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Heinz Ewald

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Heinz Ewald
Born(1922-09-01)1 September 1922
Zoppot, Free City of Danzig (now Sopot, Poland)
Died14 March 2002(2002-03-14) (aged 79)
Coburg, Germany
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branchTemplate:Luftwaffe
Years of service1939–45
RankLeutnant (second lieutenant)
UnitJG 52, JG 106
Commands7./JG 52
Battles / warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Heinz "Esau" Ewald (1 September 1922 – 14 March 2002) was a Luftwaffe fighter ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.

Heinz Ewald was credited with 84 victories in 395 combat missions.

Career

On 1 December 1941 Ewald volunteered for military service. After his pilot training, which included flight training with the Fliegerausbildungsregiment 23 in Kaufbeuren, he was posted, in the fall of 1943, to 6. Staffel (6th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) on the Eastern Front and was soon one of the best young pilots of his group. He frequently flew as wingman to Gerhard Barkhorn.[1] On his fourth sortie, and on his first enemy encounter, he shot down his first opponent on 11 December 1943. He was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class, on 8 January 1944; the Iron Cross 1st Class on 7 March. He was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 May, and he received the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 25 May.[2]

On 17 December 1943, Ewald made a forced landing in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6.[3] On 21 March 1944, he was shot down by anti-aircraft artillery in his Bf 109 G-6.[4] On 24 June, he was again shot down, this time in his Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 163568—factory number) during combat with Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers southeast of Malu Roșu, Ploiești and wounded.[5] Prior to being shot down, Esau claimed a B-24 bomber. He made two attacks on the bomber. The first attack, which was made in a head on attack, damaged the bomber and separated it from its combat box. The second attack, which flown from a stern direction, was observed to have shot down the B-24 bomber with its left wing on fire.[6] Flying a third attack on the bomber formation, Ewald was hit by the defensive fire of another bomber. His engine caught fire and he was forced to bail out. Fearing to come to get shot in his parachute by an escorting fighter, he let himself fall to approximately 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) before deploying his parachute.[7]

On 30 September, II. Gruppe moved to Nagyrábé. Here on 6 October, Ewald claimed his first aerial victory following his injuries sustained on 24 June when he shot down a Yakovlev Yak-11 aircraft.[8] He received the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 30 November.[9] On 18 January, II. Gruppe relocated to Veszprém where they stayed until 21 March. Here the Gruppe supported the 6th Army fighting in Operation Konrad III in an attempt to relieve the siege of Budapest. Here, Ewald claimed an aerial victory over an Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft the next day, a Douglas A-20 Havoc bomber, also named "Boston", on 20 January. On 22 January, he was credited with four Lavochkin La-5 fighters shot down near Stuhlweißenburg, present-day Székesfehérvár, followed by another La-5 on 30 January and 2 February, and two La-5s on 4 February.[10]

Squadron leader

On 15 February 1945, Ewald succeeded Oberleutnant Helmut Lipfert as Staffelkapitän (squadron leader of 6. Staffel of JG 52. On 1 March, the Staffel was redesignated and became the 7. Staffel.[11] That day, he was shot down in his Bf 109 G-10/U4 (Werknummer 610964) by German anti-aircraft artillery near the airfield at Vesprém.[12] On 3 April, he made a strafing attack on Russian positions and came under attack of 12 North American P-51 Mustang resulting in a forced landing 3 kilometers (1.9 miles) near the front line.[13]

II. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Brünn, present-day Brno in the Czech Republic, on 14 April. There, Ewald claimed his last four aerial victories. That day, he shot down two Il-2 ground-attack aircraft and a Yakovlev Yak-9 fighter on 15 and 16 April, taking his total to 84.[14] Four days later on 20 April, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes), the last pilot of II. Gruppe to receive this distinction.[15][16][17]

Ewald was held as a Prisoner of War at Fürstenfeldbruck Lager from 8 May until 22 June 1945.

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Ewald was credited with 84 aerial victories.[18] Spick also lists Ewald with 84 aerial victories claimed in 396 combat missions.[19] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 82 aerial victory claims, including one P-51 fighter, plus 16 further unconfirmed claims. All of his confirmed victories were claimed on the Eastern Front.[20]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 34 Ost 66562". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[21]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Ewald an ace-in-a-day, a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Ewald did not receive credit.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Barbas, Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Unit Claim Date Time Type Location Unit
– Claims with II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[22]
Eastern Front — November – 31 December 1943
1 12 November 1943 10:27 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66562, south of Bulganak[23]
vicinity of Babtschik 		6./JG 52 5 29 December 1943 09:35 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66613[24]
vicinity of Cape Khroni 		Stab II./JG 52
2 14 November 1943 11:55 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 6673[23] 6./JG 52 6 31 December 1943 14:22 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 66522, northwest of Kesy[24]
vicinity of Nowy Swet 		Stab II./JG 52
3 5 December 1943 13:35 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] southwest of Eltigen[25] Stab II./JG 52 7 31 December 1943 14:25 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66531, northwest of Katerles[24]
vicinity of Mama Ruskaja 		Stab II./JG 52
4 17 December 1943 10:11 Yak-1 north of Gorkom[25] Stab II./JG 52 8 31 December 1943 14:30 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 66531, northwest of Katerles[24]
vicinity of Mama Ruskaja 		Stab II./JG 52
– Claims with II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[26]
Eastern Front — 1 January – 31 December 1944
—
 17 January 1944 15:00 P-39[27] Stab II./JG 52 27 8 June 1944 17:38 P-39 vicinity of Iași[28]
25 km (16 mi) west of Tudora 		6./JG 52
9 23 January 1944 12:17 P-39 Baherove[27] Stab II./JG 52
—
 11 June 1944 ~10:00 P-51[28] 6./JG 52
—
 23 January 1944 14:30 P-39[27] Stab II./JG 52 28 12 June 1944 17:38 Yak-7 vicinity of Manzar[28] 6./JG 52
10 24 January 44 14:58 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] Baherove[27] Stab II./JG 52 29?[Note 2] 24 June 1944 11:35 B-24 vicinity of Buzău[28] 6./JG 52
—
 24 January 1944 ~15:00 Yak-1[27] Stab II./JG 52 30 6 October 1944 13:01 Yak-11 Nagyrábé[30] 6./JG 52
—
 25 January 1944 ~15:00 Yak-1[31] Stab II./JG 52
—
 28 October 1944 14:20 Boston[32] 6./JG 52
11 26 January 1944 11:40 P-39 Baherove[31] Stab II./JG 52 31 31 October 1944 15:37 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 97256[32]
vicinity of Kecskemét 		6./JG 52
12 12 February 1944 08:34 Yak-9 PQ 66562[31]
Kerch 		Stab II./JG 52 32 31 October 1944 15:42 La-5 PQ 97276[32]
10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Kecskemét 		6./JG 52
13 12 February 1944 15:52 Yak-9 PQ 66614[31]
vicinity of Majak-Bakny 		Stab II./JG 52 33 1 November 1944 11:18 Yak-7 PQ 98899[32]
east of Nagykőrös 		6./JG 52
14 25 February 1944 08:34 Yak-7 PQ 47772[33]
Karankut 		Stab II./JG 52 34 1 November 1944 11:23 Yak-7 Ferihegy[32]
east of Nagykőrös 		6./JG 52
15 25 February 1944 08:36 Yak-7 PQ 47772[33]
30 km (19 mi) south of Dornburg 		Stab II./JG 52 35 1 November 1944 14:24 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] Ferihegy[32]
vicinity of Nagykőrös 		6./JG 52
16 25 February 1944 15:35 Yak-7 PQ 4758[33]
Karankut 		Stab II./JG 52 36 13 November 1944 14:54 Yak-9 vicinity of Budaörs[32]
40 km (25 mi) east-southeast of Eger 		6./JG 52
17 26 February 1944 12:32 P-40 PQ 6644[33]
Karankut 		Stab II./JG 52
—
 14 November 1944 ~08:00 Yak-9[32] 6./JG 52
18 1 March 1944 08:22?[Note 3] P-40 Grammatikowo[33] Stab II./JG 52 37 16 November 1944 08:52 La-5 vicinity of Jászberény[32] 6./JG 52
—
 1 March 1944 ~12:00 Yak-1[33] Stab II./JG 52 38 16 November 1944 11:46 Yak-9 vicinity of Jászberény[34]
northwest of Jászberény 		6./JG 52
19 2 March 1944 13:50 Yak-1 PQ 66562[33]
Grammatikowo 		Stab II./JG 52 39 16 November 1944 11:51 Yak-9 vicinity of Jászberény[34]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Gyöngyös 		6./JG 52
20 11 March 1944 08:32 Yak-1 PQ 46112[33]
Grammatikowo 		Stab II./JG 52 40 16 November 1944 14:03 Yak-9 PQ 8373[34]
40 km (25 mi) north-northeast of Karcag 		6./JG 52
—
 11 March 1944 ~12:00 Yak-1[33] Stab II./JG 52 41 17 November 1944 08:36 Yak-9 PQ 98464[34]
vicinity of Jászberény 		6./JG 52
21 13 March 1944 10:10 Yak-7 Grammatikowo[35] Stab II./JG 52 42 17 November 1944 11:06 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 98433[34]
vicinity of Gyöngyös 		6./JG 52
—
 21 March 1944 ~15:00 Yak-7[35] Stab II./JG 52 43 5 December 1944 10:51 Yak-9 vicinity of Hatvan[34] 6./JG 52
—
 2 April 1944 ~13:00 P-40[36] Stab II./JG 52 44 5 December 1944 11:04 Yak-9 vicinity of Hatvan[34]
vicinity southeast of Hatvan 		6./JG 52
22 30 May 1944 17:22 P-39 vicinity of Huși[37]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Tudora 		6./JG 52 45 5 December 1944 13:34 La-5 PQ 98417[34]
vicinity southeast of Hatvan 		6./JG 52
23 31 May 1944 18:46 P-39 vicinity of Huși[28]
5 km (3.1 mi) north of Tesanrani 		6./JG 52 46 5 December 1944 15:09 Yak-9 PQ 98444[34]
vicinity west of Tura 		6./JG 52
24 2 June 1944 14:54 Yak-7 PQ 78561[28]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Tudora 		6./JG 52
—
 8 December 1944 ~15:00 Yak-9[34] 6./JG 52
25 3 June 1944 16:24 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] vicinity of Huși[28]
8 km (5.0 mi) north of Iași 		6./JG 52 47 11 December 1944 11:56 Yak-9 PQ 88698[34]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Budapest 		6./JG 52
26 4 June 1944 17:21 P-39 vicinity of Huși[28]
3 km (1.9 mi) east-southeast of Souleni 		6./JG 52 48 14 December 1944 10:25 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] PQ 88755[34]
15 km (9.3 mi) west-northwest of Stuhlweißenburg 		6./JG 52
—
 6 June 1944 ~13:00 Yak-1[28] 6./JG 52 49 22 December 1944 ~14:00 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] vicinity of Csór[34] 6./JG 52
—
 6 June 1944 ~13:00 Yak-1[28] 6./JG 52
– Claims with II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[38]
Eastern Front – 1 January – 16 April 1945
50 2 January 1945 12:30 La-5 south of Gran[39] 6./JG 52 68 2 February 1945 ~15:00 La-5 vicinity of Stuhlweißenburg[39] 6./JG 52
51 2 January 1945 12:30 Yak-9 south of Gran[39] 6./JG 52 69 4 February 1945 ~16:00 La-5 vicinity of Stuhlweißenburg[39] 6./JG 52
52♠ 3 January 1945 ~09:00 Yak-9 south of Gran[39] 6./JG 52 70 4 February 1945 ~16:00 La-5 vicinity of Stuhlweißenburg[39] 6./JG 52
53♠ 3 January 1945 ~09:00 Yak-9 south of Gran[39] 6./JG 52 71 1 March 1945 ~13:00 P-51 vicinity of Stuhlweißenburg[39] 7./JG 52
54♠ 3 January 1945 ~09:00 Yak-9 south of Gran[39] 6./JG 52
—
 8 March 1945 ~16:00 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] vicinity of Stuhlweißenburg[39] 7./JG 52
55♠ 3 January 1945 ~14:00 La-5 vicinity of Bajna[39] 6./JG 52 72 11 March 1945 ~15:00 Yak-9[40] 7./JG 52
56♠ 3 January 1945 ~14:00 Yak-9 south of Bajna[39] 6./JG 52 73 13 March 1945 ~10:00 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] vicinity of Stuhlweißenburg[40] 7./JG 52
57 4 January 1945 ~10:00 La-5 south of Gran[39] 6./JG 52 74 13 March 1945 ~16:00 La-5 vicinity of Stuhlweißenburg[40] 7./JG 52
58 6 January 1945 13:30 La-5 vicinity of Bicske[39] 6./JG 52 75 13 March 1945 ~16:00 La-5 vicinity of Stuhlweißenburg[40] 7./JG 52
59 6 January 1945 ~11:00 La-5 vicinity of Gran[39] 6./JG 52 76 14 March 1945 ~13:00 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] vicinity of Stuhlweißenburg[40] 7./JG 52
60 16 January 1945 ~14:00 Yak-9 vicinity of Budapest[39] 6./JG 52 77 14 March 1945 ~17:00 Boston vicinity of Stuhlweißenburg[40] 7./JG 52
61 19 January 1945 ~12:00 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] vicinity of Stuhlweißenburg[39] 6./JG 52 78 16 March 1945 ~17:00 Yak-3 vicinity of Stuhlweißenburg[40] 7./JG 52
62 20 January 1945 ~16:00 Boston vicinity of Stuhlweißenburg[39]
vicinity of Veszprém 		6./JG 52 79 5 April 1945 ~11:00 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] vicinity of Vienna[40] 7./JG 52
63 22 January 1945 13:30 La-5 vicinity of Stuhlweißenburg[39] 6./JG 52 80 7 April 1945 ~17:00 Yak-3 vicinity of Vienna[40] 7./JG 52
64 22 January 1945 13:30 La-5 vicinity of Stuhlweißenburg[39] 6./JG 52 81 14 April 1945 ~11:00 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] vicinity of Vienna[40] 7./JG 52
65 22 January 1945 ~16:00 La-5 vicinity of Stuhlweißenburg[39] 6./JG 52 82 14 April 1945 ~13:00 Il-2 m.H.[Note 1] vicinity of Vienna[40] 7./JG 52
66 22 January 1945 ~16:00 La-5 vicinity of Stuhlweißenburg[39] 6./JG 52 83 15 April 1945 ~12:00 Yak-9 vicinity of Lah[40] 7./JG 52
67 30 January 1945 ~13:00 La-5 vicinity of Budapest[39] 6./JG 52 84 16 April 1945 ~10:00 Yak-9 vicinity of Lah[40] 7./JG 52

Awards

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o The "m.H." refers to an Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).
  2. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman this claim is unconfirmed.[29]
  3. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 08:20.[22]
  4. ^ According to Obermaier on 25 May 1944.[42]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Heaton et al. 2011, p. 27.
  2. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 118.
  3. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 401.
  4. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 319.
  5. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 320.
  6. ^ Weal 2007, p. 73.
  7. ^ Weal 2007, pp. 73–74.
  8. ^ Barbas 2005, pp. 171–172, 368.
  9. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 288.
  10. ^ Barbas 2005, pp. 194, 371.
  11. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 286.
  12. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 324.
  13. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 325.
  14. ^ Barbas 2005, pp. 199–200, 372.
  15. ^ Schreier 1990, p. 174.
  16. ^ Weal 2004, p. 118.
  17. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 287.
  18. ^ Zabecki 2014, p. 1614.
  19. ^ Spick 1996, p. 235.
  20. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 294–296.
  21. ^ Planquadrat.
  22. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 294.
  23. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 392.
  24. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 395.
  25. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 394.
  26. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 294–295.
  27. ^ a b c d e Barbas 2005, p. 358.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barbas 2005, p. 367.
  29. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 295.
  30. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 368.
  31. ^ a b c d Barbas 2005, p. 359.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i Barbas 2005, p. 369.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i Barbas 2005, p. 360.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Barbas 2005, p. 370.
  35. ^ a b Barbas 2005, p. 361.
  36. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 362.
  37. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 366.
  38. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 295–296.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Barbas 2005, p. 371.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Barbas 2005, p. 372.
  41. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 74.
  42. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 108.
  43. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 107.
  44. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 176.
  45. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 300.

Bibliography

  • Barbas, Bernd (2005). Die Geschichte der II. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 52 [The History of 2nd Group of Fighter Wing 52] (in German). Selbstverl. ISBN 978-3-923457-71-7.
  • Bergström, Christer. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  • Esau, Heinz Ewald (1975). als Jagdflieger im Erfolgreichsten Jagdgeschwader 1943–1945 [as a Fighter Pilot in the Most Successful Fighter Wing 1943–1945] (in German). Coburg, Germany. OCLC 798966148.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2014). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 1 A–F. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-18-9.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/II—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/II—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-05-5.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Schreier, Hans (1990). JG 52 Das erfolgreichste Jagdgeschwader des 2. Weltkriegs [JG 52 The Most Successful Fighter Wing of World War II] (in German). Berg am See: K. Vowinckel. ISBN 978-3-921655-66-5.
  • Heaton, Colin D.; Lewis, Anne-Marie; Olds, Robin; Schulze, Kurt (2011). The German Aces Speak: World War II Through the Eyes of Four of the Luftwaffe's Most Important Commanders. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-1-61059-748-7.
  • Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
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