Hyperprolinemia
| Hyperprolinemia | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Prolinemia, prolinuria |
 | |
| Proline | |
| Specialty | Medical genetics |
Hyperprolinemia is a condition which occurs when the amino acid proline is not broken down properly by the enzymes proline oxidase or pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, causing a buildup of proline in the body.
Genetics
Mutations in the ALDH4A1 and PRODH genes cause hyperprolinemia.[1]
Hyperprolinemia type I is caused by a mutation in the PRODH gene, which codes for the enzyme proline oxidase. This enzyme begins the process of degrading proline by starting the reaction that converts it to pyrroline-5-carboxylate.[citation needed]
Hyperprolinemia type II is caused by a mutation in the ALDH4A1 gene, for the enzyme 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase. This enzyme helps to break down the pyrroline-5-carboxylate produced in the previous reaction, converting it to the amino acid glutamate. The conversion between proline and glutamine, and the reverse reaction controlled by different enzymes, are important factors required to maintain proper metabolism and protein production. A deficiency of either proline oxidase or pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase results in a buildup of proline in the body. A deficiency of the latter enzyme leads to higher levels of proline and a buildup of the intermediate breakdown product pyrroline-5-carboxylate, causing the signs and symptoms of hyperprolinemia type II.Hyperprolinemia is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means two copies of the gene in each cell are altered. Most often, the parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder are heterozygous carriers, having only one copy of the altered gene, without having signs and symptoms of the disorder. [citation needed]
In about one-third of cases of hyperprolinemia, individuals carrying one copy of an altered PRODH gene have moderately elevated levels of proline in their blood, but these levels do not cause any health problems.[1] Individuals with one altered ALDH4A1 gene have normal levels of proline in their blood.[citation needed]
Diagnosis
Types
Hyperprolinemia type I
It is difficult to determine the prevalence of hyperprolinemia type I, as many people with the condition are asymptomatic.[1] People with hyperprolinemia type I have proline levels in their blood between 3 and 10 times the normal level. Some individuals with type I exhibit seizures, intellectual disability, or other neurological problems.[1]
Hyperprolinemia type II
Hyperprolinemia type II results in proline levels in the blood between 10 and 15 times higher than normal, and high levels of a related compound called pyrroline-5-carboxylate. This rare form of the disorder may appear benign at times,[2] but often involves seizures, convulsions, and intellectual disability.[1]
Hyperprolinemia can also occur with other conditions, such as malnutrition or liver disease. In particular, individuals with conditions that cause elevated levels of lactic acid in the blood, such as lactic acidemia, are likely to have elevated proline levels, because lactic acid inhibits the breakdown of proline.[1]
Treatment
Dietary restriction of proline intake.[3] Some findings also support vitamin D supplementation in patients with elevated proline.[4] Long-term vitamin B6 supplementation may prevent a risk of seizures in the case of hyperprolinaemia II. The strong oxidative stress was detected in the brain tissue from rats with hyperprolinemia, thefore antioxidants such as vitamin E, vitamin C, and glutathione may be effective therapeutic agents in this disorder and should be used for hyperprolinemia in patients as soon as possible. [5]
Research
A 2005 study on rats suggested that hyperprolininemia causes cognitive dysfunction.[6]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f "Hyperprolinemia". Genetics Home Reference. National Institutes of Health.
- ^ Onenli-Mungan, N; Yüksel, B; Elkay, M; Topaloğlu, AK; et al. (2004). "Type II hyperprolinemia: A case study". The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics. 46 (2): 167–169. PMID 15214748.
- ^ Harries, J. T.; Piesowicz, A. T.; Seakins, J. W. T.; Francis, D. E. M.; Wolff, O. H. (1 February 1971). "Low Proline Diet in Type 1 Hyperprolinaemia". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 46 (245): 72–81. doi:10.1136/adc.46.245.72. PMC 1647575. PMID 5555491.
- ^ Clelland, James D.; Read, Laura L.; Drouet, Valérie; Kaon, Angela; Kelly, Alexandra; Duff, Karen E.; Nadrich, Robert H.; Rajparia, Amit; Clelland, Catherine L. (June 2014). "Vitamin D insufficiency and schizophrenia risk: Evaluation of hyperprolinemia as a mediator of association". Schizophrenia Research. 156 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.017. PMC 4044915. PMID 24787057.
- ^ Mitsubuchi, Hiroshi; Nakamura, Kimitoshi; Matsumoto, Shirou; Endo, Fumio (August 2014). "Biochemical and clinical features of hereditary hyperprolinemia". Pediatrics International. 56 (4): 492–496. doi:10.1111/ped.12420. PMC 4282441. PMID 24931297.
- ^ Bavaresco, CS; Streck, EL; Netto, CA; Wyse, AT (2005). "Chronic hyperprolinemia provokes a memory deficit in the Morris water maze task". Metab Brain Dis. 20 (1): 73–80. doi:10.1007/s11011-005-2478-x. PMID 15918552. S2CID 27367341.