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Bafuliiru Chiefdom
Chiefdom
Chefferie de Bafuliiru
Country Democratic Republic of the Congo
ProvinceSouth Kivu
TerritoryUvira Territory
Government
 • MwamiNdare III Simba Kalingishi Adams
Area
 • Total1,514.270 km2 (584.663 sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2 (CAT)
Official languageFrench
National languageKiswahili

The Bafuliiru Chiefdom (French: Chefferie de Bafuliiru), formerly known as Chefferie des Bafulero, is a traditional administrative unit located in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It is situated in the Uvira Territory, which is part of the South Kivu Province in eastern DRC.[1][2][3][4]

The Fuliru people constitute the predominant ethnic group in the region, and the chiefdom serves as a local governance structure for their community. The chiefdom system is represented by traditional leadership, customs, and cultural practices specific to the Bafuliiru.[5]

Geography

The Bafuliiru Chiefdom is situated in the eastern part of the DRC, specifically within the Uvira Territory of the South Kivu Province. With an area of 1,514.270 km2, it is the largest among all the chiefdoms in Uvira Territory and appears to constitute a separate territory. The region boasts a diverse range of terrains. It includes parts of the eastern section of the Albertine Rift, which is a branch of the East African Rift System. The area is predominantly mountainous, with the Mitumba Mountains forming a significant part of the landscape. The chiefdom extends to the eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika, one of the African Great Lakes. In addition, the Bafuliiru Chiefdom is surrounded by lush forests, including portions of the Itombwe Massif, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The vegetation in the area is primarily characterized by tropical rainforests and savannah grasslands.[5][6][7]

Hydrology

View of grassland in Butaho in the Ruzizi Plain

The Bafuliru Chiefdom exhibits diverse hydrographic features, including plains, plateaus, and lakes.[2] The easternmost part of the community is primarily characterized by expansive plains that encompass regions such as Luvungi, Lubarika, Katogota, Kiliba, Runingu, and Kawizi. These areas form an integral part of the Ruzizi Plain, situated between Mitumba mountain chain and the Ruzizi River. The elevation in this area ranges from 773 to 1000 meters above sea level. The Ruzizi Plain spans from 2°42' to 3°24' south latitude and from 29° to 29°22' east longitude, covering a total area of 3,031 km2. Within this expanse, approximately 800 km2 lies within the DRC, while the remaining portion is divided between Burundi and Rwanda.[8][9][5]

Runingu River in the middle plateaux of Runingu, March 2013

The chiefdom is further characterized by two distinct plateaus: the Middle Plateau and the High Plateau. The Middle Plateau extends between Luvungi and Mulenge, with a gradual variation in elevation from 100 meters to 1800 meters. Within this plateau, notable villages include Namutiri, Ndolera, Bulaga, Langala, Bushokw, Bushuju, Butole, Bwesho, Katala and Mulenge. The Middle Plateau provides a favorable environment for cultivating crops such as cassava, coffee, bananas, beans, and maize in various locations. The High Plateau, which forms part of the Mitumba chain, boasts the highest peaks, surpassing 3,000 meters above sea level. The High Plateau serves as a watershed between the tributaries of the Ulindi and Elila rivers, as well as numerous torrents that flow into the Ruzizi River and Lake Tanganyika.[10][11][5]

Climate

The Bafuliru Chiefdom is characterized by a tropical climate, specifically a tropical rainforest climate or equatorial climate. Situated in the eastern part of the DRC, the chiefdom experiences warm temperatures throughout the year with minimal fluctuations. Average temperatures range from 30.5 to 35.5 degrees Celsius (86 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit), providing a consistently warm environment. Precipitation is abundant in the Bafuliru Chiefdom, as it receives a substantial amount of rainfall annually. Rainfall is evenly distributed across the seasons, and there is no distinct dry period. The average annual precipitation ranges from 1,500 to 2,000 millimeters (59 to 79 inches).[12][5]

Geology

The area includes sections of the Mitumba Mountains, characterized by ancient metamorphic and igneous rocks. Metamorphic rocks have undergone significant changes due to high temperatures and pressure, while igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of molten material. The Bafuliru Chiefdom also encompasses regions near Lake Tanganyika. The lake resides in a East African Rift Valley, indicating the geological processes of continental rift involved in the region. Throughout the region, sedimentary deposits may be found, particularly in areas influenced by water bodies and ancient lake systems.[12][5]

History

Mwami Nyamugira Mukogabwe II of Bafuliiru Chiefdom in Nia Magira (Lemera), Belgian Congo, circa 1925

Bafuliiru Chiefdom emerged as a small dominion created by the colonial administration in response to its sparsely populated region in 1921 in Luvungi. It was officially established in 1928 through an edict promulgated on August 18 under the aegis of the C.D.D. (Chef de Division des Districts) of the Kivu Region. Nevertheless, determining the precise boundaries of the chiefdom posed several challenges due to its expansive size. According to records from the Belgian Congo colonial administration, the geographical limits of the Bafuliiru Chiefdom were defined on March 19, 1933:[13][12][14]

  • To the east: The Ruzizi River up to its confluence with the Luvubu, then from the Luvubu to Kalinda. From Kalinda, the boundary follows the mountain range leading to Ravine Mize, and from there, it follows the Costermansville Road (Bukavu) to Kawizi, including the Kanomo River. The boundary extends to the mouth of the Kanomo River where it meets the great Musondjo.
  • To the south: From the confluence of Musondjo and Kamono, a line is drawn towards Mount Ngongwa, then from the source of the small Musondjo to its mouth where it joins the big Musondjo. The boundary continues along the great Musondjo until it meets the Lwindi River.
  • To the west: From Lwindi, the boundary extends to the foot of Mount Lutandala, encompassing the valley between the Matiazo and Bihimvu Mountains. It then follows the course of the Kalongofya stream parallel to Mount Kaya. From there, it proceeds along the eastern slope of Mount Kaya to the source of the Kinwalangazi River, and finally, it follows the Kinwalangazi River until its confluence with the Luvubu. The boundary extends from the source of the Luvubu River to the source of the Kabundji River, which eventually joins the Luvimbi River at its mouth.[12]

These delineations helped establish the territorial extent of the Bafuliru Chiefdom within the region.[12]

Administrative division

The Bafuliru Chiefdom is divided into groupements, each governed by a customary chief (chef de groupement) who is appointed by the paramount chief. The groupements are established to facilitate local governance, service delivery, and community organization. These groupements (groupings) are further divided into villages, each of which is also governed by a customary chief. Each groupement consists of several villages.[15][16]

Groupements (groupings)

The Muhungu Groupement consists of the following villages:[5][16]

  • Kabondola
  • Kagunga
  • Kaholwa
  • Kalemba
  • Kasheke
  • Kaluzi
  • Kazimwe
  • Kibumbu
  • Kasanga
  • Kihanda
  • Mukololo
  • Lugwaja
  • Masango
  • Muzinda
  • Muhungu
  • Namukanga
  • Kiriba
  • Butaho
  • Kahwizi

The Kigoma Groupement consists of the following villages:[16][5]

  • Bibangwa
  • Bikenge
  • Kukanga
  • Bushajaga
  • Kahungwe
  • Butumba
  • Kabere
  • Karava
  • Kalengera
  • Kahololo
  • Kalimba
  • Karaguza
  • Kahungwe
  • Kasheke
  • Kiryama
  • Kanga
  • Kashagala
  • Kasenya
  • Kishugwe
  • Kigoma
  • Lubembe
  • Kihinga
  • Mangwa
  • Miduga
  • Kitembe
  • Mibere
  • Kitija
  • Muhanga
  • Kabamba
  • Mulenge
  • Kaduma
  • Mushojo
  • Masango
  • Kitoga
  • Mashuba
  • Mulama
  • Kagaragara
  • Ndegu,
  • Rurambira
  • Rugeje
  • Rubuga
  • Rusako
  • Sogoti
  • Taba
  • Sange
  • Kabunambo

The Runingu Groupement consists of the following villages:[16][5]

  • Katembo
  • Kashatu
  • Ruhito
  • Ruhuha
  • Namuziba
  • Kasambura
  • Katwenge
  • Bulindwe
  • Narumoka
  • Kalindwe

The Itara/Luvungi Groupement consists of the following villages:

The Lemera Groupement consists of the following villages:

  • Kiringye
  • Kidote
  • Langala
  • Bwesho
  • Mahungu or Mahungubwe
  • Narunanga
  • Namutiri
  • Lungutu
  • Kahanda
  • Kigurwe
  • Ndunda

Security problems

Over the last three decades, the Bafuliiru Chiefdom has encountered security challenges. Like many other parts of the DRC, the region has been affected by various security issues that have impacted the lives of its inhabitants.[17][18]

The eastern part of the DRC has been a volatile region with a history of armed conflicts, often fueled by political, ethnic, and resource-related tensions. These conflicts have led to violence and displacement of civilians in the affected areas, including the Bafuliiru Chiefdom. The presence of armed groups has generated insecurity, human rights violations and instability within the region.[2][19][20]

First and Secondo Congo Wars

See also: First Congo War and Second Congo War

The chiefdom has been affected by spillover effects from conflicts in neighboring countries during the First and Second Congo Wars. These conflicts turned the area into a major battleground for various armed groups, leading to widespread violence, displacement, and immense suffering for the local population. The region witnessed the presence of formidable forces such as the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (AFDL), Forces Armées Burundaises (FAB), Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), and numerous Mai-Mai groups, each pursuing their own agendas and alliances.[17][21][22]

First Congo War

The Lemera Hospital, where the Lemera massacre took place in October 1996

During the First Congo War, rival factions clashed for control. The AFDL, supported by Rwanda and Uganda, challenged the government forces of Mobutu Sese Seko. These forces committed numerous human rights violations. On October 6, 1996, a massacre occurred at Lemera Hospital in Bafuliiru Chiefdom, South Kivu Province, where the AFDL and operatives of the Banyamulenge-led armed group killed 37 people. The victims included Hutu refugees, Zairian soldiers, and Fuliiru civilians. According to the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1993-2003 UN Mapping Report, approximately 37 individuals were killed in their beds with bayonets or gunshots.[23][24]

In subsequent days and weeks, the violence continued to escalate. On October 13 to 14, 1996, the AFDL and Banyamulenge armed units killed refugees in the Runingu camp within the Bafuliiru Chiefdom.[23] Similarly, on October 20, 1996, AFDL/RPA/FAB units targeted Burundian and Rwandan Hutu refugees in the Luvungi groupement of the chiefdom, resulting in significant casualties. In Katala village, located in the Middle Plateau of Bafuliiru Chiefdom, they captured and killed refugees who were attempting to flee at close range. Local people were then forced to bury the bodies in mass graves.[23]

On the same day, October 20, 1996, AFDL/APR/FAB units killed an unidentified number of Hutu refugees, including approximately twenty in the camp's hospital in Kanganiro camp in Luvungi groupement, Bafuliiru Chiefdom.[23] Parenthetically, on October 20, 1996, AFDL/APR/FAB units killed an unknown number of refugees and Zairian civilians who were fleeing towards Burundi in Rubenga village, Uvira Territory. In Kakumbukumbu village, located five kilometers from Lubarika camp in Bafuliiru Chiefdom, soldiers burned thirty refugees alive in a house.[23] Furthermore, on October 21, 1996, AFDL/APR/FAB units butchered around 370 refugees in Luberizi and Mutarule.[23]

Ultimately, by May 1997, the conflict resulted in the ousting of Mobutu and marked the beginning of a tumultuous period for the region. Laurent-Désiré Kabila declared himself the President of the DRC and renamed the country the "Democratic Republic of the Congo".[22]

Second Congo War

Visit of Laurent-Désiré Kabila to the EC, discussing the armed conflict raging in the area, November 1998

In the Second Congo War, which began in 1998, the Bafuliru Chiefdom once again became a battleground for rival factions and armed groups vying for power and control. The conflict witnessed various armed groups, including the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma (RCD-Goma) and multiple Mai-Mai groups, clashing in the region.[25][26]

Numerous areas within the Bafuliru Chiefdom experienced targeted attacks on civilians. On August 6, 1998, members of RCD-Goma killed 13 people, including the chief of the Kiringye area, in the village of Lwiburule. Concurrently, and in the proximate vicinity of Kivovo, Kigongo, and Kalungwe villages, RCD-Goma and RPA operatives killed 15 civilians.[27] In the village of Katogota in Bafuliiru Chiefdom on May 14, 2000, RCD-Goma carried out a massacre that claimed the lives of over 300 people.[28][29][30][31]

The conflict came to an end with the signing of the Global and Inclusive Agreement in 2002, followed by the establishment of a transitional government. However, the effects of the wars continue to linger, with communities grappling with the long-lasting consequences of violence, displacement, and trauma.[32][26][33][34]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Secteurs et Chefferies (Niveau 3 Rurale)" (PDF). unstats.un.org (in French). p. 15. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  2. ^ a b c "Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP): Territoire de UVIRA - Province du Sud Kivu" (PDF). University of Texas Libraries (in French). Austin, Texas. 2004. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  3. ^ "Le mwami de Bafuliru demande aux communautés d'Uvira de se réconcilier". ACP (in French). May 27, 2021. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  4. ^ "Sud-Kivu: 7 personnes tuées en 5 mois à Bafuliru". Radio Okapi (in French). 2014-07-07. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kishamata, Jérôme Katongo. "Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru". www.africmemoire.com (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB). Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  6. ^ The Birds of Africa: Volume VI. London, England: Bloomsbury Publishing. June 25, 2020. p. 81. ISBN 9781472986320.
  7. ^ Nacishali Nteranya, Jean (2020). "Cartographie de l'érosion hydrique des sols et priorisation des mesures de conservation dans le territoire d'Uvira (République démocratique du Congo)". VertigO: La revue électronique en sciences de l'environnement (in French). 20 (3). doi:10.4000/vertigo.28888. ISSN 1492-8442. S2CID 234071876.
  8. ^ Monographie de la province du Sud-Kivu (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: La République. 1998. p. 80.
  9. ^ Jouannet, Francis (1984). Phonologie du kifuliru: langue bantoue du groupe J (in French). Paris, France: Société d'études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France. p. 16. ISBN 9782852971172.
  10. ^ Pottier, Johan (September 26, 2002). Re-Imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521528733.
  11. ^ Rapport annuel 1986, administration du territoire collectivité-chefferie des Bafuliiru (in French). Democratic Republic of the Congo. December 31, 1986.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ a b c d e Rapport de la collectivité des Bafuliiru (in French). Lemera, Uvira Territory, South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Archives de la Division Provinciale de L’administration du Territoire. October 4, 1986.
  13. ^ Culture et société: Volume 4 (in French). Bujumbura, Burundi: Centre de Civilisation Burundais. 1981. p. 114.
  14. ^ Chubaka, Bishikwabo (1987). "Aux Origines De La Ville D'uvira Selon Les Explorateurs Et Les Pionniers De La Colonisation Belge Au Zaire (1840-1914)". Civilisations. 37 (1): 91–92. ISSN 0009-8140. JSTOR 41968746.
  15. ^ "Loi organique n° 08/016 du 07 octobre 2008 portant composition, organisation et fonctionnement des Entités Territoriales Décentralisées et leurs rapports avec l'Etat et les Provinces". www.leganet.cd. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  16. ^ a b c d Kapapi, John (March 28, 2019). Lies of the Tutsi in Eastern Congo/Zaire: A Case Study: South Kivu (Pre-Colonial to 2018). Bloomington, Indiana. pp. 55–57. ISBN 9781796022896.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ^ a b "Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP): Territoire de UVIRA - Province du Sud Kivu" (PDF). University of Texas Libraries (in French). Austin, Texas. 2004. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  18. ^ García, José (September 16, 2004). "Situation geographique de localites de Kamanyola et Katogota dans la cheferie de la plaine de Ruzizi". umoya.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  19. ^ "Commémoration du 23ème anniversaire du massacre de Katogota au Sud-Kivu: des avancées significatives enregistrées dans le processus de lutte contre l'impunité ! – JUA RDC". juardc.info. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  20. ^ Kakule, Job (2022-05-14). "[Histoire] 14 mai 2000 : Massacre de plus de 300 personnes à Katogota en territoire d'Uvira". www.grandslacsnews.com (in French). Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  21. ^ Mukwege, Denis (2022-06-09). "Rape as a weapon of war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: from holistic care to transitional justice". Revue LISA/LISA e-journal. Littératures, Histoire des Idées, Images, Sociétés du Monde Anglophone – Literature, History of Ideas, Images and Societies of the English-speaking World (vol. 20-n°53). doi:10.4000/lisa.13875. ISSN 1762-6153. S2CID 249692220. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help)
  22. ^ a b Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2004). "From Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Second And Revised Edition" (PDF). Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Uppsala, Sweden. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  23. ^ a b c d e f "Attacks against other civilian populations - South Kivu". mapping-report.org. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  24. ^ "Interview: A fate shaped by injustice – one man's mission to help the women of DR Congo". news.un.org. 2016-03-18. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  25. ^ Kiley, Penny (2012-09-10). "Sortir de l'impasse: Vers une nouvelle vision de la paix à l'est de la RDC". International Alert (in French). pp. 20–24. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  26. ^ a b Ngolet, François (December 14, 2010). Crisis in the Congo: The Rise and Fall of Laurent Kabila. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230116252.
  27. ^ "Second Congo War – Attacks on other civilian populations – South Kivu". Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  28. ^ By (2000-05-21). "Report Claims Rebels Massacre 300 in Congo". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  29. ^ "Congo rebels 'massacre 300'". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  30. ^ "Memoire Online - Bilan humain des conflits armés et ses conséquences sur le développement du territoire d'Uvira de 1996 à 2005. - Abel MUKUNDE SABUNI". Memoire Online. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  31. ^ "DRC REBELS DENY MASSACRE". The Mail & Guardian. 2000-05-23. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  32. ^ Reed, Betsy (2002-12-17). "Congo peace deal signed". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  33. ^ "Global and Inclusive Agreement on Transition in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Pretoria Agreement) | UN Peacemaker". peacemaker.un.org. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  34. ^ "Inter-Congolese Negotiations: The Final Act (Sun City Agreement) | UN Peacemaker". peacemaker.un.org. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
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