.
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gallitzin, Demetrius Augustine" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 421.
  • Golitsyn, Sergei (1909–1989): Memoirs of a Survivor: The Golitsyn Family in Stalin's Russia, 2008
  • Le Donne John P. (1987) Ruling families in the Russian political order, 1689–1825 : I. The Petrine leadership, 1689–1725; II. The ruling families, 1725–1825. In: Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, vol. 28, n°3-4, Juillet-Décembre 1987. pp. 233–322. doi:10.3406/cmr.1987.2115
  • Douglas Smith: Former People: The Final Days of the Russian Aristocracy. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012 ISBN 9780374157616
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